ON THE SITE OF SULFATION IN THE CHONDROCYTE

As observed autoradiographically in the cartilage of embryonic rats, radiosulfate is bound and concentrated only in vesicles of the juxtanuclear Golgi apparatus of secreting chondrocytes within 3 minutes of its presentation. From this area, vacuoles migrate peripherally and lodge in the subcortex; their sulfated contents are thence discharged via stomata to the extracellular matrix. The label, apparently often associated with microvesicles at 10 and 20 minutes, is subsequently localized in the dense contents of the larger vacuoles. Bound radiosulfate is not detectable in other organelles. It is concluded that the vesicular component of the Golgi apparatus is the actual site of sulfation. Intracellular hyaluronidase-sensitive metachromatic granules are found chiefly at the cell periphery or mantle, rarely juxtanuclear in the main Golgi zone.     

RENEWAL OF GOBLET AND PANETH CELLS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

Single and repeated injections of ³H-thymidine were used to demonstrate that both Paneth and goblet cells in the small intestine of the rat undergo renewal but do not themselves proliferate. Goblet cells are renewed much faster than Paneth cells and probably migrate with the columnar cells from the crypts to the villi. Attempts were made to identify the proliferative precursors.     

THE INFLUENCE OF 400 R X-IRRADIATION ON THE NUMBER and THE OCALIZATION OF MATURE and IMMATURE GOBLET CELLS and PANETH CELLS IN INTESTINAL CRYPT and VILLUS

The influence of 400 R X-irradiation on the localization and the number of mature and immature goblet cells and Paneth cells in rat duodenal epithelium has been studied. At short times after irradiation, when the total proliferative activity in the crypts of Lieberkiihn is reduced, the proportion of mature and immature goblet cells of the total number of crypt cells was increased; also an absolute increase in the number of goblet cells in the crypts was found. The immature goblet cells were localized in the lower half of the crypt as in control animals, whereas the number of the mature cells increased over the whole crypt length. When the proliferative activity of the crypt cells increases again from 12 to 48 hr after irradiation the number of both types of goblet cells decreases. Between 48 and 72 hr, when the whole crypt is involved in proliferation, a second increase of both types of goblet cells was found. However, the localization of the immature goblet cells is no longer restricted to the lower half of the crypt but they also appear at the higher cell positions. On the villus no immature goblet cells were found and the changes in the numbers of mature goblet cells do reflect the changes induced by irradiation in the goblet cell population in the crypt. The absolute number and localization of Paneth cells did not change under the experimental conditions. The findings are discussed in relation to cell proliferation and differentiation processes in intestinal crypts.     

南方鲇消化道杯状细胞分布及类型探讨

本研究应用阿利新蓝－过碘酸雪夫氏（ＡＢ－ＰＡＳ）染色方法对南方鲇（Ｓｉｌｕｒｕｓ　ｍｅｒｉｄｉｏｎａｌｉｓ）消化道杯状细胞的分布特点进行了分类研究,结果表明：南方鲇消化道杯状细胞的数量从肠前段、肠中段到肠后段,呈现递增趋势,有杯状、囊状和梨形三种不同的形态,ＡＢ反应阳性,ＰＡＳ反应阴性,分泌物主要含酸性粘多糖,属Ⅱ型粘液细胞。     

THE SITE OF ORIGIN OF ELECTRICAL RESPONSES IN VISUAL CELLS OF THE LEECH, HIRUDO MEDICINALIS

In leech visual cells the presumed light-absorbing structures are microvilli arising from the membrane of what would seem to be a large intracellular vacuole. This vacuole, however, is an extracellular compartment, since it communicates with the intercellular spaces through narrow channels. Therefore, the membrane of the microvilli is—as in other invertebrate visual cells—a part of the cell membrane. Visual responses recorded with an electrode within the vacuole were compared with the intracellular recordings. Following illumination the vacuole becomes negative with respect to the outside fluid, while the cells are depolarized. This finding indicates that inward current penetrates the cell through the microvillar membrane. It is concluded, therefore, that the electrical response (receptor potential) originates as a result of changes in the properties of the light-absorbing membrane.     

海南“三亚人”遗址1992年发掘报告

本文记述的是海南三亚发现的石器时代洞穴遗址,地质时代为晚更新世末或全新世初期。哺乳动物组合为东洋界动物群,石制品在类型上或加工方式上与两广地区相同时代的文化类型比较接近。人类牙齿属晚期智人。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE SITE OF PROPAGATION OF THE FERTILIZATION-WAVE IN THE SEA URCHIN EGG

Although the fertilization-wave in the sea urchin egg is generally considered to propagate over the egg surface, there has been no definite evidence to show the site of propagation. The possibility that the wave passes through the endoplasm, not over the egg surface, has not been denied.
A drop of paraffin was injected into an egg, so that the endoplasm was divided into 2 parts by the paraffin drop, the 2 parts being connected only by the egg cortex. When spermatozoa were added to one side of the egg, the fertilization membrane was formed first on this part of the egg and then on the opposite part. This indicates that the egg surface or the egg cortex is the site of propagation of the fertilization-wave and the endoplasm has no direct influence on the propagation.     

SYNTHESIS OF THE CARBOHYDRATE OF MUCUS IN THE GOLGI COMPLEX AS SHOWN BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE RADIOAUTOGRAPHY OF GOBLET CELLS FROM RATS INJECTED WITH GLUCOSE-H3

It is known that colonic goblet cells utilize glucose to synthesize the carbohydrate portion of mucus glycoprotein. To determine the intracellular site of this synthesis, glucose-H³ was injected into 10-g rats. At 5, 20, 40 min, 1, 1½, and 4 hr after injection, segments of colon were fixed and prepared for electron microscope radioautography. By 5 min after injection, label had been incorporated into substances present in the flattened saccules of the Golgi complex. At 20 min, both Golgi saccules and nearby mucigen granules were labeled. By 40 min, mucigen granules carried almost all detectable radioactivity. Between 1 and 4 hr, these labeled granules migrated from the supranuclear region to the apical membrane; here, they were extruded singly, retaining their limiting membrane. The evidence indicates that the Golgi saccule is the site where complex carbohydrate is synthesized and is added to immigrant protein to form the complete glycoprotein of mucus. The Golgi saccule, distended by this material, becomes mucigen granules. It is roughly estimated that one saccule is released by each Golgi stack every 2 to 4 min: a conclusion implying continuous renewal of Golgi stacks. It appears that the Golgi synthesis, intracellular migration, and release of mucus glycoprotein occur continually throughout the life of the goblet cell.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TURNOVER OF TASTE BUD CELLS IN CATFISH

Renewal of taste bud cells on the barbels of channel catfish was studied. Groups of catfish, held in and acclimitized to 14°C, 18°C, 22°C and 30°C dechlorinated tap water were injected with [³H]thymidine (3.0 μCi/g body weight intraperitoneally). Barbels were sampled at various times after injection and prepared for light microscope autoradiography. Results show that epithelial cells surrounding the taste buds divide and some of their daughter cells migrate into the taste buds. The time at which 50% of the labelled cells have degenerated is taken as the average turnover time or average life span of the taste bud cells. The average life span as well as the time spent inside the taste buds is highly temperature-dependent. At 14°C, 18°C, 22°C and 30°C the average life span is on the order of 40, 30, 15 and 12 days respectively. Further studies indicate that both light and dark staining cells of the taste bud were labelled.     

枯否细胞在实验性肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用研究

探讨Kupffer细胞在大鼠实验性肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用。应用免疫组化方法和TUNEL法对单用二乙基亚硝胺（DENA）诱发的肝癌及用氯化钆（GC）或酶母多糖（ZM）分别阻塞或激活Kupffer细胞后,给以DENA所引起的大鼠肝癌中的增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、bax、bcl-2蛋白表达和肝癌细胞的凋亡进行了对比研究,结果显示：肝癌组织的增殖指数在ZM＋DENA组、DENA组、GC＋DENA组依次增高,而凋亡指数在上述各组依次降低。Bax阳性率在ZM＋DENA组明显高于DENA组（P＜0.05）,而ZM＋DENA组bcl-2阳性率明显低于DENA组（P＜0.05）。结果提示：Kupffer细胞可促进实验性肝部细胞凋亡。     

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF OSMOSIS IN LIVING CELLS

Using unfertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata as natural osmometers an attempt has been made to account for the course of swelling and shrinking of these cells in anisotonic solutions by means of the laws governing osmosis and diffusion. The method employed has been to compute permeability of the cell to water, as measured by the rate of volume change per unit of cell surface per unit of osmotic pressure outstanding between the cell and its medium. Permeability to water as here defined and as somewhat differently defined by Northrop is approximately constant during swelling and shrinking, at least for the first several minutes of these processes. Permeability is found to be independent of the osmotic pressure of the solution in which cells are swelling. Water is found to leave cells more readily than it enters, that is, permeability is greater during exosmosis than during endosmosis.