EB病毒介导人鼻咽上皮细胞永生化早期阶段的生物学观察

EB病毒转化人鼻咽上皮细胞,建立体外多阶段细胞模型有利于从细胞和分子水平对肿瘤发病机制作深入研究.我们利用与鼻咽癌密切相关的EB病毒和TPA的协同作用,观察原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期后其生物学特性的变化.结果表明,EB病毒感染的人胚鼻咽上皮细胞在原代培养后期老化相关半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)表达降低,形态学上发生改变,出现转化灶样集落,群体倍增时间降低,体外培养寿命延长,表明EB病毒促使部分原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期、进入永生化早期阶段.这些研究资料为进一步阐明上皮细胞永生化分子机制及建立人鼻咽上皮细胞永生化模型提供实验依据.关键词EB病毒人鼻咽上皮细胞老化期永生化     

Epstein-Barr病毒潜伏蛋白1通过核转录因子κB诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性

利用已建立的原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet-on-LMP1系统等良好的实验模型,采用荧光酶报道基因分析法和端粒酶TRAP-ELISA技术,分别检测EB病毒潜伏蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的核转录因子κB(NFκB)活性和端粒酶活性,从LMP1介导NFκB信号传导途径角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制.结果表明,LMP1可诱导鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性,将LMP1羧基端胞浆区突变后,可同时下调NFκB活性和端粒酶活性.在Doxycycline诱导LMP1表达状态下,NFκB反式激活活性增强,同时端粒酶活性升高;进一步应用硫代磷酸化修饰的反义NFκB p65寡脱氧核苷酸和IκBα的显性负性突变体分别阻断NFκB活性,可降低由LMP1诱导的端粒酶活性.因此,NFκB作为LMP1信号传导途径上的枢纽,可能介导了LMP1对端粒酶的表达调控.     

EB病毒感染人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程中抑制p16^INK4a表达

细胞周期调控紊乱是细胞永生化进程中一个重要的分子事件,本文利用Western blotting和S-P法分别检测p16^INK4a、p53、p21^WAF1／CIP1和E2F1的蛋白表达,试图从细胞周期调控的角度,探讨EB病毒诱导人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期的分子机制。结果表明,EB病毒通过抑制p16^INK4a表达而阻断p16^INK4a／Rb途径,上调转录因子E2F1,而对p53、p21^WAF1／CIP表达无明显的影响。结果初步揭示,EB病毒介导的p16^INK4a／Rb／E2F1细胞周期调控紊乱参与了人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程,为进一步探讨鼻咽癌发病机制提供了科学依据。     

EBV LMP1通过诱导c-myc表达活化端粒酶hTERT

利用原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet on LMP1HNE2等良好的细胞体系,采用报道基因法和Westernblot法等,分别检测Epstein Barr病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)诱导的c myc反式激活活性和蛋白表达水平,从LMP1诱导细胞内c myc表达的角度,探讨LMP1诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制。结果表明,LMP1促使细胞内c myc反式激活活性增强,c Myc蛋白表达量升高;导入反义LMP1表达质粒阻断LMP1表达后,c myc反式激活活性下降。将端粒酶hTERT启动子上c myc结合位点突变后,LMP1不能诱导端粒酶hTERT表达。因而认为,EB病毒LMP1通过诱导c myc表达而活化端粒酶hTERT。     

EB病毒感染人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程中抑制p16INK4a表达

细胞周期调控紊乱是细胞永生化进程中一个重要的分子事件,本文利用Western blotting和S-P法分别检测p16~(INK4a)、p53、p21~(WAF1/CIP1)和E2F1的蛋白表达,试图从细胞周期调控的角度,探讨EB病毒诱导人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期的分子机制。结果表明,EB病毒通过抑制p16~(INK4a)表达而阻断p16~(INK4a)/Rb途径,上调转录因子E2F1,而对p53、p21~(WAF1/CIP1)表达无明显的影响。结果初步揭示,EB病毒介导的p16~(INK4a)/Rb/E2F1细胞周期调控紊乱参与了人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程,为进一步探讨鼻咽癌发病机制提供了科学依据。     

EBV LMPl通过诱导c-myc表达活化端粒酶hTERT

利用原代人胚鼻咽上皮细胞和Tet—on—LMP1 HNE2等良好的细胞体系,采用报道基因法和Western blot法等,分别检测Epstein—Barr病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMPl)诱导的c—myc反式激活活性和蛋白表达水平。从LMPl诱导细胞内c—myc表达的角度,探讨LMPl诱导端粒酶表达的分子机制。结果表明,LMPl促使细胞内c-myc反式激活活性增强,c-Myc蛋白表达量升高;导入反义LMPl表达质粒阻断LMPl表达后。c—myc反式激活活性下降。将端粒酶hTERT启动子上c—myc：结合位点突变后,LMP1不能诱导端粒酶hTERT表达。因而认为,EB病毒LMPl通过诱导c—mvc表达而活化端粒酶hTERT。     

端粒酶是干扰素抗肿瘤的新靶点

端粒酶(telomerase)是一种具有逆转录活性的核糖核蛋白酶.端粒酶的异常活化是细胞永生化和肿瘤形成的关键步骤. 端粒酶活性与细胞周期及细胞凋亡调控密切相关;端粒酶由端粒酶逆转录酶、端粒酶RNA、端粒酶相关蛋白质组成,端粒酶逆转录酶是端粒酶活性的决定性组分.干扰素(interferon)是一种具有抗病毒、抗增殖、抗肿瘤和免疫调节等功能的细胞因子;近年研究表明,干扰素通过相关信号转导途径而调节端粒酶活性,诱导细胞凋亡,为肿瘤的生物治疗提供了新思路;但干扰素与端粒酶活性相关的抗肿瘤机制研究尚不充分. 本文综述干扰素通过调节端粒酶逆转录酶转录因子的表达和相互作用而抑制端粒酶活性、调节细胞周期并诱导细胞凋亡等抗肿瘤作用机制.     

端粒酶与血液系统肿瘤

端粒 (ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒｅ)是真核细胞染色体末端的ＤＮＡ 蛋白质复合物。端粒酶 (ｔｅｌｏｍｅｒａｓｅ)是由ＲＮＡ和蛋白质组成的特殊核糖核蛋白复合体 ,具有逆转录酶活性 ,能以自身ＲＮＡ为模板 ( 5′ ＣＵＡＡＣＣＣＵＡＡＣ 3′)合成端粒。在正常人体细胞中端粒酶活性表达受抑 ,而在肿瘤形成时可被激活。因此在某些永生细胞和肿瘤细胞中随着ＤＮＡ的复制 ,其端粒不会缩短。1 .端粒酶在血液系统肿瘤表达端粒酶在人体细胞大多为阴性 ,但在胚系细胞、精子细胞、小肠陷窝细胞、毛囊细胞、上皮细胞、活化淋巴细胞、子宫内膜细胞和大多数肿瘤细…     

端粒酶在细胞永生化和癌变中的作用

重点讨论了端粒酶在肿瘤细胞和永生化细胞中的作用和功能,以及它与细胞衰老和永生化的关系.多数真核细胞的端粒酶能将单一重复序列加到端粒DNA的3′末端.端粒酶主要由模板RNA和端粒酶蛋白催化亚基组成,后者以前者为模板起逆转录酶的作用.端粒酶活性存在于肿瘤细胞中,而在良性肿瘤、体细胞中未发现端粒酶.     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过Survivin介导细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡

利用间接免疫荧光、基因转染、抗体剔除 (Ab knock out)、细胞平板集落形成、流式细胞术以及半胱氨酸天冬酰胺酶 (caspase3)活性检测等方法 ,从survivin核移位、Rb磷酸化、细胞周期演进、细胞克隆形成和细胞凋亡等方面 ,探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白 1(LMP1)调控细胞增殖和细胞凋亡双重效应的分子机制 .结果发现 ,LMP1表达介导survivin核移位 ,促进细胞Rb磷酸化增加 ,S期细胞数显著增加 ;LMP1通过survivin促进细胞克隆形成 .用Ab knock out阻断survivin核移位和survivin反义核酸抑制survivin表达时 ,Rb磷酸化水平降低 ,S期细胞减少 ,抑制LMP1介导的细胞增殖 ,活化细胞caspase 3,诱导细胞凋亡 .结果提示 ,EB病毒LMP1通过survivin促进细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1诱导人鼻咽上皮细胞端粒酶的表达

Telomerase activation has been linked to cell immortalization in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. In this study, for the first, we reported that Epstein-Barr virus activated the telomerase activity of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in the early stage of immortalization as tested by the PCR-ELISA. The telomerase activity in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells was only observed in presenescent cells. It was implicated that Epstein-Barr virus induced the escape of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from senescence via the activation of telomerase. We further showed that telomerase activation in infected cells was dependent on the protein level of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by Epstein-Barr virus using a Tetracycline regulatory cell line expressing LMP1, pTet-on-LMP1-HNE2. The activity of telomerase in nasopharyngeal cells was decreased when the protein level of LMP1 was blocked by antisense LMP1 plasmid DNA. And the activity of telmerase was also related to the carboxyl terminus of LMP1. It was implicated that the ability of Epstein-Barr virus to suppress senescence is associated with telomerase activation by LMP1.     

Observation of the biological characterizations of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells by EB virus infection in early phase of immortalization]

The multi-stage cell model of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma development in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus transformation is beneficial for the elucidation of the mechanism of nasopharyngeal cancer. To observe the biological changes of primary human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in early phase of immortalization, in this study, we have detected the morphological changes and the expression profile of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) in primary culture. In addition, the expression of EB virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the growth curve of primary cells were also detected. Our results showed a low percentage of cells infected with EB virus expressing SA-beta-Gal activity at the late primary culture. In morphology, the cells also formed multilayer foci, and the cell population doubling time was showed. These results demonstrated that the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells by EB virus infection have passed through the senescence and entered the early phase of immortalization. These cells have some of the transformed characteristics. Our results provided the data for further study on the mechanism of immortalization and the establishment of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line.     

Efficient Immortalization of Primary Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells for EBV Infection Study

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common among southern Chinese including the ethnic Cantonese population living in Hong Kong. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is detected in all undifferentiated type of NPC in this endemic region. Establishment of stable and latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells is an early event in NPC development and may contribute to its pathogenesis. Immortalized primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells represent an important tool for investigation of EBV infection and its tumorigenic potential in this special type of epithelial cells. However, the limited availability and small sizes of nasopharyngeal biopsies have seriously restricted the establishment of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells for immortalization. A reliable and effective method to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells will provide unrestricted materials for EBV infection studies. An earlier study has reported that Bmi-1 expression could immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. However, its efficiency and actions in immortalization have not been fully characterized. Our studies showed that Bmi-1 expression alone has limited ability to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and additional events are often required for its immortalization action. We have identified some of the key events associated with the immortalization of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Efficient immortalization of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells could be reproducibly and efficiently achieved by the combined actions of Bmi-1 expression, activation of telomerase and silencing of p16 gene. Activation of MAPK signaling and gene expression downstream of Bmi-1 were detected in the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and may play a role in immortalization. Furthermore, these newly immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are susceptible to EBV infection and supported a type II latent EBV infection program characteristic of EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The establishment of an efficient method to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells will facilitate the investigation into the role of EBV infection in pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

Stable transfection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 in lymphoma cells containing the EBV P3HR1 genome induces expression of B-cell activation molecules CD21 and CD23.

A set of B-cell activation molecules, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptor CR2 (CD21) and the B-cell activation antigen CD23 (Blast2/Fc epsilon RII), is turned on by infecting EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines with immortalizing strains of the viruslike B95-8 (BL/B95 cells). This up regulation may represent one of the mechanisms involved in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. The P3HR1 nonimmortalizing strain of the virus, which is deleted for the entire Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) protein open reading frame, is incapable of inducing the expression of CR2 and CD23, suggesting a crucial role for EBNA2 in the activation of these molecules. In addition, lymphoma cells containing the P3HR1 genome (BL/P3HR1 cells) do not express the viral latent membrane protein (LMP), which is regularly expressed in cells infected with immortalizing viral strains. Using electroporation, we have transfected the EBNA2 gene cloned in an episomal vector into BL/P3HR1 cells and have obtained cell clones that stably express the EBNA2 protein. In these clones, EBNA2 expression was associated with an increased amount of CR2 and CD23 steady-state RNAs. Of the three species of CD23 mRNAs described, the Fc epsilon RIIa species was preferentially expressed in these EBNA2-expressing clones. An increased cell surface expression of CR2 but not of CD23 was observed, and the soluble form of CD23 molecule (SCD23) was released. We were, however, not able to detect any expression of LMP in these cell clones. These data demonstrate that EBNA2 gene is able to complement P3HR1 virus latent functions to induce the activation of CR2 and CD23 expression, and they emphasize the role of EBNA2 protein in the modulation of cellular gene implicated in B-cell proliferation and hence in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. Nevertheless, EBNA2 expression in BL/P3HR1 cells is not able to restore the level of CR2 and CD23 expression observed in BL/B95 cells, suggesting that other cellular or viral proteins may also have an important role in the activation of these molecules: the viral LMP seems to be a good candidate.