基于转录组分析高温抑制广东虫草原基形成的调控网络

在大型真菌原基形成和子实体发育的过程中,温度是一个极其关键的因素,高温显著影响多种食用菌原基的形成和子实体的品质。广东虫草是中国华南地区特有的虫草类新食品原料,其子实体富含多种活性成分和营养成分,且能够进行较大规模人工栽培。然而,温度对广东虫草原基形成的影响及调控机制尚不清楚。本研究通过不同温度处理不同时间段,发现29℃处理3d抑制了广东虫草原基的形成;对29℃处理3d处理前后的菌丝阶段（CK）和原基阶段（CK-P和HT-P）样品进行转录组测序分析,高温处理后原基阶段的两个组中发现1 682个差异表达基因,其中1 015个上调表达和667个下调表达。在碳水化合物代谢途径中,多个糖酵解和三羧酸循环及葡聚糖和海藻糖合成相关基因在高温处理后呈现下调表达;在原基样品中,多个热激蛋白基因（Hsp10、Hsp23、DnaJ、Hsp70、Hsp90和Hsp98）和转录因子C2H2转录水平显著上调表达。本研究结果基于分子水平揭示了高温影响原基形成过程中能量代谢和相关基因的差异表达,为后续利用广东虫草抗逆相关基因资源培育新品种奠定了重要的基础。     

虫草液体培养的研究进展

论述了液体培养主要涉及的碳源、氮源、碳氮比和其他元素等营养因素和温度、通气、pH等环境条件对虫草菌丝产量和活性成分(以多糖和虫草素为主)产量的影响,展望了虫草液体培养的发展趋势.     

广东虫草安全性评价及药理学研究进展

广东虫草(Cordyceps guangdongensis)是近十余年发现并驯化成功的虫草类食用真菌,文章对其安全性及药用功效的研究作了简要归纳和介绍。安全性研究证明其子实体安全无毒;体外活性评价及体内动物模型实验结果显示,广东虫草子实体具有抗禽流感病毒、抗疲劳、延寿、治疗慢性肾衰竭、治疗慢性支气管炎、调节免疫以及抗氧化等多种良好的药用功效。     

矿质元素对北虫草继代培养不同菌落子实体产量及菌丝生长速度的影响

主要研究矿质元素对北虫草继代培养中形成的不同类型菌落子实体产量及菌丝生长速度的影响, 旨在探讨矿质元素与子实体产量以及菌丝生长速度的关系。采用正交试验, 将北虫草优良菌株L20在不同矿质元素培养基上进行12次继代培养。结果表明菌株L20在不同培养基中继代培养后形成7种菌落类型, 有子实体形成能力的菌落为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ型, 其中Ⅰ型菌落产量最高、Ⅲ型中等、Ⅱ型最低, Ⅴ型形成的子实体均为畸形; Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ型无子实体形成能力。菌丝生长速度依次为Ⅴ型 > Ⅳ型 > Ⅶ型 > Ⅵ型 > Ⅲ型 > Ⅱ型 >Ⅰ型, 高产型菌落生长速度最慢, 而低产型菌落菌丝徒长, 表明菌落生长速度与子实体产量成负相关。优型菌落——Ⅰ型菌落子实体高产及高产保持代数最多的矿质元素配方为K3Mg2Ca4Mn3Zn2, 其中Mn和K促进子实体高产, K、Mg、Ca有利于高产保持多代。抑制Ⅰ型菌落菌丝徒长的最佳配方为K3Mg2Ca2Mn3Zn2, 其中Mn对其抑制作用最为显著。     

广东虫草小分子热激蛋白基因HSP30的克隆及表达分析

小分子热激蛋白(small heat shock proteins, sHSPs)是一类重要的具有调控有机体生长发育及响应环境变化功能的蛋白家族。本研究以广东虫草(Tolypocladium guangdongense)为对象,对其小分子热激蛋白基因HSP30进行克隆,对其氨基酸结构进行生物信息及系统发育分析,并采用实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)方法检测HSP30在广东虫草不同发育时期及非生物胁迫下的相对表达量。结果表明：HSP30基因编码211个氨基酸,编码区序列长度为636 bp,无内含子,预测其蛋白分子量约为23 864.42 Da。系统发育分析显示,广东虫草HSP30蛋白与头状弯颈霉(Tolypocladium capitatum)的同源蛋白聚为一个分支,与奇异弯颈霉(T.paradoxum)和冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)的同源蛋白具有较高的相似性,序列一致性分别为86.38%和66.81%。RT-qPCR结果表明,与菌丝期相比,原基期和子实体发育过程中HSP30表达量显著下调;与对照相比较,非生物胁迫条件下HSP30表达量亦显著下调。上述研究结果...     

Optimization of submerged culture requirements for the production of mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide by Cordyceps jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109

AIMS: The objective of the present study was to investigate the optimal culture requirements for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by Cordyceps jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109 in submerged culture. METHODS AND RESULTS: The effects of medium ingredients (i.e. carbon and nitrogen sources, and growth factor) and other culture requirements (i.e. initial pH, temperature, etc.) on the production of mycelia and exopolysaccharide were observed using a one-factor-at-a-time method. More suitable culture requirements for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production were proved to be maltose, glycerol, tryptone, soya bean steep powder, yeast extract, medium capacity 200 ml in a 500-ml flask, agitation rate 180 rev min(-1), seed age 4-8 days, inoculum size 2.5-7.5% (v/v), etc. The optimal temperatures and initial pHs for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production were at 26 degrees C and pH 5 and at 28 degrees C and pH 7, respectively, and corresponding optimal culture age were observed to be 8 and 10 days respectively. According to the primary results of the one-factor-at-a-time experiments, the optimal medium for the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production were obtained using an orthogonal layout method to optimize further. Herein the effects of medium ingredients on the mycelial growth of C. jiangxiensis JXPJ 0109 were in the order of yeast extract > tryptone > maltose > CaCl2 > glycerol > MgSO4 > KH2PO4 and the optimal concentration of each composition was 15 g maltose (food-grade), 10 g glycerol, 10 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, 1 g KH2PO4, 0.2 g MgSO4, and 0.5 g CaCl2 in 1 l of distilled water, while the order of effects of those components on exopolysaccharide production was yeast extract > maltose > tryptone > glycerol > KH2PO4 > CaCl2 > MgSO4, corresponding to the optimal concentration of medium was as follows: 20 g maltose (food-grade), 8 g glycerol, 5 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, 1 g KH2PO4, and 0.5 g CaCl2 in 1 l of distilled water. CONCLUSIONS: Under the optimal culture requirements, the maximum exopolysaccharide production reached 3.5 g l(-1) after 10 days of fermentation, while the maximum production of mycelial growth achieved 14.5 g l(-1) after 8 days of fermentation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report on the submerged culture requirements for mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide in C. jiangxiensis, and this two-step optimization strategy in this study can be widely applied to other microbial fermentation processes.     

广东虫草对腺嘌呤诱导的慢性肾衰竭大鼠的治疗作用

广东虫草Cordyceps guangdongensis是广东省微生物研究所近年发现并成功驯化的独有新品种,前期研究发现其具有抗氧化、抗疲劳、延缓衰老等药理作用,但其对慢性肾衰竭的治疗作用还未见报道。实验采用饲喂腺嘌呤诱导大鼠慢性肾衰竭（CRF）模型,观察比较了阴性对照组、阳性对照组、广东虫草子实体低、中、高剂量组CRF模型大鼠及正常健康大鼠对照组的血尿素氮、肌酐、24h尿量、尿蛋白量,以及肾组织病理变化。结果表明广东虫草子实体组能显著降低CRF大鼠血尿素氮和肌酐,能促进机体生成白蛋白和总蛋白,改善肾功能衰竭大鼠的临床症状及肾脏水肿、变大和病变程度。由此证明广东虫草子实体对大鼠的慢性肾衰竭有明显的治疗作用。     

Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in submerged culture

AIMS: The nutritional requirements for mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in semi-synthetic liquid media were investigated. The results provide a basis for further physiological study and industrial fermentation of the fungus. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nutritional requirements, including 17 carbohydrates, 16 nitrogen compounds, nine vitamins, four macro-elements, four trace-elements and eight ratios of carbon to nitrogen, were studied for their effects on the mycelial growth in submerged cultures of C. sinensis by using one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal matrix methods. Among these variables, sucrose, peptone, folic acid, calcium, zinc and a carbon to nitrogen ratio 12 : 1 were identified as the requirements for the optimum mycelial growth. The concentrations of sucrose, peptone and yeast extract were optimized and the effects of medium composition on mycelial growth were found to be in the order sucrose > yeast extract > peptone. The optimal concentration for mycelial growth was determined as 50 g l(-1) sucrose, 10 g l(-1) peptone and 3 g l(-1) yeast extract. CONCLUSIONS: Under optimal culture conditions, over 22 g l(-1) of mycelial biomass could be obtained after 40 days in submerged cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cordyceps sinensis, one of the most valued medicinal fungi, is shown to grow in axenic culture. This is the first report on nutritional requirements and design of a simplified semi-synthetic medium for mycelial growth of this psychrophilic species, which grows slowly below 20 degrees C. The results of this study will facilitate research on mass production of the fungus under defined culture conditions.     

A Trypanosoma cruzi heat shock protein 40 is able to stimulate the adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis activity of heat shock protein 70 and can substitute for a yeast heat shock protein 40

The process of assisted protein folding, characteristic of members of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) molecular chaperone families, is important for maintaining the structural integrity of cellular protein machinery under normal and stressful conditions. Hsp70 and Hsp40 cooperate to bind non-native protein conformations in a process of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-regulated assisted protein folding. We have analysed the molecular chaperone activity of the cytoplasmic inducible Hsp70 from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcHsp70) and its interactions with its potential partner Hsp40s (T. cruzi DnaJ protein 1 [Tcj1] and T. cruzi DnaJ protein 2 [Tcj2]). Histidine-tagged TcHsp70 (His-TcHsp70), Tcj1 (Tcj1-His) and Tcj2 (His-Tcj2) were over-produced in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. The in vitro basal specific ATP hydrolysis activity (ATPase activity) of His-TcHsp70 was determined as 40 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein, significantly higher than that reported for other Hsp70s. The basal specific ATPase activity was stimulated to a maximal level of 60 nmol phosphate/min/mg protein in the presence of His-Tcj2 and a model substrate, reduced carboxymethylated alpha-lactalbumin. In vivo complementation assays showed that Tcj2 was able to overcome the temperature sensitivity of the ydj1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JJ160, suggesting that Tcj2 may be functionally equivalent to the yeast Hsp40 homologue (yeast DnaJ protein 1, Ydj1). These data suggest that Tcj2 is involved in cytoprotection in a similar fashion to Ydj1, and that TcHsp70 and Tcj2 may interact in a nucleotide-regulated process of chaperone-assisted protein folding.     

松墨天牛热激蛋白MaltHSP40s基因的克隆及表达特性分析

松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus是我国南方林区重要的蛀干害虫,也是我国重大林业外来入侵物种松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的主要传播媒介。为探究热激蛋白HSP40在松墨天牛抵御高温胁迫中的功能,基于松墨天牛转录组数据（GenBank登录号：PRJNA548205）,通过RT-PCR技术克隆两条松墨天牛HSP40基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析;使用MEGA 7.0软件构建松墨天牛HSP40系统进化树;利用RT-qPCR技术检测16日龄松墨天牛雌雄成虫各组织HSP40基因在不同温度与时间处理条件（35℃、37℃、40℃、42.5℃和45℃;0 h、1 h、2 h 和3 h）下和高温42.5℃处理3 h后的组织表达特性。结果表明：克隆获得松墨天牛两条HSP40基因MaltHSP40-1（GenBank登录号：MW690168）和MaltHSP40-2（GenBank登录号：MW690169）,其ORF长度分别为1 206 bp和1 059 bp,分别编码401个和352个氨基酸,分子质量分别约为45.24 kDa和39.25 kDa,等电点分别为6.73和9.07;两条序列中均存在含有保守的HPD基序以及DNA-J结构域;蛋白三维结构中均由N端的4个α螺旋和C端的底物结合域构成。系统进化树显示：MaltHSP40-1和MaltHSP40-2分别与光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis的AglaHSP40-1和AglaHSP40-2遗传距离最近。RT-qPCR结果显示,高温胁迫可诱导松墨天牛HSP40基因的转录表达,雌雄成虫的MaltHSP40-1和MaltHSP40-2分别在35℃和37.5℃的条件下开始表达上调,在40℃或42.5℃时到达峰值,雄虫HSP40的相对表达量和上调倍数均高于雌虫;MaltHSP40-1及MaltHSP40-2在松墨天牛雌雄成虫的各组织中均有表达,42.5℃处理3 h后,MaltHSP40-1及MaltHSP40-2在各组织中的相对表达量均显著上调,精巢和卵巢中相对表达量最高。本研究表明MaltHSP40-1和MaltHSP40-2作为辅助分子伴侣,参与松墨天牛抵御高温胁迫。研究结果有助于深入探究热激蛋白在松墨天牛应对高温胁迫中的作用,也为揭示气候变暖背景下松墨天牛及松材线虫病的流行成灾机理提供理论依据。     

Effects of ammonium feeding on the production of bioactive metabolites (cordycepin and exopolysaccharides) in mycelial culture of a Cordyceps sinensis fungus

AIMS: To examine the effects of ammonium feeding on the production of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine, a nucleoside analogue) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) in mycelial culture of a new Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cs-HK1 fungus was cultivated in a liquid medium containing glucose, yeast extract, peptone and a few major inorganic salts. NH(4)Cl was fed to the mycelial culture at various concentrations from 5 to 40 mmol l(-1) on day 3 (during exponential phase). NH(4)Cl, fed at 10 mmol l(-1), stimulated the cordycepin production most significantly, with nearly fourfold increase in the cordycepin content of mycelia (from 28.5 to 117 microg g(-1)), and also increased the EPS production by 40% (from 2.6 to 3.7 g l(-1)). The ammonium feeding had a slightly positive effect at 5-10 mmol l(-1), but a negative effect at higher concentrations on the mycelium growth. Ammonium feeding also caused a sharp drop of the medium pH, owing perhaps to the uptake of NH(3) and the release of H(+) by the fungal cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ammonium feeding to the mycelial culture of Cs-HK1 fungus enhanced the intracellular cordycepin accumulation and the EPS production. The enhanced cordycepin production may be attributed to the uptake of ammonia for nucleoside synthesis, and the enhanced EPS to the increased uptake of glucose for EPS biosynthesis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is useful for the production of bioactive metabolites and for understanding ammonium metabolism and its relationship to the biosynthesis of nucleosides in a precious medicinal fungus.     

Regulation of heat shock protein 70 synthesis by heat shock in the preimplantation murine embryo

Induced thermotolerance in murine embryos occurs at the 8-cell stage when embryos are maintained in vitro but not until the blastocyst stage if development proceeds in vivo. Present results indicate that ability of embryos to undergo induced thermotolerance is not limited by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) synthesis. Exposure of 8-cell embryos to 40 degrees C enhanced synthesis of 2 constitutive HSP70 proteins (HSC70 and HSC72) and induced another protein, HSP68; exposure of 43 degrees C was required to induce similar responses in expanded blastocysts. Unlike induced thermotolerance, increased synthesis of HSP70 molecules did not depend on whether embryos were cultured or developed in vivo. Thus, other biochemical mechanisms in addition to HSP70 confer thermotolerance in the preimplantation-stage murine embryo. The observation that the temperature threshold for induction of HSP70 synthesis increased from the 8-cell to the blastocyst stage is indicative of these other biochemical processes.