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1.
A hypothesis on the dynamics of the immune reaction at a cellular level is considered, as was presented by Šterzl (1967).
According to this hypothesis, the onset of the immune response depends on the first contact of a so-called virgin immunocompetent
cell with the antigen. In the present paper a conditional probability distribution of the epoch of this first contact is derived,
assuming that such a contact occurs at all (probability of non-occurrence of the contact being, in the general case, positive);
the density of this distribution (7) is then specified (8) for the case that decrease of the quantity of an active antigen
follows an exponential curve, and moments of this distribution are calculated (12). 相似文献
2.
M. Jílek 《Folia microbiologica》1971,16(2):83-87
This communication continues with the mathematical formulation and solution of some problems connected with the beginning of the immunological reaction. This paper generalizes some previous results concerning the probability of the event that such a contact of an immunocompetent cell (ICC) with antigen, which is followed by the differentiation of this cell towards the antibody forming cell (AbFC), takes place. Previous papers considered the onset of the differentiation of an ICC caused by the contact of this cell with at least a certain threshold amount of antigen (assuming that these contacts form a non-homogeneous Poisson process). This paper is based on the more general and more realistic assumption thatn such contacts are necessary for the stimulation of ICC differentiation (this new assumption has its origin in some new biological findings on the nature of the contact considered, and corresponds with the idea that the diffentiation of ICC does not begin until the antigen is bound on a certain fixed number of receptors on the cell surface). Under this assumption, the probability of the event that the differentiation of the cell begin at all (i.e. that at leastn contacts will take place), and the probability distribution of the epoch of the beginning of the differentiation (i.e. of the epoch at which thenth contact take place), are derived.— If necessary, these new forms of probability distributions may be used (instead of previous ones) as building stones in models of ICC differentiation. 相似文献
3.
The conveyer hypothesis is based on the fact that because of clone predetermination, antibody production takes place in an
organism without the presence of antigen as a result of natural cell differentiation. Soluble antigen is an analogue of a
specific mitogen which gives rise to reproduction mainly of cells carrying on their surface the immunoglobulin receptors to
the given antigen. The mathematical model of the conveyer hypothesis takes into account the initial conditions, among them
the background level of antibody-producing cells before injection of a soluble antigen, migration of precursor cells in the
draining lymphoid organ, and the rate of precursor differentiation, including the rate of the change of the immunoglobulin
receptor number on the cell surface. Changes of antigen concentration in blood determine the intensity of precursor proliferation.
Comparison of real experiments (intraperitoneal injection of capsular antigen ofPasteurella pestis into inbred mice) with calculations done on the basis of the developed mathematical model shows a definite qualitative resemblance
with the kinetics of antibody-producing cells and free antibodies as well as with the decrease of free antigen concentration
in blood. In spite of some differences between model experiments and real experiments the conveyer hypothesis and its mathematical
model appear suitable for describing the primary immune response of mice immunized with low doses of capsular antigen ofPasteurella pestis. 相似文献
4.
M. Jílek 《Folia microbiologica》1971,16(1):12-23
Using a mathematical model, the effect of the dose of antigen and of the rate of its elimination on the number of immunologically
activated cells, derived from a single immunocompetent cell, that are prepared for the change into antibody-producing cells
under the condition that further antigenic stimulus takes place, was studied. The following results were obtained under certain
assumptions that are explained and discussed in our present work: (1) The shape of the dependence of the number of immunologically
activated cells afterk-fold immunization on the immunizing dose and the rate of elimination of antigen was established. (2) In studies on the influence
of the magnitude of a single antigen dose on the readiness for the secondary reaction (expressed as the number of immunologically
activated cells present at the time of injection of the secondary antigen dose), we found that with increasing antigen dose
the number of immunologically activated cells increases until it reaches its peak at the optimum antigen dose; then a decrease
starts to occur. The range of doses of antigen causing approximately similar (and high) readiness for the secondary response
is broader with antigens that are eliminated faster from the organism. (3) A method for the estimation of the optimum dose
of antigen and of the number of persisting immunologically activated cells after this antigen dose is presented. This method
can be used provided certain knowledge concerning the particular experimental system is available. 相似文献
5.
L S Eliseeva L E Stefanovich V S Popova 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1985,100(8):210-213
The ratio of surface and intracellular serotonin binding by the cells of immunocompetent tissues and synaptosomes of immunized and intact CBA mice was studied by treatment with imipramine inhibiting serotonin penetration through the cytoplasmic membrane. As early as 5 minutes after the antigen injection the content of intracellular amine increased with changes in its binding by the cytoplasmic membrane. The probability of the functional interconnection between the reaction of immunocompetent tissues to the antigen and two forms of serotonin binding by the cells of these tissues is discussed. 相似文献
6.
Anatol Rapoport 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1951,13(2):85-91
A distance bias is imposed on the probability of direct connection between every pair of points in a random net. The probability
that there exists a path from a given point in the net to another point is now a function of both the axone density and the
distance between the points. A recursion formula is derived in terms of which this probability can be computed.
The rate of spread of an epidemic where probability of contact depends on the distance between the individuals can also be computed from the
recursion formula. 相似文献
7.
Enrique Roche Miriam Ramírez Carmen Ramírez-Castillejo Guadalupe Gómez-Mauricio Jesús Usón 《Central European Journal of Biology》2007,2(4):449-480
Stem cells have been considered as a useful tool in Regenerative Medicine due to two main properties: high rate of self-renewal,
and their potential to differentiate into all cell types present in the adult organism. Depending on their origin, these cells
can be grouped into embryonic or adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of blastocyst,
which appears during embryonic day 6 of human development. Adult stem cells are present within various tissues of the organism
and are responsible for their turnover and repair. In this sense, these cells open new therapeutic possibilities to treat
degenerative diseases such as type 1 diabetes. This pathology is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in the lack of insulin production. Insulin injection, however, cannot mimic β-cell function, thus causing the development of important complications. The possibility of obtaining β-cell surrogates from either embryonic or adult stem cells to restore insulin secretion will be discussed in this review. 相似文献
8.
A discrete model is proposed describing the growth of cell populations with arbitrary frequency distributions of cycle durations. The model assumes that each cell divides into two cells at the end of its cycle, and that each new cell is assigned an individual cycle duration according to a probability distribution that can be arbitrarily defined. The increase in the cell number is calculated, either from the numbers of cells at earlier time points or from the initial conditions of the population, by a recurrence formula; it is also approximated by the optimal exponential function, whose parameters are determined by the initial conditions. The appropriate average cycle duration is shown not to be the arithmetic or geometric mean, but rather the solution to a more complex equation. Age distributions are calculated and compared with those found in the literature. The results of the model calculations are compared with computer simulations and with observed data on populations of the ciliate Tetrahymena geleii. 相似文献
9.
Penichet ML Dela Cruz JS Challita-Eid PM Rosenblatt JD Morrison SL 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2001,49(12):649-662
In the present study we describe a novel murine tumor model in which the highly malignant murine B cell lymphoma 38C13 has
been transduced with the cDNA encoding human tumor-associated antigen HER2/neu. This new cell line (38C13-HER2/neu) showed stable surface expression but not secretion of human HER2/neu. It also maintained expression of the idiotype (Id) of the surface immunoglobulin of 38C13, which serves as another tumor-associated
antigen. Surprisingly, spontaneous tumor regression was observed following s.c. but not i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu cells in immunocompetent syngeneic mice. Regression was more frequently observed with larger tumor cell challenges and was
mediated through immunological mechanisms because it was not observed in syngeneic immunodeficient mice. Mice that showed
complete tumor regression were immune to challenge with the parental cell line 38C13 and V1, a variant of 38C13 that does
not express the Id. Immunity could be transferred with sera, suggesting that an antibody response mediated rejection and immunity.
Continuously growing s.c. tumors as well as metastatic tumors obtained after the i.v. injection of 38C13-HER2/neu maintained expression of human HER2/neu, which can serve as a target for active immunotherapy. As spontaneous tumor regression has not been observed in other human
murine models expressing human HER2/neu, our results illustrate the enormous differences that can exist among different murine tumors expressing the same antigen.
The present model provides a useful tool for the study of the mechanisms of protective immunity to B cell lymphoma and for
the evaluation of different therapeutic approaches based on the stimulation or suppression of the immune response.
Received: 2 August 2000 / Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献
10.
《Biophysical journal》2020,118(9):2193-2208
The three-dimensional (3D) organization of chromatin, on the length scale of a few genes, is crucial in determining the functional state—accessibility and amount of gene expression—of the chromatin. Recent advances in chromosome conformation capture experiments provide partial information on the chromatin organization in a cell population, namely the contact count between any segment pairs, but not on the interaction strength that leads to these contact counts. However, given the contact matrix, determining the complete 3D organization of the whole chromatin polymer is an inverse problem. In this work, a novel inverse Brownian dynamics method based on a coarse-grained bead-spring chain model has been proposed to compute the optimal interaction strengths between different segments of chromatin such that the experimentally measured contact count probability constraints are satisfied. Applying this method to the α-globin gene locus in two different cell types, we predict the 3D organizations corresponding to active and repressed states of chromatin at the locus. We show that the average distance between any two segments of the region has a broad distribution and cannot be computed as a simple inverse relation based on the contact probability alone. The results presented for multiple normalization methods suggest that all measurable quantities may crucially depend on the nature of normalization. We argue that by experimentally measuring predicted quantities, one may infer the appropriate form of normalization. 相似文献
11.
12.
A. T. Reid 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1953,15(3):361-365
A stochastic model of population growth is treated using the Bellman-Harris theory of agedependent stochastic branching processes.
The probability distribution for the population size at any time and the expectation are obtained when it is assumed that
there is probability (1−σ), 0≤σ<1, of the organism dividing into two at the end of its lifetime, and probability σ that division
will not take place. 相似文献
13.
Marshall Abrams 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(1):115-130
Recent debate on the nature of probabilities in evolutionary biology has focused largely on the propensity interpretation
of fitness (PIF), which defines fitness in terms of a conception of probability known as “propensity”. However, proponents
of this conception of fitness have misconceived the role of probability in the constitution of fitness. First, discussions
of probability and fitness have almost always focused on organism effect probability, the probability that an organism and its environment cause effects. I argue that much of the probability relevant to fitness
must be organism circumstance probability, the probability that an organism encounters particular, detailed circumstances within an environment, circumstances which
are not the organism’s effects. Second, I argue in favor of the view that organism effect propensities either don’t exist
or are not part of the basis of fitness, because they usually have values close to 0 or 1. More generally, I try to show that
it is possible to develop a clearer conception of the role of probability in biological processes than earlier discussions
have allowed. 相似文献
14.
M. I. Levi K. V. Durikhin N. N. Basova G. A. Fomenko F. E. Kravtsov 《Folia microbiologica》1973,18(3):237-241
The injected dose of antigen determines not only the duration of its persistence in the injection site but also the intensity of plasma cell response in the regional lymph node. It was found that the logarithmic sum of antigen quantity in the injection site was related to the sum of cell response values, the correlation coefficient approaching 1. The antigen-lymphoid system interrelations appear to obey Weber-Fechner’s law for afferent systems of the organism. The sum of plasma cells appeared to be in direct connection with the logarithm of the dose injected, with antigen persistence in the injection site and also with the tangent of the acute angle adjoining the ordinate. The basic components of the primary immune response of the organism to soluble antigen,viz. logarithm of the dose injected, antigen persistence in the injection place, plasma cell quantity, tangent of the acute angle, transition modulus from antigen to plasma cells, are interconnected by rather simple equations, which represent the structural elements of the mathematical model described in the text. 相似文献
15.
The fact that the growth of every organism, as it develops through cell multiplication from the ovum, eventually ceases, makes
plausible the hypothesis that each cell of an organism exerts some kind of inhibitory influence upon the growth and multiplication
of every other cell through the medium of some factorj. Each cell, however, is considered to possess an amount of a “growth factor”g, the activity of which is inhibited byj. In the course of development, most cells differentiate. A number of them remains relatively undifferentiated, and those
are used for repairs of natural tear and wear as well as for healing of wounds. With age either the number of those cells
or their “potency” decreases, which accounts for a general decrease in the speed of wound healing. Due to statistical fluctuations,
the amount of theg is not uniformly distributed amongst the cells. Some of them have accidentally a greater amount than others. As the number
or potency of the undifferentiated cells decreases with age, so does their inhibitory influence upon other cells. Therefore,
those cells which do have an accidental dental excess ofg-factor will begin to grow and multiply, producing neoplasms. Putting the above assumptions into mathematical form, it is
possible to derive a relation which gives theprobability of cancer incidence as a function of age. The theoretical relation is compared to the rather inadequate empirical data and
found in agreement with them. A relation for the speed of wound healing as a function of age is also derived, and also found
in general agreement with the rather scant data. Several other conclusions are discussed and possibilities of their practical
applications pointed out. 相似文献
16.
An equation is derived from the spread of a “state” by contact through a thoroughly mixed population, in which the probability
of transmission depends both on the over-all duration of the process and on the time an individual has been in the “state.”
Cases in which this probability is a function of only one or the other of the two “times” are worked out. It is shown that
in the case of dependence on “private time” alone the asymptotic value of the fraction of the population effected is the same
as that derived by the random net approach. 相似文献
17.
The effects of culturing in vivo- or in vitro-activated helper cells on antigen-pulsed splenic adherent cells were studied. In vivo T cells educated to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A-L were obtained by the transfer of thymocytes into lethally irradiated mice. When the activation process was suboptimal, resulting in a low helper function of the cell preparation, incubation of the educated cells on (T,G)-A-L-pulsed splenic adherent cells for 24 hr potentiated their activity, and efficient helper cells were obtained. This process was found to be antigen specific, it did not involve de novo education of naive cells or selection of specific T lymphocytes, but rather completion of the education procedure, which had already started in vivo. It seems that a physical contact between the educated T cells and the antigen-presenting cells is essential for inducing the enhanced helper effect. It is also apparent that during this 24-hr culture on antigen-pulsed macrophages T cells did not proliferate, but rather differentiated into immunocompetent helper cells. On the contrary, when the initial education step was efficient the subsequent culture of the activated T cells on antigen-pulsed splenic adherent cells resulted in a marked decay in the helper function of the cells, while control monolayers were inert. Thus, macrophage-bound antigen differentially modulates the helper function of educated T cells, a procedure which is probably dependent on the degree of maturation or differentiation of the T lymphocyte. 相似文献
18.
N. Rashevsky 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1960,22(4):351-364
A purely information-theoretical approach to the problem of self-replication of elementary living units implies that pure
chance is the determining factor in the formation of the first living unit. The probability of such a spontaneous formation
can be calculated from the minimum amount of information which an organism must possess in order to replicate itself. An estimation
of this amount of information is made here by two different methods. First by a “paper and pencil experiment” which indicates
the minimum amount of information needed on a printed page in order that with given tools the page could be reproduced. Second—by
an analytical consideration of some hypothetical molecular mechanisms. A general method for handling such problems is suggested.
On the basis of estimated information contents it is shown that under most favorable conditions the probability of a spontaneous
generation by pure chance during the lifetime of the earth is vanishingly small. It is concluded that dynamic factors, which
may reduce tremendously the information content, must play a role in the genesis of life on earth. 相似文献
19.
L. Cossel F. Wohlrab W. Blech H. J. Hahn 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1990,59(1):65-77
Morphological (light microscopical, immunohistological and electron microscopical) findings in the recipient liver of rats
with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, obtained 9 months after intraportal injection of neonatal isologous pancreatic islets,
are described and their significance discussed. - The results support the assumption of active ingrowth of nonmyelinated nerve
fibers into the islet isografts. - The hepatocytes surrounding the islet isografts contain-obviously owing to the influence
of unusually high and locally variable concentrations of insulin-a focally increased number of enlarged mitochondria, abundant
glycogen and a smaller amount of neutral fat droplets. Furthermore, hepatocytes and cells looking like hepatocytes (hepato-cyte-like
cells) with typically structured cytoplasmic beta(insulin)granules were found bordering the islet isografts. These results
could be interpreted as an expression of arteficial or nonarteficial fusion of beta cells with hepatocytes, i.e. formation
of hybrid cells (“in vivo hybridization”). Alternatively, they might reflect insulin uptake and storage in the hepatocytes.
In addition, these findings suggest that contact between neonatal islet tissue and liver tissue could be a trigger for the
in vivo transformation (modulation) of differentiated cells of similar embryonic development in the adult organism. 相似文献
20.
An organism persists only if it satisfies internal and external constraints. Within the organism networks of processes meet
the constraints. In such networks a principle of matching often obtains: the pattern of coupling among processes matches the
correlation among constraints. That is, a module—a cluster of coupled processes—meets a constraint. Dissociable modules meet
dissociàble constraints. A hierarchy of modules meets a hierarchy of constraints. We have inquired whether such matching is
predicted by an optimality criterion in a simple example. We find that in an ensemble of networks with unreliable processes,
the networks that meet the constraints with highest reliability obey the principle of matching. The difference in reliability
between modular and nonmodular networks that meet the same constraints is a function of the probability of success per process.
Our results suggest that this difference is maximal at a probability of success that increases monotonically with the number
of processes in the network. 相似文献