松墨天牛对不同生理状态黑松挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应

用水蒸气蒸馏法结合气相色谱以及气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了黑松的健康木和松材线虫危害木中的挥发性物质,并利用触角电位和嗅觉仪测定技术比较分析了松墨天牛对黑松健康木和被害木挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应特点及其对健康木挥发物的日龄变化规律.结果表明,未交配天牛对健康木挥发物的EAG反应值大于被害木,已交配天牛对被害木EAG反应值显著大于健康木;15日龄前的EAG反应值随日龄的增加而升高.在“Y”型嗅觉仪中,未交配天牛对健康木挥发物表现为正趋性,对被害木挥发物表现为负趋性;而已交配天牛对被害木挥发物表现为正趋性,对健康木挥发物表现为负趋性;雌天牛随着日龄的增加对健康木挥发物的正趋性逐渐增强,在15日龄时达到最大,雄天牛在9日龄时正趋性最强.说明不同发育时期的松墨天牛成虫对不同生理状态的黑松具有不同的敏感性和选择性.     

Comparative antigenicity of spore coat proteins from Bacillus species using antibody to spore coat proteins of Bacillus megaterium

Spore coat proteins obtained by extraction with sodium dodecylsulfate/dithiothreitol from six Bacillus spores were compared by immunoblot analysis using antibodies to spore coat proteins from two strains of B. megaterium. Although the extract from spores of each strain had heterogenous proteins with various molecular weights, there were some bands which cross-reacted with specific antibodies from B. megaterium spores. Specific antibody to 48K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 12872 cross-reacted with 17K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 19213, 13K protein from B. cereus and 50K protein from B. subtilis 60015 and B. subtilis NRRL B558. Also, specific antibody to 22K protein from the same strain cross-reacted with 22K and 17K proteins from B. megaterium ATCC 19213 and 13K protein from B. cereus T. Specific antibody to 17K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 19213 reacted with 22K and 19K proteins in addition to 17K protein of own strain, and it was cross-reactive with 16K protein from B. megaterium ATCC 12872, 19K and 27K proteins from B. thiaminolyticus, 13K protein from B. cereus.     

Efforts to correlate laboratory with field observations on bull sperm fertility

This work represents efforts towards development of the zona-free hamster ovum sperm penetration assay for predicting relative levels of fertility for semen from individual bulls. Results reported here followed insemination of hamster vitelli with bull sperm, after frozen storage, with observations of sperm acrosomes and parallel inseminations of more than 1000 cows with semen from each bull. The average 75-day non-return rate for the four bulls was 74.0% (range 71.6 to 75.6). Laboratory studies indicated the following: the percentage of sperm with intact acrosomes varied from 55 to 73 between bulls, the percentage of motile sperm varied from 41 to 64, the percentage of sperm with progressive motility ranged from 24 to 40, the number of sperm interacting per (zona-free hamster) ovum ranged from 1.6 to 3.8, the number of sperm attached per ovum ranged from 1.4 to 2.9, the number of sperm within each penetrated ovum ranged from 1.5 to 1.8, the percentage of ova interacting with sperm ranged from 76 to 92, the percentage of ova penetrated ranged from 62 to 85, and the percentage of ova with male pronuclei ranged from 33 to 49. Although predictive ranking in the laboratory of these bulls with less than 4% variation in fertility levels was not possible, the zone-free hamster ovum test could be useful in identifying potentially subfertile bulls before they enter a young sire-sampling program.     

Desktop analysers: quality of results obtained by medical office personnel.

We carried out a study to evaluate the quality of results obtained by 14 nontechnical medical office personnel using desktop analysers. The instruments evaluated were the Reflotron analyser, the Seralyzer, the Vision analyser and the DT60 analyser. For precision studies low and high concentrations of control materials were used. For correlation studies the results obtained by the office personnel were compared with those obtained by a trained technologist. The coefficient of variation for the office personnel ranged from 3.0% to 8.1% with the Reflotron analyser, from 6.3% to 26.5% with the Seralyzer, from 1.0% to 4.1% with the Vision analyser and from 1.4% to 16.7% with the DT60 analyser. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.970 to 0.997 with the Reflotron analyser, from 0.779 to 0.997 with the Seralyzer, from 0.975 to 0.998 with the Vision analyser and from 0.963 to 0.995 with the DT60 analyser. The proportion of results obtained by the office personnel that differed by more than 10% from those obtained by the technologist was 7% with the Reflotron analyser, 42% with the Seralyzer, 2% with the Vision analyser and 21% with the DT60 analyser. The instruments whose operation involves the least number of steps gave the most reliable results in the hands of medical office personnel.     

生态足迹理论方法的改进及应用

针对生态足迹理论关于耕地一年只耕种一次的假设,对生态足迹方法中的耕地类足迹用复种指数进行调整,使计算得到的耕地类足迹是人们所需要的耕地面积而不是复种面积.用改进的方法,对江苏省滨海县和阜宁县两个区域生态经济系统1995—2003年的情况进行了分析.结果表明:在1995—2003年,采用Wackernagel方法,滨海和阜宁的人均生态足迹分别由1.79hm2、1.38hm2增加为2.22hm2、2.81hm2,生态足迹中耕地足迹的比重分别由42.65%、45.73%下降为38.81%、38.85%;采用改进后的方法,滨海和阜宁的人均生态足迹则分别由1.43hm2、1.12hm2增加为1.88hm2、2.43hm2,生态足迹中耕地足迹的比重分别由28.45%、32.94%下降为22.89%、29.42%.表明采用改进后的方法所计算得到的生态足迹为土地面积,增强了生态足迹与生态承载力的可比性;使得生态足迹的大小及构成发生变化,更能准确表征人类对自然资源的利用程度.     

EMG signal morphology and kinematic parameters in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease patients

The aim of this work was to differentiate patients with essential tremor from patients with Parkinson’s disease. Electromyographic data from biceps brachii muscles and kinematic data from arms during isometric tension of the arms were measured from 17 patients with essential tremor, 35 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 40 healthy controls.The EMG signals were divided to smaller segments from which histograms were calculated. The histogram shape was analysed with a feature dimension reduction method, the principal component analysis, and the shape parameters were used to differentiate between different subject groups. Three parameters, RMS-amplitude, sample entropy and peak frequency were determined from the kinematic measurements of the arms.The height and the side differences of the histogram were the most effective for differentiating between essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease groups. The histogram parameters of patients with essential tremor were more similar to patients with Parkinson’s disease than healthy controls. With this method it was possible to discriminate 13/17 patients with essential tremor from 26/35 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 14/17 patients with essential tremor from 29/40 healthy controls. The kinematic parameters of patients with essential tremor were closer to parameters of patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to healthy controls. Combining EMG and kinematic analysis did not increase discrimination efficiency but provided more reliability to the discrimination of subject groups.     

Development of plants from leaf discs of variegatedColeus and its relation to patterns of leaf chlorosis

Summary Leaf discs approximately 8 mm in diameter taken from green and from chlorotic areas of variegated leaves ofColeus were grown in light under sterile conditions in a mineral salt, sucrose, vitamin medium supplemented with auxin and cytokinin. Green shoots, which later formed roots, grew from both green and chlorotic discs in media containing suitable amounts of auxin and cytokinin. None developed in media supplemented with auxin alone or with cytokinin alone. Discs with young plants were transferred to soil. Plants that grew varied widely from those with no chlorosis to those with more chlorosis than the original variety from which the discs were taken. Plants grown from discs taken from green areas of leaves with chlorosis varied in patterns of chlorosis as much as those that grew from discs from chlorotic areas of leaves. This research was supported, in part, by The Conservation and Research Foundation.     

General Stress Protein CTC from Bacillus subtilis Specifically Binds to Ribosomal 5S RNA

Two recombinant proteins of the CTC family were prepared: the general stress protein CTC from Bacillus subtilis and its homolog from Aquifex aeolicus. The general stress protein CTC from B. subtilis forms a specific complex with 5S rRNA and its stable fragment of 60 nucleotides, which contains internal loop E. The ribosomal protein TL5 from Thermus thermophilus, which binds with high affinity to 5S rRNA in the loop E region, was also shown to replace the CTC protein from B. subtilis in its complexes with 5S rRNA and its fragment. The findings suggest that the protein CTC from B. subtilis binds to the same site on 5S rRNA as the protein TL5. The protein CTC from A. aeolicus, which is 50 amino acid residues shorter from the N-terminus than the proteins TL5 from T. thermophilus and CTC from B. subtilis, does not interact with 5S rRNA.     

大鼠正加速度高耐力相关基因的分离

 为从基因水平上揭示正加速度 (+Gz)高耐力产生机理及寻找 +Gz高耐力相关功能性蛋白 ,利用抑制消减杂交技术分离 +Gz高耐力相关基因 .雄性SD大鼠在离心机上处理后 ,选取耐受终点在高、低两个极端的动物 ,立即取全脑 ,分离mRNA .以高耐力者为Tester ,低耐力者为Driver,利用抑制消减杂交技术进行 +Gz耐力处于高、低两个极端动物脑组织间基因表达差异显示 ,获得 +Gz高耐力大鼠脑组织相关cDNA .以高、低耐力大鼠脑组织mRNA来源的cDNA为探针 ,对获得的cDNA克隆进行斑点杂交 .分别以杂交筛选出的阳性克隆为探针 ,对高、低耐力大鼠脑组织总RNA进行Northern杂交分析 .两次杂交结果均选择高耐力组杂交信号是低耐力组 3倍以上的cDNA克隆 .经过斑点杂交筛选 ,从大鼠脑组织中获得了 6 7个在 +Gz高耐力大鼠脑组织中上调表达的cDNA克隆 .Northern杂交分析发现 ,钙离子 钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱβ亚基 (Camk2b)和一未知基因在 +Gz高耐力大鼠脑组织中的表达量增加 .结果提示 ,+Gz耐力处于高、低两个极端的大鼠脑组织基因表达有明显差异 ,这些差异表达的基因很可能与 +Gz高耐力的产生有关 ,且钙离子 钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱβ亚基和一未知基因是初步获得的与 +Gz高耐力的产生特异相关的基因     

Detection of an antigen, associated with cells during the blast crisis of chronic myeloleukemia, in a cytotoxic test using xenogenic antibodies]

The immune antimyeloblast serum (AMS) was obtained from horses immunized with white blood cells from patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at the blast crisis stage; the serum was completely absorbed with normal red blood cells and white blood cells (WBC). The absorbed antiserum remained cytotoxic to blast cells from 20 of 42 patients with CML at the blast crisis stage. AMS failed to react with the WBC from patients with CML in its chronic phase, and from patients with other types of leukemia Morphological studies indicated a possibility of identification of the antigen associated with myeloblasts from the blood of patients with CML blast crisis, by means to AMS.     

Changes in Brain Protease Activity in Aging

Abstract: We measured changes in protease activity with aging, conducting assays of cathepsin D and calpain II activities and the rate of degradation of cytoskeletal proteins, preparing the enzymes and substrates from young and aged brains. Calpain preparations added to the young and to the aged substrates were standardized with casein as substrate so that age-related changes in calpain specificity and substrate susceptibility were measured. Several age-related differences were observed in substrate susceptibility and in enzyme activity. With respect to substrate, the neurofilament protein from young animals was somewhat more susceptible to calpain action than that from older animals. With respect to enzyme activity, calpain from aged brain cleaved neurofilament protein at a faster rate than did calpain from young. With neurofilaments, the most rapid breakdown usually occurred when enzyme from aged tissue was incubated with substrate from young. Kidney enzyme of aged rats incubated with neurofilament substrate of aged rats resulted in a more rapid breakdown than enzyme of young kidney incubated with substrate of young. The age dependence of tubulin breakdown was somewhat different from that of neurofilament breakdown. The most rapid breakdown usually occurred when using enzyme from young with tubulin from young. Incubation of neurofilament protein or tubulin with cathepsin D did not reveal any differences with aging. These studies suggest that an increase in enzyme activity observed previously during aging may also include changes in the properties of the enzyme (substrate specificity) and/or in the properties of their endogenous substrates (susceptibility to breakdown).     

Ribosome specificity of archaebacterial elongation factor 2. Studies with hybrid polyphenylalanine synthesis systems

Polyphenylalanine synthesis with ribosomes and two separated, partially purified elongation factors (EF) was measured in cell-free systems from the archaebacteria Thermoplasma acidophilum and Methanococcus vannielii, in an eukaryotic system from rat liver and an eubacterial one with Escherichia coli ribosomes and factors from Thermus thermophilus. By substitution of heterologous EF-2 or EF-G, respectively, for the homologous factors, ribosome specificity was shown to be restricted to factors from the same kingdom. In contrast, EF-1 from T. thermophilus significantly cooperated with ribosomes from T. acidophilum.     

Specificity of antigens from pathogenic Aspergillus species. I. Studies with ELISA and immunofluorescence

Studies were made by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests on the reactivities and specificities of 13 antigens prepared from four species of Aspergillus against antisera from immunized rabbits and 64 sera from patients with aspergillosis, other systemic mycoses and nocardiosis. Although reactions in both serological tests were invariably strongest with homologous antigen: antibody systems, antisera from rabbits immunized with A. fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis reacted in the ELISA test with all of the Aspergillus antigens. In contrast, cross-reactivity was virtually non-existent with antiserum to Histoplasma capsulatum. Of five antigens prepared from A fumigatus tested by ELISA against human sera from patients with aspergillosis and other nocardial and systemic fungal infections, sensitivities varied from 81 to 100% for sera from 32 patients with aspergillosis, and specificities from 20 to 97% for sera from 30 patients with nocardiosis and other systemic mycoses. Purified A. fumigatus C antigen reacted weakly with sera from eight of these 30 patients, but the reactions were readily distinguishable from those obtained with sera from patients with aspergillosis. At optimal serum dilutions, cross-reactivities of A. fumigatus in the IFA studies were non-existent in the sera from 28 patients with candidosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and nocardiosis. Sensitivities of IFA were 94% for patients with aspergilloma and 83% for patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.     

用SSR标记分析广西香稻与南亚香稻的遗传多样性

利用16对分布于水稻12条染色体上的SSR引物分析78份来自南亚的香稻资源和18份广西种植的香稻的遗传多样性。结果表明:在南亚的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到的等位基因数为3~13个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为5.31个,广西的香稻资源中,每对引物检测到等位基因数2~9个,平均每个位点的等位基因数为3.44个;南亚香稻资源平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.55,广西香稻资源平均PIC为0.41;南亚香稻资源平均基因多样性(Hs)为0.60,广西香稻资源平均Hs为0.47;说明了南亚香稻资源比广西香稻资源具有更为丰富的遗传多样性。聚类结果表明,大部分的南亚香稻资源或大部分的广西香稻资源各自聚为一类,说明大部分南亚和广西的香稻种质资源存在遗传差异性和地理远缘性。     

Trypanosoma lewisi: Avidity and adsorbability of ablastin,the rat antibody inhibiting parasite reproduction

The relation of naturally acquired host IgG in the surface coat of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma lewisi to ablastin was studied to determine whether, contrary to a long-held conclusion, the antibody is avid and adsorbable. It was found by immunofluorescence and agglutination tests with monospecific antisera to rat IgG that bloodstream forms collected from immunosuppressed hosts, in contrast to those from immunocompetent hosts, have little or no detectable surface IgO. Specificity of adsorption was also demonstrated in other immunofluorescence experiments in which bloodstream forms from immunosuppressed hosts adsorbed IgG from immune serum with ablastic activity only (previously adsorbed with trypanosomes from immunocompetent hosts to remove the trypanocidal antibodies), but did not adsorb IgG from normal rat serum. To determine whether this specific adsorption of IgG by the parasite could be correlated with a reduction in ablastic activity, immune sera were adsorbed with bloodstream forms from immunosuppressed hosts at packed cell/serum ratios of either 1.2 or 2.0, and the adsorbed sera were then tested for ablastic activity in vitro. With both cell/serum ratios, ablastic activity was reduced by 50%. In comparison, similar adsorptions of immune sera with trypanosomes from immunocompetent hosts resulted in reductions of ablastic activity of only about 9 and 27% with the low and high cell/serum ratios, respectively. It is concluded that the failure to effect significant adsorption of ablastin in earlier studies resulted from the use of ablastinsensitized trypanosomes from immunocompetent hosts.     

Lessons from naked apes and their infections

Human infections come from two main sources. Our 'family heirlooms' have co-evolved with the host as we diverged from the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and these are often vertically transmitted. Our 'new acquisitions' come from cross-species infections, and these are typically horizontally transmitted. Compared with other apes, naked apes harbor a larger variety of pathogens, acquired from the domesticated and commensal non-primate species which share our habitat, as well as from exotic species. Thus we are nouveaux riches in our collection of infections or 'metagenome' and this is reviewed with particular reference to retroviruses. Nakedness poses a challenge to ectoparasites which is discussed in relation to the origin and evolution of human lice from those of the great apes. As humans have acquired infections horizontally from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzee and the gorilla, might we also have exchanged pathogens with other hominid species?     

苎麻疫霉雄器侧生性状的遗传研究*

在来自江苏、江西棉花、芒麻和构树的12个些麻疫霉（PhytophthoraboehmeriaeSawada）菌株中均观察到侧生雄器,其比率为4．0％～16．5％。在以菌株JS－5和PM－8（雄器侧生比率分别为16．5％和9．5％）为亲本所建立的连续2～3代单游动孢子无性系后代中,雄器侧生性状可以遗传,但单孢株间雄器侧生比率有一定差异,其分布范围分别为9．0％～34．0％和2．5％～15．5％。进一步诱导菌株JS－5的单游动孢子株的卵孢子萌发,分别对具侧生雄器和具围生雄器的藏卵器（卵孢子）进行单孢分离,检测雄器位置性状在由上述不同来源卵孢子萌发所形成的单卵孢株后代的遗传与变异。结果表明,无论是由具侧生雄器的藏卵器中的卵孢子萌发形成的单卵孢株,还是由具围生雄器的藏卵器中卵孢子萌发形成的单卵孢株,其有性器官均具有雄器侧生与雄器围生两种类型,但侧生比率在各代菌株间有很大差异。S1代单卵孢株的雄器侧生比率分布范围为1．0％～79．0％,其中具侧生雄器的藏卵器中卵孢子萌发形成的单卵孢株雄器侧生比率较高（分布范围7．0％～79．0％,平均33．6％）,而来自具围生雄器的藏卵器中的卵孢子萌发形成的单卵孢株雄器侧生比率较低（分布范围1．0％～32．0％,平均11．52％）。S2代单卵孢株的雄器侧生比率为10％～9     

中国和韩国黑线姬鼠两亚种的线粒体DNA限制性片段分析

本文利用印迹杂交技术对中国华北地区黑线姬鼠Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓａｇｒａｒｉｕｓｐａｌｉｄｉｏｒ和韩国黑线姬鼠Ａ．ａｇｒａｒｉｕｓｃｏｒｅａｅ共１０７号标本的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌＤＮＡ,ｍｔＤ－ＮＡ）,通过８种限制性内切酶的消化,进行了限制性片段的分析。共检出３５种限制性片段和１２种单倍体类型。１２种单倍型在平均离散度为１．０１％时聚合为两个亚群：一个亚群为黑线姬鼠华北亚种,由采自中国４个不同地区的５１号标本的４种单倍型所组成;另一个亚群为黑线姬鼠朝鲜亚种,由采自韩国４个不同地区的５６号标本的８种单倍型所组成。黑线姬鼠华北亚种和朝鲜亚种在ｍｔＤＮＡ表型上表现出一定差异,这在分子水平上确立了两亚种的分类地位。为了进一步澄清黑线姬鼠种下分类的混乱,很有必要对中国其他地区的标本进行该项研究     

Immunochemical similarities between subunits of acetylcholine receptors from Torpedo, Electrophorus, and mammalian muscle.

Polypeptide chains composing acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus were purified and labeled with 125I. Immunochemical studies with these labeled chains showed that receptor from Electrophorus is composed of three chains corresponding to the alpha, beta, and gamma chains of receptor from Torpedo but lacks a chain corresponding to the delta chain of Torpedo. Experiments suggest that receptor from mammalian muscle contains four groups of antigenic determinants corresponding to all four of the Torpedo chains. Binding of 125I-labeled chains was measured by quantitative immune precipitation and electrophoresis. Antisera to the following immunogens were used: denatured alpha, beta, gamma, and delta chains of Torpedo receptor, native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus electric organs and from rat and fetal calf muscle, and human muscle receptor (from autoantisera of patients with myasthenia gravis). The four chains of Torpedo receptor were immunologically distinct from one another and from higher molecular weight chains found in electric organ membranes. Antibodies to these chains reacted very efficiently with native Torpedo receptor, but the reverse was not true. Antibodies to native receptor from Torpedo and Electrophorus reacted slightly with each of the chains of the corresponding receptor. However, cross-reaction between chains and antibodies to any native receptor was most obviuos with the alpha chain of Torpedo or the corresponding alpha' chain of Electrophorus. Antiserum to alpha chains exhibited higher titer aginst receptor from denervated rat muscle. Antibodies from myasthenia gravis patients did not cross-react detectably with 125I-labeled chains from electric organ receptors. Most interspecies cross-reaction occurred at conformationally dependent determinants whose subunit localization could not be determined by reaction with the denatured chains.     

Trypanosoma cruzi: identification of specific epimastigote antigens by human immune sera

Soluble antigens from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were analyzed by western blot in terms of their reactivity with sera from patients with Chagas' disease. In addition, sera from patients with visceral (AVL) and tegumental leishmaniasis (ATL) were also tested in order to identify cross-reactivities with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens. Twenty eight polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 14 kDa to 113 kDa were identified with sera from Chagas' disease patients. An extensive cross-reactivity was observed when sera from human visceral leishmaniasis were used, while only a slight cross-reaction was observed with sera from tegumental leishmaniasis. On the other hand, 10 polypeptides specifically reacting with sera from Chagas' disease patients were identified. Among them, the antigens with molecular weights of 46 kDa and 25 kDa reacted with all sera tested and may be good candidates for specific immunodiagnosis of Chagas' disease.