埃迪卡拉纪晚期高家山生物群中瓶状微化石新材料

高家山瓶状微化石为一类发现于陕南宁强高家山生物群Conotubus-Gaojiashania-Protolagena组合带中的微体化石。借助扫描电子显微镜对高家山瓶状微化石的形态特征进行观察,发现在瓶状微化石外壳表面具有浅坑与水滴状构造;运用阴极发光技术研究化石壳壁结构和壳腔内部结构,发现一个瓶状微化石内部存在球状构造。这些化石新材料中的微构造不仅丰富了我们对高家山瓶状微化石形态的认知,还加深了我们对前寒武纪原生生物演化的理解。     

中国瓶状微化石的研究

瓶状微化石是研究历史较短的一类微体化石,近十几年内,此类化石在我国大量发现。本文就现有资料,简介了瓶状微化石在我国的地层、地理分布及其产出特点,并叙述了国内瓶状微化石研究的进展情况。     

浅议峡东陡山沱组的“瓶状微化石”

通过对峡东晚震旦世陡山沱组岩石样品的化学浸解处理、连续切片研究及大量薄片观察,作者认为先前报道的陡山沱组“瓶状微化石”,即所谓最古老的原生动物的外壳遗骸,实际上并非什么瓶状微化石,而是一种有蓝藻（可能还有细菌）参与的沉积构造。     

陕西,鄂西下寒武统西蒿坪段“瓶状微化石”再研究

本文展示了陕西西乡和湖北房县下寒武统西蒿坪段中的三块棘状集合体标本,论证了西蒿坪段中的所谓瓶状微化石不是原生动物,而一类接近于开腔骨类Ｃｈａｎｃｅｌｌｏｒｉｉｄｓ的多骨片后生动物化石。将过去在西蒿坪段中描述的１４属３８种“瓶状微化石”合并成１属１种,即Ｃａｍｂｒｏｔｈｙｒａ ａｍｐｕｌｌｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｑｉａｎ ｅｔ Ｚｈａｎｇ,１９８３和Ｃ．ｔｒｕｎｃａｔａ （Ｄｕａｎ）,１９８６。     

陕南、鄂西下寒武统西蒿坪段"瓶状微化石"再研究

本文展示了陕西西乡和湖北房县下寒武统西蒿坪段中的三块棘状集合体标本,论证了西蒿坪段中的所谓瓶状微化石不是原生动物,而是一类接近于开腔骨类Chancelloriids的多骨片后生动物化石.将过去在西蒿坪段中描述的14属38种"瓶状微化石"合并成1属2种,即Cam-brothyraampulliformisQianetZhang,1983和C.Truncata(Duan),1986.     

陕西西乡灯影组顶部的瓶状微化石

瓶状微化石被认为是某种未知海相原生动物外壳化石,最早出现于９００－８５０Ｍａ以前。本文记述的该类化石,产自陕西西乡三郎铺小湾里下寒武统灯影组顶部杨家沟段,相当于梅树村阶中－上部,计１０属,１３种和２未定种。所获化石个体数量及形态类型丰富。保存良好,并见有大量具公共壳壁的连体壳。此类连体壳的连接程度呈系列变化。可能代表处于分裂状态的生物体,如是则可为其原生动物解释提供一佐证,瓶状微化石在国外的地层分     

几丁虫简介

在40年代末和50年代初,非洲的撒哈拉地区开始大规模石油勘探,当钻孔取出的岩芯流出了黑色的金子——石油时,专家们迫切需要知道含油层位是什么时代形成的。在取出的岩芯样中,没有发现用肉眼可见的大化石,只有借助于微体化石了。经过酸处理后,在显微镜下,奇迹出现了,许多似花瓶状或近似于瓶状的黑色不透明的微体化石展现在视野中。小化石的出现,石油形成的地质时代得以解决,这些瓶状小化石就是我们现在叫的几丁虫(Chitinozoans)或几丁壳。几丁虫最早是在1931年由埃森纳克从欧洲波罗的海地区距今四亿多年的奥陶-志留系沉积中发现的一群有机壳体命名的。几丁虫的构造,如图所示,外形瓶状,下部的膨大部分叫腹部,上部较细部分叫颈部,颈部的顶端叫颈口,颈口边缘加厚部称颈环,颈和腹     

陕南寒武系下部宽川铺组帽球状化石*

陕南寒武纪早期宽川铺组微体球状化石类型多样,如何正确辨别这些球状化石的生物属性是当前早期生命演化古生物学研究中的一个难点。我们在宽川铺组中发现了一类为数众多,具有一个或者多个不规则的帽状隆起结构以及翻边帽沿的帽状化石。研究表明这些帽状化石均为不完整的个体,其完整形态呈不规则的凹球形。根据帽球状化石帽身的数量和相对位置,这类化石可划分为"单帽型"、"双帽型"和"复帽型"三种类型。这些凹球状化石呈双层壳壁,内壁光滑,外壁粗糙。因为凹球状化石形态及其表面小孔与微体藻类、后生动物的胚胎以及壳体化石差异都非常显著,所以推测这类化石可能与带壳原生动物亲缘关系最为紧密。     

贵州剑河寒武系“清虚洞组”管状微体骨骼化石初步研究

华南寒武系地层中广泛富集微体骨骼化石,为解决某些疑难化石的亲缘关系及研究早期后生动物的演化提供了重要化石证据。在贵州剑河八郎"清虚洞组"中发现一些管状微体骨骼化石。经鉴定后主要有4属,分别为小钻孔螺Torellella、似软舌螺Hyolithellus、鞘状螺Coleoloides和表面具鳞片状管状化石Mongolitubulus squamifer。Mongolitubulus分布范围较为广泛,本文结合前人对该化石亲缘关系的探讨及剑河寒武系"清虚洞组"化石的特征,推测M.squamifer可能是高肌虫的装饰刺。     

中国和西方化石人头骨面部三项非测量性状的比较

采用传统的人类学观察方法,对一些中国和西方的化石人头骨模型的犬齿窝、颧骨缘结节和梨状孔上外侧部的膨隆情况进行观察比较,希望为研究头骨形态的发展变化及现代人起源问题,特别是中国现代人的起源提供一些值得参考的信息。得到如下提示：（1）在欧洲犬齿窝似乎是随着人类的进化逐渐出现的,（2）在化石人头骨上,颧骨缘结节的出现似看不出明显的地域差异,（3）梨状孔上外侧部的膨隆这一性状似乎在大荔头骨与其他中国化石人“不融洽”,而与欧洲尼人接近,这一现象可能反映了某种程度的基因交流。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.