厌氧颗粒污泥微生物群落结构与功能的研究进展

厌氧颗粒污泥(anaerobicgranularsludge,AnGS)是由多种功能微生物组成的自固定化聚集体，具有容积负荷高、工艺简单、剩余污泥产量低等优点，在废水处理领域中显示出巨大的技术和经济潜力，被认为是一种很有前景的低碳废水处理工艺。本文系统总结了近年来厌氧颗粒污泥微生物结构和功能的研究成果，从微生物学角度讨论了厌氧颗粒污泥形成及稳定的影响因素，并对今后厌氧颗粒污泥的研究进行了展望，以期为后续厌氧颗粒污泥技术的深入研究和实际工程应用提供参考。     

厌氧膜生物反应器及其应用研究实例

厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)是一种耦合了厌氧发酵和膜工艺的新型废水生物处理技术。其优点包括出水水质优良、有机负荷高、污泥产率低以及生物甲烷回收等。归纳了厌氧发酵的原理,常见厌氧膜生物反应器的结构和种类,以及厌氧膜生物反应器的发展历程及其应用。详细介绍了笔者的最新研究成果:厌氧膜生物反应器在高浓度厨余垃圾处理中的应用,及其在城市污水处理中的研究进展。最后总结了该工艺的应用及发展现状,指出其在高浓度有机废水处理中拥有广阔的应用前景。     

污泥颗粒化技术在废水处理中的应用

以厌氧颗粒污泥为代表的污泥颗粒化技术具有容积负荷高、节省沉淀分离空间、节能减排、单位投资成本和运行成本低等优点,在废水处理中得到广泛应用。近年来,好氧和缺氧颗粒污泥技术也受到关注,在去除废水中有机物的同时还可实现对氮磷的同步去除,其中好氧颗粒污泥技术已在国外实现了工业应用。文章从厌氧、好氧和缺氧颗粒污泥的起源和发展、运行条件对颗粒形成的影响、废水处理反应器和工程应用等几个方面进行综述和总结,分析了目前颗粒技术在应用中存在的问题,并对污泥颗粒化技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

成熟厌氧颗粒污泥的结构及其特征*

厌氧序批式反应器〈AnaerobicSequencingBatchReactorASBR〉在处理啤酒废水过程中 ,能形成厌氧颗粒污泥。文中采用扫描电子显微镜和荧光显微镜技术对成熟厌氧颗粒污泥的结构及微生物群落等进行跟踪观察 ,结果显示 ,颗粒污泥结构复杂 ,细菌以微群落形式分布 ,其中产甲烷菌占一定比例。同时也探讨了厌氧颗粒污泥的形成机制。     

UASB系统启动过程中颗粒污泥形成全过程的机理性分析

ＵＡＳＢ系统启动过程中颗粒污泥形成全过程的机理性分析谢汉方,苏希（辽宁省环境保护科学研究所,沈阳１１００３１）上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）作为高负荷厌氧反应器已得到公认,该反应器中培育成的颗粒污泥对提高处理效能极为有效。因此,育成颗粒污泥便成为启动过...     

pH、温度和癸酸对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷毒性关系的研究

在间歇培养中研究了癸酸对UASB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷毒性,并考察了pH、温度和癸酸抑制的关系。结果表明,癸酸对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性有强烈的抑制,对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性产生50％抑制的浓度为1．9mmol/L。pH影响癸酸在液相中的存在形式,pH越低,游离癸酸比例越大,对厌氧颗粒污泥的抑制越严重。高温条件下癸酸使厌氧颗粒污泥的结构变得松散,对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷毒性较中温和低温条件下严重。     

膜生物反应器的研究进展

膜生物反应器是近年来发展的废水处理新技术,具有活性污泥浓度高、污泥龄长、占地面积小、投资省的特点。利用膜生物反应器进行污水处理不仅可以大大节约水资源,还可以大大节约能源,节省设备和运行费用,已成为二十一世纪研究热点。膜生物反应器是通过高效膜分离技术与活性污泥相结合,增大污泥中的特效菌来加快生化反应速率,提高废水处理效果。目前处理对象已从生活污水扩展到高浓度的有机废水和难降解的工业废水。本文综述了膜生物反应器在废水中的应用研究情况,并分析比较了各种膜材质的特点、适用范围以及膜的污染因素和清洗方法,展望了膜生物反应器的应用前景及进一步研究方向。     

UASB反庆器中影响污泥颗粒化的工程因素

研究了具有不同微生物群系的接种污泥,流动方式和流速对上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）反应器中活性污泥粒化的影响,颗粒化过程包括：微生物絮凝体的形成,亚核的形成,亚核增长和颗粒成熟四个阶段,微絮凝体的形成取决于酸化菌伯作用,流体的动量传递和流体对悬浮物的剪切作用是影响亚核形成的关键性工程因素,为此提高最低流速概念,即形成污泥膨胀床的最低流速。合适的进料速率,污泥负荷,布水均匀性以及碱度控制是ＵＡＳＢ反应     

情性载体厌氧颗粒污泥培育及某些性质的研究

研究了在焦碳颗粒上起动和育成厌氧颗粒污泥(或称厌氧附着膜),及其在分批反应器和膨化床反应器内的某些运转特性。在一定的选择压力(Selection pressure)下,从悬浮态种子污泥成长为颗粒污泥的过程中,其微生物相发生了明显变化。颗粒污泥的比反应速率常数K比出发悬浮态种子污泥的增大了100％左右。从而断定,除菌体浓度很高外,菌体质量的改进是这类系统（如AAFEB和uAsB等)效率特别高的另一重要原因．     

厌氧E-MBR反应器在焦化废水处理中的微生物特性研究

【目的】将厌氧的膜生物反应器(MBR)与微生物燃料电池(MFC)耦合的厌氧电辅助膜生物反应器(E-MBR)应用于实际工业焦化废水处理。【方法】通过正交实验优化了反应器进水的培养条件为PO_4~(3–)14.3 mg/L、Fe~(2+)0.2 mg/L、Fe~(3+)0.1 mg/L、Co~(2+)0.1 mg/L和Mn~(2+)0.2 mg/L。在此条件下考察了该反应器对系统中有机污染物的去除效率及厌氧污泥的污泥特性、产电性能、胞外聚合物(EPS)、微生物群落结构及膜污染的影响。【结果】结果表明,与未优化的培养条件相比,工业焦化废水COD的去除率提高了23%;污泥浓度(MLSS)、比重、沉降速度增加,污泥体积指数(SVI)降低,表明污泥颗粒化及沉降性能提高;污泥中溶解性EPS (SMP)、松散态EPS (LB-EPS)及紧密结合态EPS (TB-EPS)这3种组分中的蛋白质与多糖的比例(P/C)分别降低0.12、0.25和0.16,表明污泥更易于被降解;厌氧污泥的产电性能增强;高通量分子测序结果表明,反应器中污泥的群落结构发生了明显的变化,优势菌群突出;经扫描电镜(SEM)对比结果表明,反应器阴极膜的污染情况也得到了一定的减缓。【结论】优化进水培养条件可以达到使反应器污水处理效率提高、清理周期缩短和运行更稳定等效果,对于工业废水处理技术的节能环保方面提供一定的理论依据。     

Anaerobic granulation technology for wastewater treatment

Anaerobic wastewater treatment using granular sludge reactors is a developing technology, in which granular sludge is the core component. So far, around 900 anaerobic granular sludge units have been operated worldwide. Although intensive research attention has been given to anaerobic granules in the past 20 years, the mechanisms responsible for anaerobic granulation and the strategy of how to expedite substantially the formation of granular sludge have not yet been completely clear. This paper reviews the mode of anaerobic granulation, including the mechanisms and models for anaerobic granulation, major factors influencing anaerobic granulation, characteristics of anaerobic granules, anaerobic granulation in other types of reactors, industrial application of anaerobic granulation technology and neural fuzzy model-based control strategy developed for anaerobic systems. Some approaches for future research are outlined.     

Anaerobic Granular Sludge Bioreactor Technology

Anaerobic digestion is a mature wastewater treatment technology, with worldwide application. The predominantly applied bioreactor designs, such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed, are based on the spontaneous formation of granular sludge. Despite the exploitation of granular reactors at full-scale for more than two decades, the mechanisms of granulation are not completely understood and numerous theories have been put forward to describe the process from a biological, ecological and engineering point of view. New technological opportunities are emerging for anaerobic digestion, aided by an improved understanding of microbiological and environmental factors affecting the formation and activity of anaerobic granular sludge.     

Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) wastewater (pre-)treatment systems represent a proven sustainable technology for a wide range of very different industrial effluents, including those containing toxic/inhibitory compounds. The process is also feasible for treatment of domestic wastewater with temperatures as low as 14–16° C and likely even lower. Compared to conventional aerobic treatment systems the anaerobic treatment process merely offers advantages. This especially is true for the rate of start-up. The available insight in anaerobic sludge immobilization (i.e. granulation) and growth of granular anaerobic sludge in many respects suffices for practice. In anaerobic treatment the immobilization of balanced microbial communities is essential, because the concentration of intermediates then can be kept sufficiently low.So far ignored factors like the death and decay rate of organisms are of eminent importance for the quality of immobilized anaerobic sludge. Taking these factors into account, it can be shown that there does not exist any need for phase separation when treating non- or slightly acidified wastewaters. Phase separation even is detrimental in case the acidogenic organisms are not removed from the effluent of the acidogenic reactor, because they deteriorate the settleability of granular sludge and also negatively affect the formation and growth of granular sludge. The growing insight in the role of factors like nutrients and trace elements, the effect of metabolic intermediates and end products opens excellent prospects for process control, e.g. for the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters containing mainly methanol.Anaerobic wastewater treatment can also profitably be applied in the thermophilic and psychrophilic temperature range. Moreover, thermophilic anaerobic sludge can be used under mesophilic conditions.The Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) system particularly offers big practical potentials, e.g. for very low strength wastewaters (COD 1 g/l) and at temperatures as low as 10° C. In EGSB-systems virtually all the retained sludge is employed, while compared to UASB-systems also a substantially bigger fraction of the immobilized organisms (inside the granules) participates in the process, because an extraordinary high substrate affinity prevails in these systems. It looks necessary to reconsider theories for mass transfer in immobilized anaerobic biomass.Instead of phasing the digestion process, staging of the anaerobic reactors should be applied. In this way mixing up of the sludge can be significantly reduced and a plug flow is promoted. A staged process will provide a higher treatment efficiency and a higher process stability. This especially applies for thermophilic systems.     

Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing

The anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing, in which COD was found to be 1010 g/kg, was studied in batch laboratory-scale reactors at mesophilic temperature using granular and non-granular sludge. Due to the high KOH concentration of this by-product, H₃PO₄ was added to recover this alkaline catalyst as agricultural fertilizer (potassium phosphates). Although it would not be economically viable, a volume of glycerol was distilled and utilised as reference substrate. The anaerobic revalorisation of glycerol using granular sludge achieved a biodegradability of around 100%, while the methane yield coefficient was 0.306 m³ CH₄/kg acidified glycerol. Anaerobic digestion could be a good option for revalorising this available, impure and low priced by-product derived from the surplus of biodiesel companies. The organic loading rate studied was 0.21–0.38 g COD/g VSS d, although an inhibition phenomenon was observed at the highest load.     

Aerobic granular sludge: characterization,mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment

Aerobic granular sludge can be classified as a type of self-immobilized microbial consortium, consisting mainly of aerobic and facultative bacteria and is distinct from anaerobic granular methanogenic sludge. Aerobic granular technology has been proposed as a promising technology for wastewater treatment, but is not yet established as a large-scale application. Aerobic granules have been cultured mainly in sequenced batch reactors (SBR) under hydraulic selection pressure. The factors influencing aerobic granulation, granulation mechanisms, microbial communities and the potential applications for the treatment of various wastewaters have been studied comprehensively on the laboratory-scale. Aerobic granular sludge has shown a potential for nitrogen removal, but is less competitive for the high strength organic wastewater treatments. This technology has been developed from the laboratory-scale to pilot scale applications, but with limited and unpublished full-scale applications for municipal wastewater treatment. The future needs and limitations for aerobic granular technology are discussed.     

Aerobic granular sludge: characterization, mechanism of granulation and application to wastewater treatment

Aerobic granular sludge can be classified as a type of self-immobilized microbial consortium, consisting mainly of aerobic and facultative bacteria and is distinct from anaerobic granular methanogenic sludge. Aerobic granular technology has been proposed as a promising technology for wastewater treatment, but is not yet established as a large-scale application. Aerobic granules have been cultured mainly in sequenced batch reactors (SBR) under hydraulic selection pressure. The factors influencing aerobic granulation, granulation mechanisms, microbial communities and the potential applications for the treatment of various wastewaters have been studied comprehensively on the laboratory-scale. Aerobic granular sludge has shown a potential for nitrogen removal, but is less competitive for the high strength organic wastewater treatments. This technology has been developed from the laboratory-scale to pilot scale applications, but with limited and unpublished full-scale applications for municipal wastewater treatment. The future needs and limitations for aerobic granular technology are discussed.     

Anaerobic fluidised bed for the purification of effluents from chemical and mechanical pulping

Anaerobic treatment has seldom been used for wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry and other branches of the chemical industry. Escape of volatile pollutants to the atmosphere, which always occurs during aerobic treatment, is avoided, and much less sludge is being produced than in an aerobic process. The greatest obstacle for using anaerobic treatment in the pulp and paper industry is the large wastewater volume, which necessitates short hydraulic detention times, because the treatment is to occur in an enclosed space. We used solid carrier particles to prevent wash-out of biomass from the reactor at high hydraulic loading, and an up-flow system in order to be able to use very small carrier particles, maximizing the surface area for biomass attachment. In this paper we describe and discuss the results obtained with this type of anaerobic reactor (fluidised bed) at bench and semitechnical scale for wastewaters from pressurized ground wood pulping and paper manufacture, sulphite pulp evaporator condensate and bleach waste. Earlier work with Kraft pulp bleaching effluent and thermomechanical pulping wastewater and evaporator condensates using anaerobic reactors is also discussed. The results obtained thus far show that there are several wastewater streams from the pulping industry, where 60 to 90% of the dissolved organic pollutants (measured as COD_Cr or TOC) was biodegraded within 4 to 24 h. The high strength waste streams (COD_Cr 2000 mg O₂ 1⁻¹) allowed organic space load of 4 to 10 kg COD_Cr m⁻³ reactor volume d⁻¹. With low strength wastes the hydraulic loading was the limiting factor.     

高活性厌氧颗粒污泥微生物特性和形成机理的研究

选择了几种生产废水和人工配水形成的厌氧颗粒污泥,进行了其微生物形态,特性和组成研究.成熟的颗粒表面电镜扫描观察表明,产甲烷索氏丝状菌是形成颗粒的主要细菌,在生长的后期相互缠绕形成拟颗粒状的菌团;八叠球菌在颗粒形成的初期也起到了一定的作用.本研究对人工配水颗粒污泥形成五阶段的污泥微生物组成和运行特点,以及“241”网状中空载体核对细菌的粘附作用等进行了初步观察.讨论了厌氧颗粒污泥形成必要的条件.     

Anaerobic bioprocessing of organic wastes

Anaerobic digestion of dissolved, suspended and solid organics has rapidly evolved in the last decades but nevertheless still faces several scientific unknowns. In this review, some fundamentals of bacterial conversions and adhesion are addressed initially. It is argued in the light of G-values of reactions, and in view of the minimum energy quantum per mol, that anaerobic syntrophs must have special survival strategies in order to support their existence: redistributing the available energy between the partners, reduced end-product fermentation reactions and special cell-to-cell physiological interactions. In terms of kinetics, it appears that both reaction rates and residual substrate thresholds are strongly related to minimum G-values. These new fundamental insights open perspectives for efficient design and operation of anaerobic bioprocesses. Subsequently, an overview is given of the current anaerobic biotechnology. For treating wastewaters, a novel and high performance new system has been introduced during the last decade; the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket system (UASB). This reactor concept requires anaerobic consortia to grow in a dense and eco-physiologically well-organized way. The microbial principles of such granular sludge growth are presented. Using a thermodynamic approach, the formation of different types of aggregates is explained. The application of this bioprocess in worldwide wastewater treatment is indicated. Due to the long retention times of the active biomass, the UASB is also suitable for the development of bacterial consortia capable of degrading xenobiotics. Operating granular sludge reactors at high upflow velocities (5–6 m/h) in expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) systems enlarges the application field to very low strength wastewaters (chemical oxygen demand < 1 g/l) and psychrophilic temperatures (10°C). For the treatment of organic suspensions, there is currently a tendency to evolve from the conventional mesophilic continuously stirred tank system to the thermophilic configuration, as the latter permits higher conversion rates and easier sanitation. Integration of ultrafiltration in anaerobic slurry digestion facilitates operation at higher volumetric loading rates and at shorter residence times. With respect to organic solids, the recent trend in society towards source separated collection of biowaste has opened a broad range of new application areas for solid state anaerobic fermentation.W. Verstraete and D. de Beer are with the Center for Environmental Sanitation, University of Gent, Coupure L 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; D. de Beer is also with the Max Plank Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie-Microzensor Group, Fahrenstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany. M. Pena is with the Groupo de Biotechnologia Ambiental, Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Universidad de Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena, 47005 Valladolid, Spain. G. Lettinga is with the Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands. P. Lens is with the Environmental Research Unit. Department of Microbiology, University College Galway, Galway, Ireland.