分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系臻达A及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi25是一个遗传传递能力强的广谱抗性基因。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi25的BL27为抗源供体,与优质、配合力强、感稻瘟病的水稻保持系臻达B为受体亲本进行杂交、回交创制水稻抗病保持系新种质,再与臻达A测交和回交进行不育系转育,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,获得3个抗性基因纯合、农艺性状和开花习性均与臻达A相似的改良不育系株系。利用福建省近年来致病性代表的22个稻瘟病菌株对3个改良不育系及其15个杂交种进行抗性鉴定,3个改良不育系的抗性频率为95.45%~100%,15个杂交种的抗性频率均达75%以上,而原始对照臻达A及其杂交种的抗性频率仅为54.55%和40.91%~63.64%。自然病圃诱发鉴定表明,3个改良不育系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级,表现高抗,而对照臻达A的叶瘟为5级,穗颈瘟为7级,表现感病;15个杂交种均表现良好的稻瘟病抗性。进一步分析比较15个杂交种的产量、农艺性状和稻米品质表现,结果表明臻达A-Pi25-3改良不育系的综合性状表现最优,继续回交转育,于2015年育成了稻瘟病抗性强、配合力好、群体整齐和性状稳定的不育系,命名为157A。研究表明,抗稻瘟病基因Pi25不仅在水稻不育系臻达A的遗传背景下的抗性表达完全,且在不同水稻恢复系测交种的背景下同样表现出较高水平的抗性,说明抗性基因Pi25对不育系稻瘟病改良的效果明显。创制的新不育系157A的稻瘟病抗性显著提高,还基本保留了原来不育系高配合力等优良特性,为选育高产、优质、抗病杂交稻新品种提供了不育系新种质。     

高粱糯质资源创新及其利用研究

利用高粱资源研究中新发掘和引进的糯质材料,通过有性杂交选育,农艺性状、抗病性鉴定和品质分析,选育出育种和生产急需的、综合农艺性状优良的糯质新种质L401A、L402A、1053A、1057A、1058A等5个不育系和R92、031069R、031038R等3个恢复系。利用新创资源组配了一批高产、综合农艺性状好的糯质高粱杂交组合。     

水稻低谷蛋白创新种质的选育和鉴定

谷蛋白是水稻种子中含量最高的贮藏蛋白,占种子总蛋白的70%以上,是稻米蛋白中可供人体吸收的主要成分。低谷蛋白稻米可以满足肾脏病人和并发肾脏机能损害的糖尿病患者在蛋白代谢方面的特殊需求,因此培育适合肾脏病人食用的低谷蛋白品种已成为水稻遗传改良的重要目标。本研究通过引进日本低谷蛋白品种LGC-1,于2009年配置其与江苏高产优质粳稻武育粳3号的杂交组合,经过6代自交和农艺性状筛选结合分子标记辅助选择,于2013年选育出3个低谷蛋白新品系。经分子标记检测、种子总蛋白SDS-PAGE分析和谷蛋白含量测定表明,这3个品系谷蛋白含量均降至LGC-1水平,显著低于普通推广品种,且农艺性状表现优异,为水稻低谷蛋白新品种选育提供了优良的新种质。     

水稻抗褐飞虱基因Bph3和Bph24(t)的聚合育种利用

在水稻(Oryza sativa)的生产实践中,常常会受到褐飞虱(Nilaparvatal lugens)等多种病虫害的威胁。聚合不同抗性基因,培育抗性品系,是应对各种生物胁迫最有效的策略。传统香稻由于其自身抗性等条件限制,无法大面积推广。本研究结合分子标记辅助选择(marker-assisted selection, MAS)技术,以含有抗褐飞虱基因Bph3或Bph24(t)的供体亲本与含有抗稻瘟病基因(Pi2、Pib或Pimh)、抗白叶枯病基因(Xa23)或香味基因(badh2)的优质三系杂交水稻保持系和恢复系进行多亲本复合杂交。将抗褐飞虱基因聚合到优良水稻品系中,筛选获得41个含有抗褐飞虱基因且与其他目的基因以不同组合方式相聚合的稳定品系。抗性鉴定、香味检测和农艺性状测定表明,各聚合品系的褐飞虱抗性水平较受体亲本均有明显提升,且具有双抗、三抗和/或香味等优良表型。这些新品系为多抗、优质水稻新品种的选育提供新的种质材料。     

平榛种质资源坚果农艺性状鉴定与评价研究

平榛是我国重要的榛属植物资源,为鉴定、评价和保护平榛种质资源,提高其利用效率,采用主成分分析和聚类分析方法对99份平榛种质资源坚果的主要农艺性状进行了鉴定和综合评价。结果表明:平榛种质资源坚果的24个性状具有丰富的遗传多样性;10个数量性状的主成分分析确定了4类影响因子,反映了育种选择方向及潜力;基于各种质间形态性状的遗传差异,将99份平榛种质划分为5大类群,第Ⅰ类群可作为选育果面光滑品种的育种和候选亲本材料,第Ⅱ类群可作为选育大粒型、适宜机械化加工的育种和候选亲本材料,第Ⅲ类群具有作为市场产品的潜力,第Ⅳ类群可作为选育圆形、果面无条纹的育种和候选亲本材料,第Ⅴ类群可作为选育高丰产性品种的育种和候选亲本材料。上述研究为平榛种质资源的评价、保护和选优工作提供了基础数据。     

红莲型杂交稻(红莲2号)及其骨干亲本的RAPD分析与鉴定

利用RAPD技术,从248个随机寡核苷酸引物（10－mer）中筛出18个引物对红莲型杂交稻组合红莲2号及其亲本（T－07A、T－07B、YD6－05）,另6个红莲型胞质不育系的骨干恢复和汕优63及其亲本共14份水稻材料进行分析。共检测到173个多态性标记。聚类分析结果表明：不育系与保持系间因核背景相似,遗传差异很小;杂种（F1）的基因型更倾向于恢复系;恢复系与保持系间遗传距离的相对较大,但各恢复系之间的遗传距离较小。利用这些标记能有效地地区交组合中不育系,保持系、恢复系和杂种（F1）。     

甜高粱品系的抗倒伏性评价及相关分析

倒伏一直是影响我国甜高粱高产稳产的主要因素。调查了58份甜高粱品系与抗倒伏性相关的农艺性状,依据倒伏系数,制定分级标准,对抗倒伏性进行了鉴定、分级和评价,并对相关农艺性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性、因子和聚类分析,以期为甜高粱抗倒伏品系的选择和组配抗倒伏杂交种提供理论依据。研究表明,抗倒伏性相关的农艺性状多样性指数均较大,遗传变异丰富。在遗传距离2.57处,58份甜高粱品系可聚类分为8个类群。甜高粱倒伏系数的3个主因子代表90%以上信息,第1主因子包括株高、重心高度和主茎秆鲜重,第2主因子为茎秆抗折力,第3主因子为茎粗,育种中应加强选择。保持系品系Tx3047B、Tx3048B、墨彩B、张02427B、抗蚜60B、MAMAMAMA、R111B/Sug中杆、P236/R111-1、E35/糖/9047B的倒伏系数小,抗倒伏性好。恢复系品系甜C-1-1杂-1、HAT-1、15069、帚黄矮/品02283的抗倒伏性好。     

27份花生种质资源的主成份分析及遗传距离测定

摘要：本文对27份花生种质资源的10个主要农艺性状表现进行了变异和主成份分析,结果表明：单株秕果数、单株结果数、主茎高与单株双仁果数变异系数较大;前4个主成份对变异的累计贡献率达84.98%。根据各种质资源的主成份值判断其表现特点,选出了综合性状比较理想的10份品种作为育种亲本。利用各种质资源的前4个主成份值计算各品种间的遗传距离,按遗传距离大小在D2=3.21水平下将27份种质资源聚类划分为6大类群,其中Ⅱ类群品种数最多(16份),该类群品种综合性状也表现较好,大多可为育种亲本利用或推广种植提供选择。     

分子标记辅助选择Pi9基因改良籼型三系不育系三香A稻瘟病抗性

以籼稻品系75-1-127作为广谱持久抗稻瘟病基因Pi9的供体亲本,先后以籼型三系保持系三香B及其不育系三香A为受体亲本,利用Pi9基因内共显性InDel标记CoInDF1R1开展分子标记辅助选择连续回交育种,定向改良三香B和三香A的稻瘟病抗性.以三香B、三香A、75-1-127和感病对照CO39为材料,用来自国内外不...     

重庆大豆地方资源多样性评价及群体表型特点研究

对收集于重庆市的103份大豆地方品种进行了表型遗传多样性分析,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析对其进行了群体表型特点的研究,研究结果表明,重庆地区大豆地方种质资源以灰色茸毛、黄粒、褐色脐居多,个体之间数量性状上存在较大变异。主成分分析以3个主成分反映了10个农艺性状的大部分信息,将主要农艺性状归纳成产量因子、生长势因子及籽粒因子。聚类分析将103份地方种质资源聚为6个类群, 同一地区的大部分地方品种表现较为相似,少部分地方品种差异大,品种类群间的表型分化与地理分布既有一定的联系又不绝对相关。利用这些种质选配育种亲本应关注各类群间性状差异作选择,而不能仅关注地理来源选择。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.