医学昆虫的病原真菌*

昆虫病原真菌在自然环境中对害虫数量起着抑制作用,在害虫的微生物防治中也占有独特的地位。长期以来,在应用昆虫病原真菌防治人畜害虫方面研究进展较为缓慢,六十年代以来才有较大的发展。本文介绍了近十年的发展概况,并讨论了影响这个研究领域迅速发展的原因及病原真菌在生物防治中应用的潜力。认为尽管至今对这类真菌了解还较少,但通过今后加强有关方面的研究工作,其应用前景是广阔的。     

草坪地下害虫蛴螬的生物防治研究进展

蛴螬是草坪上最重要的一类地下害虫 ,对草坪的危害极大。文章综述了应用昆虫病原线虫、昆虫病原细菌、昆虫病原真菌、原生动物、昆虫病毒和寄生性、捕食性天敌昆虫等生防因子防治草坪害虫蛴螬的研究进展 ,并对未来草坪害虫蛴螬防治的研究发展方向做了一些探讨。     

昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是控制害虫发生与危害的重要生物防治因子之一,优良的菌种是生物防治的关键。紫外线诱变育种是昆虫病原真菌菌种选育中最常用的方法之一,具有易操作、效果好、作用时间长等优点。本文以白僵菌、绿僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢等三种常用的昆虫病原真菌为例,从诱变育种的材料、方法和应用等方面综述了昆虫病原真菌紫外线诱变育种的研究现状,以期为昆虫病原真菌的生物防治研究提供参考。     

基因工程改良在昆虫病原真菌中的应用

昆虫病原真菌是自然界控制害虫种群的主要生物因子,其研究开发越来越受到重视。但由于存在致死速度慢、防效不稳定、对环境条件要求高等缺点,限制了昆虫病原真菌的应用。近年来,通过基因工程技术对昆虫病原真菌进行遗传改造,提高菌株的致病性和毒力,创造高效、稳定的工程菌株取得了较大进展。对昆虫病原真菌选择标记、遗传转化方法、基因工程改良及应用等方面最新研究进展进行了综述。     

昆虫病原真菌毒素对昆虫的作用机制研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是昆虫病原微生物中一个最大的类群 ,约有 75 0多种 ,寄主范围较广 ,可寄生 5个目2 4个科 2 0 0余种昆虫。 1 879年Ｍｅｔｃｈｎｉｋｏｆｆ用绿僵菌 (Ｍｅｔａｒｈｉｚｉｕｍａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ)防治奥国塞丽金龟 (Ａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａａｕｓｔｒｉａｃａ)获得成功 ,并且生产出大量用于生物防治的绿僵菌孢子产品[1] 。随后昆虫病原微生物用来防治害虫的研究与应用渐多 ,到目前为止已有 5 0多种真菌制剂在世界各国注册使用[2 ] 。毒素被认为是昆虫病原真菌对付昆虫的一种有效手段。Ｓｕｚｕｋｉ[3 ] 和Ｃｈａｍｐｌｉｎ[4 ] 分…     

昆虫病原真菌基因研究进展*

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的害虫自然控制因子,但由于病原真菌对寄主昆虫的慢击倒性,使得病原真菌的应用受到极大的限制。八十年代,人们的研究目标集中在昆虫病原真菌的酶学研究上;到了九十年代则全面进入了分子生物学的研究阶段。包括昆虫病原真菌毒力基因在内的许多基因得到了研究,使得对病原真菌的人工定向改造成为可能。1 蛋白酶基因昆虫的体壁主要是由蛋白基质和分布其中的几丁质组成,是防止大多数微生物入侵的有效途径。蛋白质的类型和数量在不同种类的昆虫、组织和生长阶段中是不断变化的（Andersen,1974）。为了能穿透这样一…     

利用虫生真菌生物防治柑橘木虱的研究进展

柑橘木虱是柑橘黄龙病的重要传播虫媒。目前对柑橘黄龙病的防治尚缺有效的药剂和抗病品种,加强对柑橘木虱的防治,对控制柑橘黄龙病的蔓延具有重要意义。目前防治柑橘木虱多采用化学防治,杀虫剂的频繁使用造成了农药残留、环境污染、生物多样性被破坏和害虫产生抗药性等诸多问题,生物防治以其高效、低毒、低残留、不易产生抗药性等优点逐渐受到重视。昆虫病原真菌能侵入昆虫寄主体内,导致昆虫发病死亡,具有良好的病害流行潜力及生产应用便利性,利用昆虫病原真菌防治柑橘木虱具有广阔的发展空间。本文总结了用于柑橘木虱生物防治的虫生真菌种类,重点介绍了国内外利用球孢白僵菌、玫烟色棒束孢、淡紫紫孢菌、宛氏拟青霉、蜡蚧菌等虫生真菌在防治柑橘木虱中的应用,并对虫生真菌防治柑橘木虱的发展前景进行了展望,以期为柑橘黄龙病的防控提供借鉴。     

我国虫生真菌研究的简单回顾与展望

经过几代人的努力,我国虫生真菌学科领域已从过去对少数种的观察研究（如冬虫夏草和白僵菌等）、益虫保护（如蚕僵病防治）、药用和害虫生物防治等,扩大到了对多类虫生真菌资源的系统研究和在国民经济不同领域中的开发应用。迄今,虫生真菌已不仅是昆虫病理学的组成部分及农林害虫防治中的一种途径和手段。作为菌物中的一个特殊生态系,就其现有研究内容来看,至少已发展成了如下几个各具特色的研究领域：以白僵菌为代表的昆虫病原真菌及其对农林害虫的生物防治;以蚊幼虫为主的卫生害虫的虫生真菌研究及利用;虫草及其无性型的综合研究;…     

水稻主要害虫的病原微生物考查

自1977年以来我们对稻田主要害虫疾病的病原种类及其优势种群进行了较为系统的普查工作。分离材料取自全省各地,包括害虫各个时期的不同虫态。寄主昆虫包括鳞翅目、同翅目、半翅目、直翅目及其它目的害虫。所分离的病原物有真菌、细菌、线虫等。对一些病原真菌和细菌的优势种还作了性状培养、生物检测及田间防治试验。现将结果简要报道如下。     

害虫的生物防除

昆虫天敌对于昆虫的发生常有抑制的作用,科学工作者根据这一原理,利用害虫的天敌去防治害虫,其方法称为害虫生物防除法. 昆虫的天敌很多,包括病原微生物(病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物)线虫、壁虱目动物,昆虫(捕食性昆虫及寄生性昆虫)和脊椎动物.除此以外,还可包括一些高等植物.昆虫的天敌,虽然有上述的几大类,但并非全部都能够用来防治害虫,利用得最普遍的是捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫,其次是病原微生物和脊椎动物,至于线虫和壁虱目动物,只是偶有利用.     

Entomopathogenic fungi and insect behaviour: from unsuspecting hosts to targeted vectors

The behavioural response of an insect to a fungal pathogen will have a direct effect on the efficacy of the fungus as a biological control agent. In this paper we describe two processes that have a significant effect on the interactions between insects and entomopathogenic fungi: (a) the ability of target insects to detect and avoid fungal pathogens and (b) the transmission of fungal pathogens between host insects. The behavioural interactions between insects and entomopathogenic fungi are described for a variety of fungal pathogens ranging from commercially available bio-pesticides to non-formulated naturally occurring pathogens. The artificial manipulation of insect behaviour using dissemination devices to contaminate insects with entomopathogenic fungi is then described. The implications of insect behaviour on the use of fungal pathogens as biological control agents are discussed.     

Extracellular hydrolytic enzymes produced by entomopathogenic fungi--role in an infection process

Entomopathogenic fungi have a great potential in biological control of insect pest population. Fungal pathogens are promising source of insecticides and notable alterative to chemical pesticides. These fungi possess a unique mechanism of insects paralysis. As natural enemies of insects they attack direct host cuticle via a combination of mechanical pressure and cuticle-degrading enzymes. Entomopathogenic fungi produce several proteo-, chitino- and lipolytic enzymes, which are accepted as key factors in insect mycosis. The role of extracellular enzymes in pathogenesis is still not well understood. Profound understanding the mechanisms of insect paralysis by entomopathogenic fungi will help in the production of safer for environment and more efficiency mycoinsecticides.     

Entomopathogenic fungi on Hemiberlesia pitysophila

Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi is an extremely harmful exotic insect in forest to Pinus species, including Pinus massoniana. Using both morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics, we identified 15 strains of entomogenous fungi, which belong to 9 genera with high diversities. Surprisingly, we found that five strains that were classified as species of Pestalotiopsis, which has been considered plant pathogens and endophytes, were the dominant entomopathogenic fungus of H. pitysophila. Molecular phylogenetic tree established by analyzing sequences of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer showed that entomopathogenic Pestalotiopsis spp. were similar to plant Pestalotiopsis, but not to other pathogens and endophytes of its host plant P. massoniana. We were the first to isolate entomopathogenic Pestalotiopsis spp. from H. pitysophila. Our findings suggest a potential and promising method of H. pitysophila bio-control.     

Fungal entomopathogens: new insights on their ecology

An important mechanism for insect pest control should be the use of fungal entomopathogens. Even though these organisms have been studied for more than 100 y, their effective use in the field remains elusive. Recently, however, it has been discovered that many of these entomopathogenic fungi play additional roles in nature. They are endophytes, antagonists of plant pathogens, associates with the rhizosphere, and possibly even plant growth promoting agents. These findings indicate that the ecological role of these fungi in the environment is not fully understood and limits our ability to employ them successfully for pest management. In this paper, we review the recently discovered roles played by many entomopathogenic fungi and propose new research strategies focused on alternate uses for these fungi. It seems likely that these agents can be used in multiple roles in protecting plants from pests and diseases and at the same time promoting plant growth.     

Distribution,occurrence and natural invertebrate hosts of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi of Central India

We report here that, during periodical surveys of insects inhabiting diverse habitats for the collection of entomopathogenic fungi; a large number of isolates were recovered belonging to seven species, from various regions of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh forest areas and agricultural fields. The most common entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces farinosus and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus were found to infect various insect hosts species naturally viz. Hyblaea puera, Eutectona machaeralis, Diachrysia orichalcea, Spodoptera litura, and few new insect hosts of these fungal pathogens among Indian insect population were collected for the first time from Central India, such as beetles of Agrilus species, hairy caterpillars of Lymantria species. The isolation, identification, maintenance and pathogenicity assay of these isolates was performed prior to deposition in culture collection center.     

Entomopathogenic Fusarium species: a review of their potential for the biological control of insects,implications and prospects

The genus Fusarium is noted for including important plant pathogens and mycotoxin producers. Furthermore, many Fusarium lineages have been reported to be efficient in controlling insects and to exhibit promising characteristics for agricultural pest control such as causing high mortality rates and having fast action and abundant sporulation. In this review we present a survey of peer-reviewed papers published from 2000 to 2019, demonstrating the widespread pathogenicity of Fusarium to insects. This survey was made using search strings in a number of databases. We list the major complexes and species of Fusarium reported as entomopathogenic and highlight the features of interest for insect control as well as the advantages and implications of this practice. Out of a total of forty papers, at least 30 species and 273 isolates of Fusarium were reported as pathogenic to at least one species of insect. Ten complexes of Fusarium species harbor entomopathogenic fungi, of which F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum and F. solani (= Neocosmospora solani) species complexes represented the most abundant number of entomopathogenic strains. The entomopathogenic interactions of these fungi have received greater attention in recent years, but much remains to be explored, especially regarding the specificity of these fungi for the host insect, the production of undesirable secondary metabolites, and side-effect and safety tests organisms not targets. Detailed investigations in this regard will be crucial if we are to fully exploit the potential of Fusarium for controlling insect pests.     

虫生真菌研究与应用的发展与机遇 ——2012年虫生真菌专刊序言

我国从事虫生真菌基础及应用研究的人员众多,各方面均取得了重要的研究成果。2012年“虫生真菌专刊”收集了国内关于虫生真菌资源、基因克隆及活性成分代谢等方面的最新研究进展。进一步的基础研究,应加强致病基因功能和真菌-昆虫分子相互作用等研究,以提高真菌杀虫剂或药用虫生真菌的应用效率。     

Entomopathogen ID: a curated sequence resource for entomopathogenic fungi

We report the development of a publicly accessible, curated nucleotide sequence database of hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi. The goal is to provide a platform for users to easily access sequence data from taxonomic reference strains. The database can be used to accurately identify unknown entomopathogenic fungi based on sequence data for a variety of phylogenetically informative loci. The database provides full multi-locus sequence alignment capabilities. The initial release contains data compiled for 525 strains covering the phylogenetic diversity of three important entomopathogenic families: Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae. Furthermore, Entomopathogen ID can be expanded to other fungal clades of insect pathogens, as sequence data becomes available. The database will allow isolate characterisation and evolutionary analyses. We contend that this freely available, web-accessible database will facilitate the broader community to accurately identify fungal entomopathogens, which will allow users to communicate research results more effectively.