Production and immunochemical characterization of monoclonal antibodies toCorynebacterium sepedonicum, the causative agent of potato ring rot

Five stable hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies toCorynebacterium sepedonicum were obtained. The specificity of monoclonal antibodies obtained was characterized. Interactions of the antibodies with native cells and antigenic preparations from bacterial cell extracts were studied. The epitope specificity of these antibodies to their recognized antigens and the use of the antibodies in advanced immunodiagnostic assays are discussed.     

Monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens involved in sex pheromone induced mating in Streptococcus faecalis

Hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to Streptococcus faecalis cell surface antigens were constructed. Some of the antibodies isolated were directed against surface components involved in pheromone-induced mating. This paper describes the use of the monoclonal antibodies to identify antigenically related surface components detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting, their use in pheromone response assays, and their use as functional inhibitors in mating experiments.     

Monoclonal antibodies: methods and clinical laboratory applications

Kohler and Milstein have shown that individual clones of normal antibody-secreting lymphocytes could be immortalized by fusion with myeloma cells. These investigators initiated a new era of technology with the successful in vitro production of monoclonal antibodies via somatic cell hybridization. With the use of monoclonal antibodies, many major problems arising from the limited specificity and reproducibility of conventional antisera can be solved. Some of the commonly employed methods for the production of monoclonal antibody are: (1) fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and myelomas from different sources to produce continuous antibody-producing cell lines; (2) in vitro viral transformation of sensitized lymphocytes to form continuous antibody-producing cells; (3) hybrid fusion of sensitized lymphocytes and continuous B lymphocyte cell lines. During the past few years, monoclonal antibody methodology has been used in almost every area of biological research. Monoclonal antibodies have been used as structural probes for proteins and hormones, and as highly specific agents for histocompatibility testing, tumor localization, immunotherapy, purification of molecules, identification of new surface antigens on lymphocytes and tumor cells, and detection of drug levels and microbial and parasitic diseases. In addition, several investigators have developed alternative methods for the production of human as well as mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies. The new technology of in vitro production of animal and human monoclonal antibodies will have many future applications in diagnosis and therapy in laboratory and clinical medicine.     

Growth of human tumor cell lines in transferrin-free,low-iron medium

Summary Iron is essential for tumor cell growth. Previous studies have demonstrated that apart from transferrin-bound iron uptake, mammalian cells also possess a transport system capable of efficiently obtaining iron from small molecular weight iron chelates (Sturrock et al., 1990). In the present study, we have examined the ability of tumor cells to grow in the presence of low molecular weight iron chelates of citrate. In chemically defined serum-free medium, most human tumor cell lines required either transferrin (5 μg/ml) or a higher concentration of ferric citrate (500 μM) as an iron source. However, we have also found that from 13 human cell lines tested, 4 were capable of long-term growth in transferrin-free medium with a substantially lower concentration of ferric citrate (5 μM). When grown in medium containing transferrin, both regular and low-iron dependent cell lines use transferrin-bound iron. Growth of both cell types in transferrin medium was inhibited to a certain degree by monoclonal antibody 42/6, which specifically blocks the binding of transferrin to the transferrin receptor. On the contrary, growth of low-iron dependent cell lines in transferrin-free, low-iron medium (5 μM ferric citrate) could not be inhibited by monoclonal antibody 42/6. Furthermore, no autocrine production of transferrin was observed. Low-iron dependent cell lines still remain sensitive to iron depletion as the iron(III) chelator, desferrioxamine, inhibited their growth. We conclude that low-iron dependent tumor cells in transferrin-free, low-iron medium may employ a previously unknown mechanism for uptake of non-transferrin-bound iron that allows them to efficiently use low concentrations of ferric citrate as an iron source. The results are discussed in the context of alternative iron uptake mechanisms to the well-characterized receptor-mediated endocytosis process.     

抗-D抗体及其应用

Rh血型是仅次于ABO血型系统的人类红细胞抗原系统,至今已发现40多种抗原,但与临床密切相关的是D,C、c、E、e等5种抗原,其中最主要的是D抗原。相应的抗-D抗体无论是在临床输血检测,还是在Rh(D)新生儿溶血病、溶血性输血反应等的防治方面均具有非常重要的意义。传统的抗-D抗体的制备需用人的血清,来源受限。各种抗-D人源性单克隆抗体和基因工程抗体已经成为发展方向。     

The generation of stable,high MAb expressing CHO cell lines based on the artificial chromosome expression (ACE) technology

The manufacture of recombinant proteins at industrially relevant levels requires technologies that can engineer stable, high expressing cell lines rapidly, reproducibly and with relative ease. Commonly used methods incorporate transfection of mammalian cell lines with plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest. Identifying stable high expressing transfectants is normally laborious and time consuming. To improve this process, the ACE System has been developed based on pre‐engineered artificial chromosomes with multiple recombination acceptor sites. This system allows for the targeted transfection of single or multiple genes and eliminates the need for random integration into native host chromosomes. To illustrate the utility of the ACE System in generating stable, high expressing cell lines, CHO based candidate cell lines were generated to express a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody. Candidate cell lines were generated in under 6 months and expressed over 1 g/L and with specific productivities of up to 45 pg/cell/day under non‐fed, non‐optimized shake flask conditions. These candidate cell lines were shown to have stable expression of the monoclonal antibody for up to 70 days of continuous culture. The results of this study demonstrate that clonal, stable monoclonal antibody expressing CHO based cell lines can be generated by the ACE System rapidly and perform competitively with those cell lines generated by existing technologies. The ACE System, therefore, provides an attractive and practical alternative to conventional methods of cell line generation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 540–553 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

番木瓜环斑病毒单克隆抗体的制备及在病毒分型上的初步应用

本试验是用番木瓜环斑病毒(Papaya ringspot virus, PRV)提纯制剂免疫的BALB/c小白鼠脾细胞与Sp~2/o-Ag14骨髓瘤细胞融合,获得三个能稳定传代并分泌抗番木瓜环斑病毒的单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系。其中23H1 McAb的效价较高,用ELISA检测,腹水抗体效价高达1:76800,能被PRV兔抗血清所阻断。这3个杂交瘤细胞系产生的单抗与TMV和CMV无血清交叉反应。它们可把PRV四个毒株初步区分为三个血清型。     

Preparation and immunochemical properties of monoclonal antibodies to potato ring rot pathogen Corynebacterium sepedonicum

Five stable hybridoma lines producing monoclonal antibodies to Corynebacterium sepedonicum were obtained. The specificity of monoclonal antibodies obtained was characterized. Interactions of the antibodies with native cells and antigenic preparations from bacterial cell extracts were studied. The epitope specificity of these antibodies to their recognized antigens and the use of the antibodies in advanced immunodiagnostic assays are discussed.     

A Monoclonal Antibody Defining Human B Cell Differentiation Antigen (HLB-1 Antigen)

A new monoclonal antibody specific for human B cell differentiation antigen (HLB-1) is produced by a hybridoma established by fusion of splenocytes of mice immunized with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed peripheral B cell line, RPMI-8057. This monoclonal, antibody designated anti-HLB-1 monoclonal antibody (anti-HLB-1), reacted with surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-positive B cells of normal peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues and sIg-positive leukemic cells. The cells of T cell leukemia, non-T non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and nonlymphoid leukemia were HLB-1 negative. These data were further confirmed by studying a panel of cultured human hematopoietic cell lines. Anti-HLB-1 reacted with B cell lines derived from pre-B, Burkitt's lymphoma, B cell type ALL and EBV-transformed peripheral B cells. Anti-HLB-1 was reactive with only one of three human myeloma cell lines, and with none of the T cell, myeloid and non-T non-B ALL cell lines. This newly defined HLB-1 antigen is different from other conventional human B cell markers such as sIg, Ia antigens, and receptors for the Fc portion of Ig and complement C3.     

Protruding disordered loop of gC1qR is specifically exposed and related to antiapoptotic property in germ cell lineage

We established a monoclonal antibody (MAb), 5G9, with the use of a fixed seminoma tissue from an archival paraffin-embedded specimen, as an immunogen. Without antigen retrieval, positive 5G9-immunohistochemical staining was confined mostly to primordial germ cells, spermatogonia and various germ cell tumors. 5G9 recognized a mitochondrial 32-kD protein with an isoelectric point of pH 4.2, identified as a multifunctional ubiquitous protein, receptor for globular head of C1q (gC1qR), whose epitope was mapped in a disordered loop connecting the β3 and the β4 strands. Reflecting the ubiquitous distribution of gC1qR, with antigen retrieval, 5G9 was found reactive to a wide range of normal and tumor tissues. Since several co-precipitated and phosphorylated bands were observed in various human cell lines but not in germ cell tumor cell lines by in vitro phosphorylation assay, we speculate that the epitope of gC1qR is specifically unmasked in the germ cell lineage. By reducing gC1qR by siRNA, a significant increase was observed in the number of apoptotic cells in ITO-II and TCam-2 cell lines, but to a lesser extent in the Colo201 colon cancer cell line, showing an antiapoptotic property of gC1qR in the germ cells. Since protein–protein interaction is partially preserved by fixation, archival paraffin-embedded specimens can be a valuable source of immunogens for generating monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize tissue-specific protein conformation.     

Expression of markers shared between human natural killer cells and neuroblastoma lines

Summary Neuroblastoma is a tumor of neuroectodermal origin arising most commonly from the adrenal medulla. We have examined the ability of several monoclonal antibodies which recognize markers predominantly expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells to react with neuroblastoma cell lines in vivo derived sections of tumor. HNK-1 (Leu 7) is a monoclonal IgM antibody which recognizes a carbohydrate epitope on NK cells and a wide range of tumor cell types. We have shown that HNK-1 recognizes the human neuroblastoma lines SMS-KCNR, SMS-KAN, NMB/N7, and IMR/5. Expression of this antigen on cell lines can be slightly increased by retinoic acid-induced differentiation of the cells. N901 (NKH1), a monoclonal antibody raised against interleukin 2-dependent human NK cell lines also recognizes all human neuroblastoma cell lines examined. This expression is independent of differentiation induction and levels remain unaltered following retinoic acid treatment of the cell lines. Lastly, with monoclonal antibody 49H.8, it has been found that reactivity of the lines is weak until induction of differentiation, after which highly significant increases of reactivity are seen. 49H.8 recognizes several cryptic carbohydrate antigens with varying affinities, shown to identify mouse and rat NK cells. In contrast to other NK markers, human neuroblastoma cell lines did not express significant reactivity with B73.1, Leu 11b, or Leu 18. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of human neuroblastoma tumors correlated with the in vitro findings; however, staining with N901 and 49H.8 was only seen on frozen sections, not paraffin-embedded. The significance of shared NK cell-neuroblastoma/neuron antigens is currently under investigation.     

Monoclonal antibodies against chromosomal proteins of Drosophila melanogaster

Total nuclear protein from the embryonic D. melanogaster cell line Kc and crude hydroxyapatite fractions thereof were used for immunization of mice. From the spleen cells of these mice we established 755 permanent lymphoid cell lines using the hybridoma technique originally developed by Köhler and Milstein (1975). Radioimmunoassay showed 455 of these cell lines secreted antibodies which bound to component(s) contained in the antigen mixtures used for immunization. Screening of 311 cell lines using indirect immunofluorescence revealed 58 lines whose antibodies showed a highly selective staining pattern on polytene chromosomes from the salivary glands of D. melanogaster third instar larvae. Eight of these cell lines were cloned and further characterized. We were able to order the staining patterns into three distinct classes based on the staining behaviour of the monoclonal antibodies: staining of active regions, staining of phase dark bands or staining of most interbands. The molecular weight of those antigens against which the monoclonal antibodies were directed was determined in SDS polyacrylamide gels.     

CHO细胞株开发技术策略探讨

主要介绍了单克隆抗体药物工业生产中宿主细胞选择、表达载体构建、转染方法、筛选技术、细胞培养工艺技术方法以及最后选定细胞株的标准等,结合单抗药物CHO细胞株开发和培养工艺的经验,对当前我国单抗CHO细胞株开发技术策略进行了探讨。     

Large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies in defined serum-free media in airlift bioreactors

Forty- and ninety-liter airlift bioreactors have been used successfully to grow hybridoma cell lines in chemically defined serum-free media. In the airlift bioreactor, hybridoma cell growth and monoclonal antibody productivity are comparable to that obtained by conventional cell culture. At sparging rates of 0.60-1.20 vvh (volume of sparged gas per bioreactor volume per hour), the airlift bioreactor achieves rapid mixing and adequate oxygen mass transfer. Foaming is minimal and inconsequential for serum-free media and media supplemented with 5%-10% fetal bovine serum. The use of serum-free medium facilitates monoclonal antibody purification and enhances the purity of the final MAb product.     

抗t-PA单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

用猪心t-PA和人黑色素瘤细胞分泌的t-PA作抗原,经腹腔及脾内免疫Bal b/c小鼠。用细胞融合技术制备杂交瘤细胞,细胞融合串达85％,获得4株抗t-PA杂交瘤细胞株,鼠腹水抗体效价达1∶10~5;Western Blot结果表明该单抗所结合的抗原分子量与t-PA相符,证明所获得的单抗为特异的抗t-PA单抗;对t-PA的纤溶活性中和抑制试验结果表明,4株单抗中的1株能完全抑制st-PA的纤溶活性,另外3株表现出程度不等的抑制;其中1株亚类为IgG,另外3株为IgM。杂交瘤细胞株无支原体污染;染色体数目正常。对该抗体进行初步纯化后,将其应用于rt-PA的研究中。     

人生长分化因子15单克隆抗体制备、鉴定及药用价值初探

目的:制备稳定分泌抗人生长分化因子15(GDF15)单克隆抗体(m Ab)的杂交瘤细胞系,并对其分泌的m Ab进行鉴定。方法:根据人GDF15氨基酸序列特征,设计合成了8条能够免疫产生GDF15特异性抗体的抗原多肽,与VLP载体偶联后,免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,利用杂交瘤技术制备鼠源抗人GDF15的m Ab,用间接ELISA检测m Ab腹水效价。结果:获得针对7个抗原多肽的12株稳定分泌抗人GDF15的杂交瘤细胞系,腹水m Ab效价可达1×104~1×109。结论:获得了针对不同抗原多肽的抗人GDF15的特异性m Ab,为进一步研发以GDF15为靶点的单克隆抗体抗肿瘤药物奠定了基础。     

Preparation of monoclonal antibodies to xanthine oxidase and other proteins of bovine milk-fat-globule membrane.

Nine hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibody to proteins of bovine milk-fat-globule membrane were isolated. All nine cell lines continued to secrete monoclonal antibody after serial transfer in culture and after passage as solid tumours in Balb/cJ mice. Four of the cell lines secreted monoclonal antibody specific for xanthine oxidase, one of the major proteins of milk-fat-globule membrane.     

Isolation of monoclonal antibodies reactive with Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA)

Two hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies were obtained from mice immunized with the Marek's disease (MD)-lymphoblastoid cell line MSB1. These monoclonal antibodies reacted with the surface of MD-lymphoblastoid cell lines at higher titers than with avian lymphoid leukosis cell lines or with normal chicken thymus, bursa or peripheral blood lymphocytes. The serological specificity of these monoclonal antibodies seemed to correspond with that of rabbit antiserum reactive with MD tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA).     

High concordance between marker profiles of 22 human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines tested with the same monoclonal antibodies before and during the second international workshop on human differentiation antigens

Summary Our laboratory participated in the Second International Workshop and Conference on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens. In this international study the reactivity profiles of monoclonal antibodies were analyzed on normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. The Workshop was divided into three categories: the T-cell, B-cell and myelomonocytic cell studies. We blindly tested 159 coded monoclonal antibodies of the panel for the T-cell study on 22 permanently established leukemia cell lines. The monoclonal antibodies were provided by the Workshop Committee and their reactivity with the target cells was visualized by standardized indirect immunofluorescence. After decoding it was recognized that 11 monoclonal antibodies had been examined on these cell lines prior to the Workshop. The reactivity of these 11 monoclonal antibodies was analyzed and compared with the earlier results. From a total of 217 paired tests done blindly in the Workshop study and prior to the Workshop, 191 tests (88%) did not show significantly different data. The possible reasons for discrepancies include nonspecific Fc-receptor-binding on some cell lines and a relatively nonspecific reactivity of some monoclonal antibodies.This analysis demonstrates the stability of the antigen expression on human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines grown at consistently optimal conditions, for the tests, using the same monoclonal antibodies as in the Workshop, had been performed 0.5–5 years prior to the Workshop study. On the other hand, nonspecific Fc-binding, wide specificity of monoclonal antibodies and a shift in antigen expression of the cells (due to poor growth conditions, involuntary induction of differentiation and other factors) must be taken into consideration upon immunological analysis.This study was supported in part by Veterans Administration RAG GrantH. G. D. is recipient of a Research Training Fellowship awarded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Dr 157/1-1)     

Differential responses of human tumor cell lines to anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibodies

The HER2 protooncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, p185^HER2. The overexpression of p185^HER2 has been associated with a worsened prognosis in certain human cancers. In the present work we have screened a variety of different tumor cell lines for p185^HER2 expression using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent and fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays employing murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of the receptor. Increased levels of p185^HER2 were found in breast (5/9), ovarian (1/6), stomach (2/3) and colorectal (5/16) carcinomas, whereas all kidney and submaxillary adenocarcinoma cell lines tested were negative. Some monoclonal antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of p185^HER2 inhibited growth in monolayer culture of breast and ovarian tumor cell lines overexpressing p185^HER2, but had no effect on the growth of colon or gastric adenocarcinomas expressing increased levels of this receptor. The most potent growth-inhibitory anti-p185^HER2 monoclonal antibody in monolayer culture, designated mumAb 4D5 (a murine IgG1 antibody), was also tested in soft-agar growth assays for activity against p185^HER2-overexpressing tumor cell lines of each type, with similar results. In order to increase the spectrum of tumor types potentially susceptible to monoclonal antibody-mediated anti-p185^HER2 therapies, to decrease potential immunogenicity issues with the use of murine monoclonal antibodies for human therapy, and to provide the potential for antibody-mediated cytotoxic activity, a mouse/human chimeric 4D5 (chmAb 4D5) and a humanized 4D5 (rhu)mAb 4D5 HER2 antibody were constructed. Both engineered antibodies, in combination with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, elicited antibody-dependent cytotoxic responses in accordance with the level of p185^HER2 expression. Since this cytotoxic activity is independent of sensitivity to mumAb 4D5, the engineered monoclonal antibodies expand the potential target population for antibody-mediated therapy of human cancers characterized by the overexpression of p185^HER2.