刺槐叶绿素荧光特性的研究

用L I-6400光合仪对黄土高原常用造林树木刺槐的叶绿素荧光动力学曲线、淬灭分析、荧光光曲线以及荧光AC I曲线等生理特性进行测定和对比分析.结果表明:随着光照时间的加大,刺槐的荧光参数ETR、qP和N PQ逐渐上升并在21 m in左右达到稳定,与光合同步.最大荧光产量F m在叶片转入黑暗后逐渐上升,在44 m in左右趋于稳定;N PQ则开始下降,在35 m in左右达到稳定.当光强度>200μm o l.m-2.s-1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性正相关,而当光强度<200μm o l.m-2.-s 1时,Ph iPS2和Ph iCO2呈线性负相关.CO2浓度和刺槐的荧光光合速率、Ph iPS2、Ph iCO2值存在着一定的正相关关系.     

刺槐幼苗根茎过渡区初生维管组织的观察

对不同苗龄(1-12d)的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)幼苗进行观察,比较了其初生维管组织的发育变化。结果表明:根中的初生维管组织借助下胚轴过渡到子叶中,而茎中的初生维管组织与下胚轴中的维管组织仅是简单的连接。这与Esau等认为幼苗的外部形态可以分为根-下胚轴-子叶和上胚轴苗两个系统的观点是一致的。本研究亦证实了可以将刺槐幼苗的外部形态描述为这两个系统,二者的维管组织只是简单的连接,不存在过渡。     

简易注气法测定刺槐木质部导管组织长度

导管组织在木本植物水力学特性及水分关系中的作用逐渐受到关注,但其长度的传统测试装置和方法相对繁琐。本研究在注气法原理基础上进行改进,改进后装置简易、操作便捷。结果表明,本方法可以成功测定刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)导管的长度及相关参数:气体传导耗散系数为0.111±0.012;最大导管长度为56.9±1.5 cm;平均导管长度为19.6±2.5 cm;最大分布导管长度为9.8±1.3 cm。枝条注气方向对测试结果没有明显影响。测试过程中注气端压强变化不明显,对导管长度及相关参数的测定和计算影响不显著。本方法与传统注气法相比具有更高的精确度。     

Changes in phenology of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in Hungary

 Intense research is being carried out on climate variability and change and the estimation and detection of anthropogenic effects. In addition to statistical methods, the use of plants, as biological indicators is becoming more popular as they are sensitive to environmental conditions. In this article we compare maps of the flowering dates of the locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) for three different time intervals between 1851 and 1994. The maps revealed noticeable shifts of dates, of approximately 3–8 days, towards earlier flowering. This change is related to the average temperature of spring (15 March–15 May), via a simple statistical model that is accurate enough to be able to quantify phenological changes and to calculate the corresponding warming. The model developed can estimate spring mean temperature using phenological data from R. pseudoacacia L. with an accuracy of 0.2° C. Estimates of mean temperature based on phenological changes are compared to climatic series. This comparison emphasizes the possibility of using R. pseudoacacia. L. as a bio-indicator. Estimates of temperature changes are also given. Received: 5 August 1996 / Revised: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 11 November 1997     

刺槐根瘤菌的表型多样性研究

从杨陵地区采集豆科树种刺槐的根瘤,经分离、纯化,获得40株未知菌株,并选取35株参比菌株,进行唯一碳源、氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH生长、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应等共105项生理生化测定。结果表明：供试的刺槐根瘤菌在碳、氮源利用、抗生素敏感性、对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。部分菌株具有较强的耐盐碱能力,其中42．5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,17．5％的菌株可在初始pH12的YMA培养基上生长。从数值分类树状图可见,在86％的相似水平上未知菌株构成了3个新的类群,其中第1、2类群各有10株菌,中心菌株分别为NWYC113和NWYCl29,第3类群有7株菌,中心菌株为NWYC147。其分类地位需进一步研究和确定。     

刺槐根系对深层土壤水分的影响

对黄土高原主要造林树种刺槐根系及其林地土壤水分进行调查和监测,结果表明,在阴坡立地上,刺槐细根在距树干2.0 m范围内的水平分布无明显差异,最大分布深度均为2.0 m;而阳坡立地上刺槐细根在距树干0.5 m处的垂直分布深度可达2.0 m,且阴坡立地上细根密度特征值明显大于阳坡.根系对土壤深层水分的影响范围因不同立地条件下根系分布空间差异而不同,在阳坡立地上,刺槐根系对深层土壤水分的影响深度可达2.7 m处的土层,而在阴坡立地上,这种影响范围可达3.3 m处的土层.     

欧洲中部刺槐种源群体等位酶变异研究

从欧洲中部及美国收集了18个刺槐种源种子,以2年生苗木为材料,采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对11个酶系统进行了检测,共发现20个酶位点,其中14个为多态位点,多态性位点百分数为70％。在参加计算的7个酶系统的12个多态性位点中,平均每个位点的等位基因数(A)和平均每位点等位基因有效数(Ae)为2.733和1．794,平均每个位点的实际杂合度(Ho)和预期杂合度(He)为0．368和0．400,固定指数(F)为0．080,绝大多数位点固定指数为正值。各基因位点遗传参数与12个位点平均值进行相关分析表明,Fe-6和Lap-a的大部分群体遗传参数(A、Ae、Ho、He等)与平均值存在紧密的相关关系,其他位点各项遗传参数和总平均值相关不明显,这些位点的重要性可能比相关性较好的位点更大。德国8个种源群体间遗传距离变化在0．09-0．26之间,来自匈牙利的6个种源之间遗传距离很小,绝大部分均在0．11以下;德国的8个种源与匈牙利和斯洛伐克的8个种源之间的遗传距离变化在0．09-0．24之间;来自美国的2个种源,与欧洲的种源间的遗传距离在0．09-0．23之间,这一距离没有超出欧洲种源之间的差异。匈牙利和斯洛伐克的8个种源群体的各项遗传参数均高于德国种源,表明这两个国家的遗传多样性水平较高。同时来自这两个国家的种源群体间变异系数变化在2．92％-9．97％,说明群体之间的遗传差别很小。德国的8个种源群体各项遗传参数相对较低,但群体间变异系数较高,群体间遗传差别较大。以各个国家为群体单位,4个群体间各项遗传参数的变异均较小,变异系数变化在3．861％-5．139％,表明刺槐种源间地理变异模式不明显。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Quercus mongolica var. crispula

Microsatellites were isolated and characterized for the Japanese oak species, Quercus mongolica var. crispula, distributed in temperate deciduous forests of Japan. Eleven of the 48 primer pairs designed successfully amplified unambiguous and polymorphic single loci among 67 Q. mongolica var. crispula individuals within a plot in southwestern Japan. The observed and expected heterozygosities of the 11 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.522 to 0.896 and from 0.536 to 0.882, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellite markers are useful for estimating pollen‐mediated gene flow in Q. mongolica var. crispula.     

接种根瘤菌对刺槐生长的影响

以刺槐根瘤菌接种于刺槐小苗的研究表明,接种刺槐的株高、地径、根瘤、生物量分别比对照平均增加１３．８、１４．７、３２．８、２４．８％,植株含Ｎ量比对照增加２０－４０％。液体根瘤菌剂及其与ＶＡ菌根孢子土双种接效果明显,其生物量分别增加约２０和４０％。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Robinia pseudoacacia

Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust) plants were regenerated after co-cultivation of stem and leaf segments with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 (pMP90) that harbored a binary vector that included genes for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and hygromycin phosphotransferase. Successful transformation was confirmed by the ability of stem and leaf segments to produce calli in the presence of hygromycin, by histochemical and fluorometric assays of GUS activity in plant tissues, and by Southern blotting analysis. In this transformation system, about 2 months were required for regeneration of transgenic plants from stem and leaf segments. The frequency of transformation from stem segments was approximately 24%, and the morphology of regenerated plants resembled that of the original parental strain. Received: 2 September 1999 / Revision received: 30 November 1999 / Accepted: 4 December 1999     

黄土高原刺槐林间伐改造研究

通过对 9年生刺槐 (Robiniapseudoacacia)林以 3种不同保留密度进行间伐改造 ,并对其林内光照、温度和土壤水分环境因子以及林下植被层生物多样性、生产力和林冠层林木的生长情况与原林分进行对比分析 .结果表明 ,间伐改造能改善林木及林下植被层生长发育的环境条件 ,促进林下植被层生物多样性和生物产量的提高 ,增加林木的生产能力 .间伐保留密度达到 1110株·hm-2 时 ,在整个生长季 ,林地土壤水分比原林分提高约 40 %,不仅林下植被层的生物多样性和生物量有大幅度提高 ,而且林冠层林木的生产力达到较高水平 ;如果继续加大间伐强度 ,林下植被层和林木个体的生长已达到最大极限 ,将不再提高 .因此 ,1110株·hm-2 左右的保留密度是可考虑的间伐强度 .     

Identification and characterization of flavonoids in the root exudate of Robinia pseudoacacia

 Eight compounds exuded from young roots of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) were separated by two-dimensional HPTLC, by HPLC and GC, and were identified by spectroscopic methods (ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry) as 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin, naringenin, chrysoeriol and isoliquiritigenin. Structural assignments were confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The capacity to induce β-galactosidase activity in Rhizobium sp. NGR234 containing a nod box::lacZ fusion on plasmid pA27 identified these flavonoids and the chalcone as nod gene inducers. This indicates the important role of these compounds in nodulation of this legume tree. Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 9 September 1996     

四倍体刺槐无性系K2和K3的组织培养

1997年,北京林业大学从韩国引进了具有速生和饲料用途的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)四倍体优良无性系,目前已在全国各省区试推广.与普通刺槐相比,四倍体刺槐具有叶大、速生等优点,且较普通刺槐有更强的适应性,耐干旱、贫瘠、烟尘及盐碱能力强,成林快,是水土保持、防风固沙及退耕还林的良好树种,可作为西北地区造林的先锋树种.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for peacock wrasse (Symphodus tinca)

Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the peacock wrasse (Symphodus tinca), a labrid fish inhabiting the Mediterranean and Black seas. Characterization of 35 individuals from the western Mediterranean indicated a relatively high allelic diversity (mean = 12.4, range 9–17), and observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.65 to 0.91. We found no evidence of linkage disequilibrium between pairs of loci. Two loci showed significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These polymorphic markers can be useful in most basic population genetic applications.     

Distribution of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase and Chalcone Synthase within Trunks of Robinia pseudoacacia L.

During heartwood formation, a kind of apoptosis in the inner parts of woody axes, phenolic substances are accumulated by in situ biosynthesis. In Robinia pseudoacacia L, these compounds are mainly flavonoids. In the present work, we performed a study to show if there is a correlation between measurable activities and detectable protein levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5) and chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74), key enzymes of general phenylpropanoid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis, respectively. After separation of total protein extracts by one-dimensional micro-gel electrophoresis, newly emerging polypeptides were detectable within the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, pointing toward a transient activation of metabolism shortly before cell death occurs. Most prominent was a polypeptide around 46 kDa. By immunoblotting, this band was identified as a CHS subunit. Thus, the exclusive presence of both enzyme protein and extractable enzyme activity of CHS in the heartwood bordering tissue was shown. In contrast, levels of PAL protein were similar in all xylem tissues which contain living cells. PAL activity, however, was measurable only in the differentiating xylem and the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. From these results we conclude that during heartwood formation, CHS and PAL differ in their mode of regulation. It seems likely that CHS activity is regulated at the level of enzyme protein while PAL regulation is most probably post-translational.     

刺槐叶片可塑生长的密度依赖性

为了探明刺槐叶片性状对种植密度的依赖性,通过刺槐田间栽培试验,研究了刺槐叶片可塑生长的密度依赖性以及主要叶片性状因子之间的关系.结果表明,不同种植密度条件下刺槐叶片厚度均无显著差异,但叶面积、叶绿素含蜃、叶片干重、比叶面积、叶干物质含量和叶片N含量差异显著,表明不同种植密度条件下刺槐叶性因子参数的变异较大,刺槐叶片性状对密度的依赖性较强.叶干重、叶厚度和叶片干物质含量均随种植密度的降低而呈增加趋势,叶片干物质含量与种植密度的相关性达到显著水平(P<0.01),而叶干重、叶厚度与种植密度的相关性不显著(P>0.05).比叶而积和叶片N含鼍均随种植密度的降低而降低,表明刺槐各叶性因子之间对种植密度的依赖性差异明显.对刺槐各叶性因子的相关分析表明,不同种植密度条件下各叶性因子之间的相关性及其强弱均存在差别,表明种植密度是影响刺槐叶性因子变异及叶性因子之间关系的因素之一.叶性特征对种植密度响应存在差异的主要原因是叶性因子之间的协同变化、刺槐生长微环境的差异和刺槐间竞争强度的差异,刺槐不同叶性因子之间的协调平衡和对种植密度响应程度与方向的差异表明了刺槐对其生长环境的适应.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Tripterygion delaisi

We isolated 49 microsatellite loci from a genomic library of Tripterygion delaisi×anthosoma enriched for CA and GA repeats. Ten loci were screened in 30 individuals with high numbers of alleles per locus (averaging 15.5 ± 2.86) and observed heterozygosity (averaging 0.765 ± 0.052). No deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected. These highly polymorphic markers will be useful in determining the spatial patterns of genetic diversity between and within subspecies of Tripterygion delaisi.     

Development of microsatellite markers in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) using a dual‐supression‐PCR technique

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is an economically and ecologically important tree species in the world. We isolated seven polymorphic microsatellite loci from R. pseudoacacia using a dual‐suppression‐PCR technique. These loci provided microsatellite markers with high polymorphism ranging from three to 12 alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity between 0.538 and 0.944. The markers are now available for more detailed investigation of population genetic structure and pollen and seed dispersal.     

Formation of heartwood substances in the stemwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L. II. Distribution of nonstructural carbohydrates and wood extractives across the trunk

Summary The distributions of reserve carbohydrates and of three dominant heartwood extractives were determined in the trunkwood of Robinia pseudoacacia L. The trees were cut at different times of the year (September, November, January, and April). With the exception of the tree felled in January, all trunks exhibited highest contents of nonstructural storage carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) in the youngest, outermost sapwood zone. With increasing depth of the trunk, the levels of carbohydrates decreased. At the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, only trace amounts of nonstructural carbohydrates were present. The heartwood itself contained no storage material. The wood zones of different ages of the trees cut in September, November, and January exhibited glucose/fructose ratios of approximately 1. In April, however, there was a shift to glucose. In the youngest sapwood the amounts of soluble sugars were higher in the earlythan in the latewood. Older zones of the sapwood and the sap-wood-heartwood transition zone showed the opposite behaviour. Three main wood extractives of Robinia were characterized and quantified: the flavanonol dihydrorobinetin (DHR), the flavonol robinetin (ROB) and a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative (HCA). Only DHR was present — in very low amounts — in the younger sapwood of all trunks investigated. Higher amounts (>1 mol/g dry weight) of this compound and the HCA were present in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone. DHR augmented within the heartwood up to a more or less constant level. HCA increased towards the heartwood and decreased again in the inner heartwood parts. ROB appeared in the innermost parts of the sapwood-heartwood transition zone and reached maximum values in older parts of the heart-wood. The results indicate that starch is hydrolyzed at the sapwood-heartwood boundary and thus represents a primary major source of hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoid synthesis.Dedicated to Prof. Meinhart H. Zenk on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

黄土高原刺槐人工林幼林生态系统碳吸存

为了解黄土高原生态林的固碳作用,以刺槐人工林幼林（8年生）和对照荒地为研究对象,比较了两种土地利用方式下,土壤、凋落物和植物各部分的有机碳密度(OCD)和生态系统碳吸存的变化.结果表明:刺槐人工林林地土壤OCD比荒地减少0.26 kg·m^-2,其中0～10 cm层土壤OCD显著提高,10～30 cm土层降低,而在30～80 cm层土壤中则变化不明显.与荒地相比,刺槐人工林林地凋落物、植物根系和植物地上部分的OCD分别增加了121.1%、202.0%和656.7%,每年总有机碳吸存率增加3.3%,说明黄土高原营造刺槐人工林具有明显的碳吸存效应.