多寄主型寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂对新寄主的选择与适应性

【目的】明确多寄主型寄生蜂蝇蛹俑小蜂Spalangia endius对不同类型新寄主的偏好选择与适应性。【方法】选择分别以瓜实蝇Zeugodacus cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇Z.tau和家蝇Musca domestica的蛹为寄主饲养的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂,比较研究其对上述3种寄主中其他2种非饲养寄主的选择行为、寄生选择及适应性。【结果】与家蝇蛹相比,以瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生南瓜实蝇蛹,且在南瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;以南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂偏好选择和寄生瓜实蝇蛹,且在瓜实蝇蛹上产生更多的子代;而以家蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂对瓜实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹的选择数量以及在选择和非选择试验条件下的寄生率与子代数量上并无显著差异。此外,以瓜实蝇和南瓜实蝇蛹为饲养寄主的蝇蛹俑小蜂成蜂分别更容易适应南瓜实蝇和瓜实蝇蛹。【结论】基于3种蝇的生态位关系,推测蝇蛹俑小蜂偏好选择和更容易适应与其饲养寄主有重叠生态位的新寄主。     

瓜实蝇卵巢的发育阶段及分级

瓜实蝇是热带和亚热带地区最重要的经济害虫之一。本研究拟对卵巢发育进行分级,以判断田间捕获的瓜实蝇是否达到性成熟。室内饲养瓜实蝇成虫,对开始羽化至羽化后80 d的不同日龄成虫卵巢进行解剖,并记录了卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、卵巢指数（卵巢长度＆#215;卵巢宽度）和所含卵粒数。将瓜实蝇卵巢发育过程分为4期6个级别,分别为卵黄发生前期（Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级）、卵黄发生期（Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级）、抱卵期（Ⅴ级）、经产期（Ⅵ级）。随着卵巢的发育,Ⅰ～Ⅴ级卵巢长度和宽度迅速增长,卵巢发育成熟开始产卵以后,Ⅵ级卵巢长度和宽度逐渐减小。Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级卵巢长度与宽度大致相等,以后各期卵巢长度均大于宽度。Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级可见清晰的卵室,卵母细胞迅速增长,卵黄逐渐沉积。Ⅴ级可见清晰的卵粒,整个卵巢呈圆柱状。Ⅵ级开始排出卵子,所含卵粒数显著少于Ⅴ级;虽然此级卵巢长度大于Ⅳ级,但卵巢宽度、卵巢指数与Ⅳ级基本一致;Ⅵ级卵巢可见黄体,可结合黄体判定卵巢所处发育级别。本研究对评估粘虫板捕获的瓜实蝇雌虫生理日龄结构有潜在应用价值。     

Male courtship song in circadian rhythm mutants of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Tephritidae: Diptera)

Pulse train intervals (PTI) of courtship song were differentiated between circadian clock mutants of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Tephritidae: Diptera). We analysed the male mating song of B. cucurbitae flies of two mutant strains that differed in circadian locomotor rhythm by a LabVIEW programming system. Flies with a short circadian rhythm (S-strain) had shorter PTI than those with a long circadian rhythm (L-strain) in the two age groups tested, young and old. Young flies showed longer PTI than old flies, but no interaction between strain and age was found in PTI. There was a significant interaction between strain and age for pulse train duration (PTD), whereas no stable difference was found in PTD between S- and L-strains. These results suggest a positive correlation between the length of the circadian locomotor rhythm and PTI of courtship song sounds in B. cucurbitae.     

Population genetic structure of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene sequences

Population genetic structure of melon fly analysed with mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene suggested that melon fly populations across the globe is homogeneous with non-significant variation of 0.000-0.003 base substitutions per site. Test isolates representing various geographic situations across the world were placed in 26 mitochondrial haplotypes based on variations associated with a maximum of three mutational steps and the predominant haplotype i.e. H1 was present in all melon fly populations except Hawaiian population. Evolution of mtCOI gene suggested that the fly could have originated some 0.4 million years ago. The present study also indicated that the B. cucurbitae population expansion is an event of post Pleistocene warm climatic conditions with small number of founder population. The invasion of B. cucurbitae in Hawaii was associated with the large population size and the global presence of the fly is associated with human mediated dispersal. The very low genetic variation suggested that the fly management might be possible by large scale sterile insect techniques programme.     

Development of immature stages and comparative demography of two cucurbit-attacking fruit flies in Reunion Island: Bactrocera cucurbitae and Dacus ciliatus (Diptera Tephritidae)

On Reunion Island, two species of Dacini, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) and Dacus ciliatus Loew, infest 16 host plant species belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae from sea level to 1,600 m. These two species represent two primary pests of this plant family on the island. Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, and Ethiopian fruit fly, D. ciliatus, larval development was studied at four different constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C) with three host plants (cucumber, pumpkin, and squash). Adult life histories of these two species were studied at 25 degrees C with the three host plants. The results led to the conclusion that B. cucurbitae had a faster egg incubation time. Its preimaginal instars developed significantly faster than those of D. ciliatus independent of temperature. B. cucurbitae and D. ciliatus had similar mean preoviposition duration and egg hatching success. Fecundity was significantly higher for the melon fly on cucumber and pumpkin and lower on squash. Two distinctly different life- history patterns were evident: (1) later onset of reproduction, longer oviposition time, longer life span, and higher fecundity (B. cucurbitae) and (2) early reproduction, lower oviposition time, shorter life span, and lower fecundity (D. ciliatus). These results are useful for improving laboratory-rearing methods and for building simulation models to predict Dacini population dynamics.     

Cage study of spinosad-based bait efficacy on Bactrocera cucurbitae, Dacus ciliatus, and Dacus demmerezi (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Reunion Island

On Reunion Island, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Dacus ciliatus (Loew), and Dacus demmerezi (Bezzi) cause severe damage to Cucurbit crops. The aim of the study was to test in field cages the effectiveness of Synéis-appat (Dow AgroSciences), a spinosad-based bait (0.02% of spinosad) on both attraction and mortality of young adults (6-9 d old) of these three species. The effects of gender were also evaluated for all species whereas the effects of protein deprivation were tested with B. cucurbitae only. For the first 15 min after application, significantly more B. cucurbitae adults (21.7 +/- 1.8%) were attracted to the bait than D. demmerezi (7.6 +/- 2.4%) and D. ciliatus (2.7 +/- 1.4%); the subsequent response (30-75 min after bait application) of D. demmerezi was statistically similar to that recorded for B. cucurbitae; whereas the response ofD. ciliatus to the bait was consistently significantly lower. Adult mortality was significantly higher for B. cucurbitae (94.6 +/- 0.7%) than for D. demmerezi (85.7 +/- 2.1%), and was significantly higher for the latter than for D. ciliatus (60.4 +/- 4.4%). Sex had no significant effect on the mortality rate for each species. The efficiency of the bait was the same for B. cucurbitae adults regardless whether or not the diet included proteins. Overall, Synéis-appat appears to be more effective against B. cucurbitae and B. demmerezi than against D. ciliatus. In Reunion Island, this bait could constitute a useful component in the framework of Integrated Pest Management.     

瓜实蝇对虚拟波长下不同颜色的趋性（英文）

利用害虫对不同颜色的趋性进行害虫防治, 如利用黄板对实蝇的监测和防治已有很长的历史, 然而尚未见把颜色量化进行实蝇对颜色偏嗜性研究的报道。为探明对瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae最具吸引力的颜色及其虚拟波长, 本试验应用Dan Bruton的虚拟波长与RGB值的函数关系, 把RGB值转换为虚拟波长; 选择RGB值［(0, 213, 255), (0, 255, 146), (54, 255, 0), (129, 255, 0), (195, 255, 0), (255, 255, 0), (255, 190, 0)和 (255, 119, 0)］的颜色进行打印, 这些颜色对应的虚拟波长分别是480, 500, 520, 540, 560, 580, 560和600 nm; 在八面体内进行瓜实蝇对8种颜色的偏嗜性试验。结果表明： 波长在520~560 nm 之间对应的颜色对瓜实蝇的吸引率高于其他虚拟波长对应的颜色, 而540 nm (黄绿色, RGB值为 129, 255, 0)对应的颜色纸对瓜实蝇的吸引率最大。此外田间颜色偏嗜性试验也证实了黄绿色对瓜实蝇有最强的引诱作用。结果说明, 黄绿色（虚拟波长540 nm）是吸引瓜实蝇的关键颜色, 黄绿色粘虫板可作为监测与防治瓜实蝇的一种有效方法。     

A comparative assessment of the response of three fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) to a spinosad-based bait: effect of ammonium acetate, female age, and protein hunger

Ammonia-releasing substances are known to play an important role in fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) attraction to food sources, and this information has been exploited for the development of effective synthetic food-based lures and insecticidal baits. In field studies conducted in Hawaii, we examined the behavioural response of wild female oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)), melon fly (B. cucurbitae (Coquillett)), and Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)) to spinosad-based GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait(?) formulated to contain either 0, 1 or 2% ammonium acetate. Use of visually-attractive yellow bait stations for bait application in the field allowed for proper comparisons among bait formulations. Field cage tests were also conducted to investigate, using a comparative behavioural approach, the effects of female age and protein starvation on the subsequent response of F1 generation B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis to the same three bait formulations that were evaluated in the field. Our field results indicate a significant positive effect of the presence, regardless of amount, of AA in GF-120 for B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae. For C. capitata, there was a significant positive linear relationship between the relative amounts of AA in bait and female response. GF-120 with no AA was significantly more attractive to female C. capitata, but not to female B. dorsalis or B. cucurbitae, than the control treatment. Our field cage results indicate that the effects of varying amounts of AA present in GF-120 can be modulated by the physiological stage of the female flies and that the response of female B. cucurbitae to GF-120 was consistently greater than that of B. dorsalis over the various ages and levels of protein starvation regimes evaluated. Results are discussed in light of their applications for effective fruit fly suppression.     

三种常见实蝇的形态学、生物学和生态学比较

对瓜实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)、桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera) dorsalis (Hendel)和桔大实蝇Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae (Coquillett)的形态学、生物学、生态学等方面进行了比较和分析,包括三种实蝇在国内外的分布情况,对寄主选择的差异,各种虫态的形态特征,发育历期和生活史,并对它们的危害状况和防治方法分别作了介绍,可为3种实蝇的鉴定和防治提供参考.     

Comparative evaluation of spinosad and phloxine B as toxicants in protein baits for suppression of three fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species

Spinosad and phloxine B are two more environmentally friendly alternative toxicants to malathion for use in bait sprays for tephritid fruit fly suppression or eradication programs. Laboratory tests were conducted to assess the relative toxicity of these two toxicants for melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett; oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel; and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) females. Field tests also were conducted with all three species to compare these toxicants outdoors under higher light and temperature conditions. In laboratory tests, spinosad was effective at much lower concentrations with LC50 values at 5 h of 9.16, 9.03, and 4.30 compared with 250.0, 562.1, and 658.9 for phloxine B (27, 62, and 153 times higher) for these three species, respectively. At 16 ppm spinosad, LT50 values were lower for all three species (significantly lower for C. capitata and B. dorsalis) than 630 ppm phloxine B LT50 values. At 6.3 ppm spinosad, the LT50 value for C. capitata (3.94) was still significantly less than the 630 ppm phloxine B LT50 value (6.33). For all species, the 100 ppm spinosad concentrations gave LT50 values of < 2 h. In comparison among species, C. capitata was significantly more sensitive to spinosad than were B. cucurbitae or B. dorsalis, whereas B. cucurbitae was significantly more sensitive to phloxine B than were C. capitata or B. dorsalis. LC50 values were reduced for both toxicants in outdoor tests, with greater reductions for phloxine B than for spinosad for B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae. Fly behavior, though, is likely to keep flies from being exposed to maximum possible outdoor light intensities. Comparable levels of population suppression for any of the three species tested here will require a much higher concentration of phloxine B than spinosad in the bait.     

Weathering trials of Amulet cue-lure and Amulet methyl eugenol "attract-and-kill" stations with male melon flies and oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii

Amulet C-L (cue-lure) and Amulet ME (methyl eugenol) molded paper fiber "attract-and-kill" dispensers containing fipronil were tested under Hawaiian weather conditions against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (melon fly) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (oriental fruit fly), respectively. In paired tests (fresh versus weathered), C-L dispensers were effective for at least 77 d, whereas ME dispensers were effective for at least 21 d. Thus, C-L dispensers exceeded, whereas ME dispensers did not meet the label interval replacement recommendation of 60 d. Addition of 4 ml of ME to 56-d-old ME dispensers restored attraction and kill for an additional 21 d. This result suggested the fipronil added at manufacture was still effective. By enclosing and weathering ME dispensers inside small plastic bucket traps, longevity of ME dispensers was extended up to 56 d. Fipronil ME and C-L dispensers also were compared, inside bucket traps, to other toxicants: spinosad, naled, DDVP, malathion, and permethrin. Against B. dorsalis, fipronil ME dispensers compared favorably only up to 3 wk. Against B. cucurbitae, fipronil C-L dispensers compared favorably for at least 15 wk. Our results suggest that fipronil C-L dispensers can potentially be used in Hawaii; however, fipronil ME dispensers need to be modified or protected from the effects of weathering to extend longevity and meet label specifications. Nonetheless, Amulet C-L and ME dispensers are novel prepackaged formulations containing C-L or ME and fipronil that are more convenient and safer to handle than current liquid insecticide formulations used for areawide suppression of B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae in Hawaii.     

Effectiveness of protein baits on melon fly and oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae): attraction and feeding

Attraction and feeding responses of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), were determined for different protein baits. In separate choice attraction assays for each species, significantly more flies arrived at stations with bait than water, but no differences existed among baits of GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait, GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait, Provesta 621 autolyzed yeast extract, and Mazoferm E802. In comparison with B. dorsalis, B. cucurbitae had 2.8 times more responders and a 4.8 times better discrimination between baits and water. In a second attraction assay with only B. dorsalis, volume of bait was negatively correlated to numbers of flies alighting on the bait. Feeding assays for both species demonstrated that time spent feeding and duration on a leaf were both significantly affected by bait type. B. dorsalis fed the longest on Provesta 621, with significantly less feeding on the other baits, and with all baits resulting in more feeding than water. The longest feeding times for B. cucurbitae resulted with Mazoferm E802 and Provesta 621, and all baits except GF-120 NF resulted in eliciting a significantly longer feeding duration than water. In separate toxicology assays for each species, significantly higher mortality resulted from bait formulations containing spinosad compared with blank baits, but no differences existed between GF-120 and GF-120 NF formulations. The differences are discussed between the two Bactrocera species primarily in regard to bait preference, extent of response, and previous work on laboratory flies.     

Host status of Vaccinium reticulatum (Ericaceae) to invasive tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii

Ohelo (Vaccicinium reticulatum Small) (Ericaceae) is a native Hawaiian plant that has commercial potential in Hawaii as a nursery crop to be transplanted for berry production or for sale as a potted ornamental. No-choice infestation studies were conducted to determine whether ohelo fruit are hosts for four invasive tephritid fruit fly species. Ohelo berries were exposed to gravid female flies ofBactrocera dorsalis Hendel (oriental fruit fly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Mediterranean fruit fly), Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillet (melon fly),or Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in screen cages outdoors for 24 h and then held on sand in the laboratory for 2 wk for pupal development and adult emergence. Only B. dorsalis successfully attacked and developed in ohelo berries. In total, 1570 berries produced 10 puparia, all of which emerged as adults, for a fruit infestation rate of 0.0064% and an average of 0.0053 puparia per gram of fruit. By comparison, papaya fruit used as controls produced an average of 1.44 B. dorsalis puparia per g of fruit. Ohelo berry is a marginal host for B. dorsalis and apparently a nonhost for C. capitata, B. cucurbitae, and B. latifrons. Commercial plantings of ohelo will rarely be attacked by fruit flies in Hawaii.     

瓜实蝇嗅觉受体基因的克隆及表达谱分析

昆虫的嗅觉受体是一个高度变异的蛋白家族, 其中一类Or83b嗅觉受体在不同昆虫体内高度保守, 在昆虫的行为调控过程中起到十分重要的作用。为进一步探讨Or83b受体的功能, 本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆获得瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Or83b-like受体的全长cDNA序列, 命名为BcucOr83b-like（GenBank登录号： HM745934）。测序结果表明, BcucOr83b-like开放阅读框全长1 422 bp,编码473个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列比对表明, 此序列具有Or83b受体的典型特征, 序列中具有7个跨膜区和高度保守的C端区域。BcucOr83b-like与其他昆虫的Or83b具有较高的氨基酸序列一致性, 其中与桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）Or83b的序列一致性高达99.6%。对该基因在瓜实蝇成虫不同组织和发育时期表达量的荧光定量PCR分析表明, BcucOr83b-like主要在瓜实蝇成虫触角中表达, 头部（去除触角）、 雌虫前足和翅中也有较高的表达; 瓜实蝇在各个发育时期的表达水平不同, 在刚羽化雌成虫中的表达量最高。本研究为深入研究瓜实蝇Or83b受体的功能提供了理论依据。     

Movement of sterile male Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Hawaiian agroecosystem

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, invaded the Hawaiian Island chain in 1895. In 1999, a program sponsored by the USDA-ARS to control melon fly and other tephritid pests in Hawaii over a wide area was initiated on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, and Oahu. To control these flies in an areawide setting, understanding how flies move within the landscape is important. To explore the movement of this fly, we examined the movement of marked, male, sterile, laboratory-reared B. cucurbitae on the island of Hawaii in an agricultural setting. Two releases of dyed, sterile flies consisting of approximately 15,000 flies, were released 6 wk apart. Released flies were trapped back by using Moroccan traps baited with a male attractant. These two releases suggest that in the Hawaiian agricultural areas where the areawide control is being sought, melon flies do not move extensively when there are abundant larval host and adult roosting sites. Over the course of this study, only one fly made it the maximum distance that we could detect fly movement (approximately 2,000 m in 2 wk). From these data, it seems that the flies dispersed throughout the study area but then moved very little thereafter. This is very apparent in the second release where the recovery rate after the second week was still fairly high, suggesting that if there are plenty of host fields and roosting sites the flies are unlikely to move.     

基于mtDNA Cytb 的六种果实蝇的分子鉴定

本研究首次对果实蝇属的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南瓜实蝇B. tau、番石榴实蝇B. correcta、具条实蝇B. scutellata、黑漆实蝇B. scutellaris等6种实蝇mtDNA Cytb基因进行了测序。对这6种实蝇72个个体mtDNA Cytb基因中段420 bp的碱基序列进行分析,得到38种单倍型,发现了116个变异位点,其中30个位点较为稳定。对这6种实蝇与其各自鉴别位点的对应关系研究表明,mtDNA Cytb基因可以作为这6种实蝇种类鉴别的分子标记。     

基于性信息诱捕监测广东桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇发生动态及其对2种常用农药的抗药性评价

利用性信息素诱捕的方法对广东省茂名、佛山、梅州和韶关的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)和瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)种群动态进行监测;并用药膜法测定了两种实蝇不同地理种群成虫对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性情况。结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇在所监测的4个地市全年均有发生,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇种群数量发生高峰期集中在5月中旬至8月中旬,从4月中旬开始田间种群数量开始增加,10月中旬以后种群数量急剧下降,高峰期与果实成熟期基本吻合。抗药性监测结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性有逐年上升趋势,广东4个地市桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇已对阿维菌素产生中等抗性水平;2019年11月监测梅州地区桔小实蝇种群和韶关瓜实蝇种群对甲维盐抗性倍数分别为4.32和3.42倍,仍处于敏感水平,其余地区种群对甲维盐均达到了低水平或中等水平抗性。     

Influence of adding borax and modifying pH on effectiveness of food attractants for melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most damaging pest of cucurbits in Reunion Island. The influence of adding borax and modifying pH on the effectiveness of different food attractants for both sexes of the melon fly is analyzed by a release-recapture method in field cages. Adding borax to protein hydrolysates Nulure and Buminal strongly reduced their attractiveness for B. cucurbitae. Acidification of 5% Buminal solution (from pH 6 to pH 3) doubled its attractiveness for melon fly. Conversely, Torula yeast at pH 10.5 was significantly more attractive than the standard Torula yeast at pH 9 (28% of captured flies compared with 17%). However, a further pH increase of the yeast solution does not improve its attractiveness. The results are discussed in relation to other studies on pH modification of various baits for Tephritidae.     

Microsatellite markers reveal population structure and low gene flow among collections of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Asia

The melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is widespread agricultural pest, and it is known to have the potential to establish invasive populations in various tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the economic risk associated with a putative stable presence of this fly, the population genetics of this pest have remained relatively unexplored in Asia, the main area for distribution of this pest. The goals for this study were to employ nuclear markers to examine geographic collections for population genetic structure and quantify the extent of gene flow within these Southeast Asian and Chinese populations. To achieve these goals, we used 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. A low level of genetic diversity was found among collections from China and higher levels were seen in Southeast Asia collections. Three genetically distinct groups, Southeast Asia, southwest China, and southeast China, were recovered by Bayesian model-based clustering methods, the phylogenetic reconstruction and the principal coordinate analysis. The Mantel test clearly shows geographical distance contributed in the genetic structuring of B. cucurbitae's populations. No recent bottlenecks for any of the populations examined. The results of clustering, migration analyses, and Mantel test, strongly suggest that the regional structure observed may be due to geographical factors such as mountains, rivers, and islands. We found a high rate of migration in some sites from the southwest China region (cluster 1) and the southeast China region (cluster 2), suggesting that China-Guangdong-Guangzhou (GZ) may be the center of melon fruit fly in the southeast China region.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Chiasmia assimilis (Warren, 1899) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Twelve microsatellite loci are presented for the biological control agent Chiasmia assimilis (Warren, 1899). These microsatellite loci were obtained through the construction of an enriched library, overcoming previous reported difficulties with obtaining microsatellites from other Lepidoptera due to the low frequency of microsatellites in their genomes.