医学昆虫的病原真菌*

昆虫病原真菌在自然环境中对害虫数量起着抑制作用,在害虫的微生物防治中也占有独特的地位。长期以来,在应用昆虫病原真菌防治人畜害虫方面研究进展较为缓慢,六十年代以来才有较大的发展。本文介绍了近十年的发展概况,并讨论了影响这个研究领域迅速发展的原因及病原真菌在生物防治中应用的潜力。认为尽管至今对这类真菌了解还较少,但通过今后加强有关方面的研究工作,其应用前景是广阔的。     

利用黄粉虫分离土壤昆虫病原真菌

利用黄粉虫Tenebrio molitorL.作为寄主从土壤中诱感并分离昆虫病原真菌。结果显示,从吉林市的18个土样中分离出球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)、金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhiziumanisopliae)和玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)。土样中的昆虫病原真菌检出率为77.78%。这表明利用黄粉虫分离土壤中的昆虫病原真菌是一种简单、有效的方法。     

昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是控制害虫发生与危害的重要生物防治因子之一,优良的菌种是生物防治的关键。紫外线诱变育种是昆虫病原真菌菌种选育中最常用的方法之一,具有易操作、效果好、作用时间长等优点。本文以白僵菌、绿僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢等三种常用的昆虫病原真菌为例,从诱变育种的材料、方法和应用等方面综述了昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种的研究现状,以期为昆虫病原真菌的生物防治研究提供参考。     

PFGE技术及其在昆虫病原真菌研究中的应用

染色体是真核生物遗传物质的载体,控制着生物体的遗传、变异和发育,研究染色体的组型和行为对于更好地改造、利用真核生物是至关重要的。昆虫病原真菌在自然界广为分布,作为害虫生物防除剂、中药材、经济昆虫病原真菌等被利用和研究［１～３］。然而,极大部分昆虫病原真菌属于半知菌类,缺乏有性生殖世代,核分裂时观察不到染色体凝缩,同时由于其染色体很小,又不具有足够数目的基因标记,所以难以用核染色和杂交等方法进行核型分析和遗传育种的研究,也难以用遗传学方法和细胞学方法测定其染色体数目和大小。另一方面,昆虫病原真菌Ｄ…     

峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其它昆虫病原真菌I.

采自四川省峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其相关昆虫病原真菌,其中除有常见的蛹虫草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ（Ｖｕｉｌｌ）,Ｆｒ粉被虫草（ＣｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｐｒｕｉｎｏｓａＰｅｔｃｈ）蝉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｉｃａｄａｅ（Ｍｉｑｕｅｌ）Ｓａｍｓｏｎ,球孢白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａｂａｓｓｉａｎａ（Ｂａｌｓ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ等昆虫病原真菌外,将主要描述峨眉虫草新种（Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｅｍｅｉｅ     

基因工程改良在昆虫病原真菌中的应用

昆虫病原真菌是自然界控制害虫种群的主要生物因子,其研究开发越来越受到重视。但由于存在致死速度慢、防效不稳定、对环境条件要求高等缺点,限制了昆虫病原真菌的应用。近年来,通过基因工程技术对昆虫病原真菌进行遗传改造,提高菌株的致病性和毒力,创造高效、稳定的工程菌株取得了较大进展。对昆虫病原真菌选择标记、遗传转化方法、基因工程改良及应用等方面最新研究进展进行了综述。     

昆虫病原线虫研究概况

昆虫病原线虫 (ｅｎｔｏｍｏｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｉｃｎｅｍａｔｏｄｅｓ)是本世纪发展起来的一种有潜能的生物防治因子[1] 。它具有寄主范围广、能主动寻找寄主、对人畜及环境安全无毒 ,并能人工大量培养等优点。因此 ,在农药污染日益严重、害虫抗药性发展迅速的今天 ,昆虫病原线虫已成为可持续发展农业的迫切需要 ,受到国际生防领域的重视。特别是斯氏科线虫和小杆科线虫 ,已成为当前国际生防领域研究热点之一。本文简要概述了线虫的生物学特性、分类及致病机理等方面的研究 ,并结合目前存在的问题探讨了昆虫病原线虫的研究方向和发展前景。1…     

我国大陆寄生蚜虫的病原真菌

蚜虫的微生物防治日益成为新的研究热点。病原真菌作为一类重要的生防资源,在蚜虫的微生物治理中占有举足轻重的地位。我国的微生物生防工作开始较晚,但近几十年发展迅速。文章综合已发表的文献,介绍了我国大陆寄生蚜虫的病原真菌的种类及分布,并对其流行概况作了简要的描述与分析。     

蝉科昆虫病原真菌物种多样性（英文）

蝉科昆虫在自然界具有重要作用,是果树等林木的刺吸性害虫,同时蝉与真菌组成的虫菌共生体也具有重要经济价值。近十年来,通过对我国昆虫病原真菌资源的调查,共采集获得102株蝉科昆虫罹患病原真菌标本,并保存于安徽农业大学昆虫病原真菌研究中心(RCEF)。本研究从蝉科罹患病原真菌标本中分离得到81株菌株,并对其多样性进行了研究。基于不同培养基的形态特征观察并结合ITS、SSU、LSU、TEF、RPB1和RPB2基因构建系统发育树,发现寄生蝉科的菌株属于3科6属15种。本研究重点描述了一个中国新记录种——高水紫孢菌;此外,一些类棒束孢属菌株被修订为蝙蝠蛾萨姆森菌;除上述物种外,还鉴定出球孢白僵菌、绿色绿僵菌、蝉花虫草、柱孢绿僵菌、环链虫草、玫烟色虫草、澳洲白僵菌、布氏白僵菌、细脚虫草、棕色绿僵菌和长座细虫草。其中球孢白僵菌、蝉花虫草和绿色绿僵菌是优势种,多度达总数的58%。而其他12个物种分离频率较低。     

Studies on Entomopathogenic Fungi Isolated from Dead Pine Caterpillars, Dendrolimus spectabilis

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic fungi isolated from pine caterpillars, as biological control agents were evaluated against the 5th instar larvae of silkworms, bombyx mori . The body weights of silkworm larvae were reduced by entomopathogenic fungi. Virulence of the spores isolated from the insects was more stronger than that of the spores isolated from media. LD₅₀ value of the pathogen was 6,464x10³ spores/ml. Entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria , isolated from dead pine caterpillars was possible agents for use in microbiological control.     

Host range of Neozygites floridana isolates (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) to spider mites

Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma) (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) has been reported infecting naturally at least 18 species of tetranychids worldwide. However, the host range of N. floridana is unknown. Epizootics caused by this pathogen to tetranychid populations indicate that N. floridana has the potential to be used as a biological control agent. However, the virulence and specificity of species and strains of Neozygites need to be assessed in the laboratory to reveal its potential as a biological control agent. N. floridana isolates are currently been investigated in Brazil as biological control agents against the tomato red mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The pathogenicity of five strains of N. floridana obtained from T. urticae, T. evansi and T. ludeni Zacher was assessed against populations of Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), Schizotetranychus sacharum Flechtmann & Baker, Tetranychus abacae Baker & Pritchard and Tetranychus armipenis Flechtmann & Baker, in addition to the species from which the fungus was obtained. Mummified mites were placed on leaf discs of the host plant of each tetranychid to promote fungal sporulation, and after 24 h the mites were transferred to the leaf discs. Contamination, infection and mummification were evaluated daily for seven days after confinement. Each isolate was pathogenic to three or four out of the six spider mite species tested. However, except for isolate ESALQ1421, all isolates caused higher levels of infection and significant mummification only to the tetranychid species from which they were collected. None of the isolates was pathogenic to S. sacharum and only one isolate infected T. abacae. Alternative hosts may be important for N. floridana survival in tropical regions where resting spores are rarely found.     

用ElISA研究稻田节肢类捕食者对稻飞虱的捕食作用

应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELlSA)来研究捕食作用能较准确地评价捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用。ELlSA检测表明,不同种类的捕食性天敌对稻飞虱的捕食作用有较大差别,其中以优势种食虫沟瘤蛛和拟水狼蛛的捕食作用最大,阳性反应率与稻飞虱的种群密度有一定的相关关系,但在稻飞虱密度较低的情况下也表现出较高的阳性反应率。     

Beauveria Bassiana Pathogenicity to the Citrus Rust Mite Phyllocoptruta Oleivora

The pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to one of the major pests of citrus crops, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, was assessed by inoculating mites with different concentrations of conidia (1×10⁶, 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 5×10⁷ and 1×10⁸). Treated mites were kept at controlled conditions (25 ± 0.5°C, 12 h photoperiod and 98% relative humidity) and mite survivorship was evaluated daily. Mortality was found to increase in time and was dependent on the conidia concentration, with values ranging from 24 to 91% for the lowest and highest conidia concentration, respectively. The calculated LC₅₀ on the fifth day was 4.23×10⁶ conidia/ml. Mean lethal time was 3.98, 9.79, 3.09 and 2.74 days for 5×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 5×10⁷ and 1×10⁸ conidia/ml, respectively. Conidia were found to adhere all over the mite body surface, especially at the anal region, where vegetative mycelium was found entering the mite body. We noticed the formation of small crystals inside the mite’s body that were produced during colonization of the body cavity by the fungus. This is the first report of B. bassiana pathogenicity for this species.     

中国昆虫病原线虫一新纪录

采用分子生物学和形态学相结合的方法,对采自广东省翁源县的编号为GDa71的昆虫病原线虫进行分类鉴定.该线虫各虫期的主要形态特征、测量值以及基于ITS1和部分28S rDNA两段序列,分别构建系统进化树均显示它与印度异小杆线虫Heterorhabditis indica相似,是后者的一个品系,为中国新纪录.     

Variability in azygospore production among Entomophaga maimaiga isolates

This study describes in vitro and in vivo azygospore production by nine isolates of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. The three E. maimaiga isolates that consistently produced azygospores in vitro were also strong producers of azygospores in vivo. However, two additional isolates that were strong azygospore producers in vivo did not produce azygospores in vitro. Isolates that produced azygospores in vitro produced both conidia and azygospores more frequently in vivo than isolates not producing azygospores in vitro. In vitro azygospore production varied over time as well as by isolate. After >2 years of cold storage, while three isolates continued in vitro azygospore production, three isolates no longer produced azygospores in vitro.     

耐低水活度高毒力虫生真菌菌株选育*

以球孢白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａ　 ｂａｓｓｉａｎａ和玫烟色拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ　ｆｕｍｏｓｏｒｏｓｅｕｓ为研究对象,利用紫外线诱变芽生孢子和低水活度条件胁迫筛选,选育出突变株Ｂｂ０７２４０、Ｐｆ０１１２０和Ｐｆ０１１６０,它们在低水活度（或相对湿度）下的生长和萌发均明显优于其相应的初始菌株。生物测定表明,突变株对桃蚜的毒力明显高于其初始菌株。     

真菌亲缘和分类学的进展

本文对真菌的亲缘和分类学进展的概况作了简要的叙述。真菌在亲缘上是一个异质的类群,有着不同的起源。而真菌分类学则吸收超微结构特征,遗传学和分子生物学的论据组成综合的分枝学科。     

Ocurrence of the antibiotic producing bacterium Burkholderia sp. in colonies of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa

Fungus garden material from recently established Atta sexdens rubropilosa colonies (6-12 months old) was sampled to detect antibiotic producing microorganisms that inhibited the growth of pathogens of insects and of the fungus gardens but did not affect their mutualistic fungus. A bacterium with activity against the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was isolated from 56% of the gardens tested (n=57) and identified from its biochemical profile and from 16S and 23S ribosomal DNA sequences as a member of the genus Burkholderia. The ant-associated Burkholderia isolates secreted a potent, anti-fungal agent that inhibited germination of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, of the saprophytic Verticillium lecanii, and also of a specialist fungus garden Escovopsis weberi. Growth of the ant's mutualist fungus was unaffected.