Differences on the microsporogenesis and tapetal development of male fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

To clarify the time and cause of pollen abortion, differences on the microsporogenesis and tapetum development in the anthers of male fertile maintainer line and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line pepper were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that CMS line anthers appeared to have much greater variability in developmental pattern than male fertile maintainer line ones. The earliest deviation from normal anther development occurred in CMS line anthers at prophase I was cytomixis in some microspore mother cells (MMCs), and vacuolisation in tapetal cells. Then, MMCs in CMS line anthers developed asynchronously and a small part of ones at the different stage degenerated in advance appearing to have typical morphological features of programmed cell death (PCD). Most MMCs could complete the meiosis, but formed non-tetrahedral tetrad microspores with irregular shape and different size and uncertain number of nuclei, and some degenerated ahead of time as well. Tapetal cells in CMS line anther degenerated during meiosis, and were crushed at the tetrad stage, which paralleled the collapse of pollens. Pollen abortion in CMS line anthers happened by PCD themselves, and the premature PCD of tapetal cells were closely associated with male sterility.     

植物细胞核雄性不育相关bHLH转录因子研究进展

雄性不育广泛存在于种子植物中。植物雄性不育不仅是植物生殖发育研究的重要内容,同时也可作为杂种优势利用的有效工具,因而具有重要的理论和应用价值。bHLH转录因子家族是植物中成员最多的转录因子家族,在植株的整个生长发育过程中起着重要的调控作用。本文介绍了拟南芥、水稻、玉米等几种重要模式植物bHLH转录因子调控雄蕊发育的作用机制,并重点阐述其功能异常引起细胞核雄性不育的分子机制,以期为作物育种与理论研究提供参考。     

光,温敏不育水稻雄性败育的细胞学研究

在长日季节里,安农S—1在28.1℃条件下,衡农S—1在29.2℃条件下可见到部分异常二分体和异常四分体等不正常减数分裂现象,但雄性败育主要发生在单核花粉期;在日均温32.4℃条件下,两个不育系的花粉母细胞解体成为无花粉型不育。农垦58S的花粉败育主要发生在单核靠边期,在部分花粉囊中可见到花粉与原生质形成的原生质花粉团。无论在上述什么温度条件下没有发现农垦58S花粉母细胞解体的无花粉不育现象。     

光敏雄性不育谷子683小孢子败育途径观察

对光敏雄性不育谷子（Setaria italica）683在长日（＞15h）和短日（＝10h）下小孢子的发育途径、花药中药粉总数及游离花粉总数作了观察和统计,发现长日条件下,小孢了败育主要发生在造孢细胞和花偻母细胞时期,此时,有60％－80％的药室的造胞细胞和花偻母细胞严重收缩,细胞结构破坏,演变成着色极深的“异常黑块”（埃氏苏木精染色）。每花药中花粉平均数,长日条件下为66.84,短日照下为111.86,差异显著,每视野中的游离花粉平均数,长日条件下为13.73,而在短日条件下为20.1.研究对“异常黑块”的出现与花粉总数大幅度降低的关系作了分析,并讨论了“异常黑块”发生的可能原因及其与小孢子败育的关系。     

Activation of Arabidopsis MAPK kinase kinase (AtMEKK1) and induction of AtMEKK1–AtMEK1 pathway by wounding

We have constructed a series of deletion mutants of Arabidopsis MAPK kinase kinase (AtMEKK1) and obtained a constitutively active mutant, AtMEKK1Δ166, which lacks in self-inhibitory sequence of N-terminal 166 amino acids but still has substrate specificity. AtMEKK1Δ166 predominantly phosphorylates AtMEK1, an Arabidopsis MAPKK, but not its double mutant (AtMEK1T218A/S224E), suggesting that Thr-218 and Ser-224 are the phosphorylation sites. In wounded seedlings, AtMEKK1 was activated and phosphorylated its downstream AtMEK1. Furthermore, analysis using anti-AtMEKK1 and anti-AtMEK1 antibodies revealed that the interaction between the two proteins was signal dependent. These results suggest the presence of AtMEKK1–AtMEK1 pathway induced by wounding.     

水稻亚种间杂种是否存在雌性不育？

水稻亚种间杂种不育性是一种普遍现象,但其遗传基础复杂。目前在亚种间杂种不育遗传上,不同研究的结论不尽一致,即使对亚种间杂种不育性主要表现为雄性不育还是雌性不育也存在争论。本对证明水稻亚种间杂种存在和不存在雌性不育的研究进行了综述与分析。从中可以看出无论是认为水稻亚种间杂种不育性表现为雄性不育还是雌性不育的结论都有一定的片面性,尤其是Sano证明基因座S－5不存在的研究存在较大的缺陷。因此,水稻亚种间杂种雌雄配子败育对小穗育性影响的大小有待进一步研究。     

南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育

采用石蜡切片法,对南方红豆杉小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程进行了系统地观察。结果表明：南方红豆杉小孢子叶球于7月下旬分化,9月中旬形成造孢细胞,11月初形成小孢子母细胞;同一小孢子叶球中的小孢子母细胞表现出发育不同步现象;11中旬,进入减数分裂时期,形成游离小孢子后休眠越冬,于翌年1月下旬逐渐成熟,成熟花粉粒为单核;2月中下旬开始散粉,散粉时间持续15 d 左右。花粉落入胚珠后,经过3次分裂形成管细胞、柄细胞和2个精子;管细胞和柄细胞最终退化解体,未见花粉败育现象。认为南方红豆杉小孢子发生与雄配子体发育正常,不是致其濒危的主要原因。     

Single additional methylene group in the head-group region imparts high gene transfer efficacy to a transfection-incompetent cationic lipid

The tobacco ntf4 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase gene (and its encoded protein p45^Ntf4) is expressed at later stages of pollen maturation. We have found that the highly related MAP kinase SIPK is also expressed in pollen and, like p45^Ntf4, is activated upon pollen hydration. The MAP kinase kinase NtMEK2 activates SIPK, and here we show that it can also activate p45^Ntf4. In an attempt to inhibit the function of both MAP kinases simultaneously we constructed a loss-of-function mutant version of NtMEK2, which, in transient transformation assays, led to an inhibition of germination in the transformed pollen grains. These data indicate that NtMEK2, and by inference its substrates p45^Ntf4 and/or SIPK, are involved in pollen germination.     

水稻淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡中细胞核变化特征

应用透射电子显微镜技术,观察了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡过程中核的变化特征.伴随胚乳的发育进程,淀粉胚乳细胞核表现出衰退特征:核变形、染色质凝缩、核膜多处被降解破坏、核基质外泄等.DNA Ladder显示核内大片段DNA呈严重的弥散状拖尾现象,而核内和胞质中在140～180 bp处有明显的条带.在核衰退的同时,其胞质中的粗面内质网、淀粉质体和线粒体等细胞器具有正常的代谢功能,细胞仍在合成并积累营养物质,淀粉胚乳细胞一边衰退一边行使其功能,直至死亡.这些结果表明,水稻淀粉胚乳在核衰退的同时,细胞仍在积极合成与积累贮藏产物,表现为一种特殊形式的植物细胞编程性死亡现象.此外,对淀粉胚乳细胞特有的核质关系、植物细胞编程性死亡过程中细胞核的变化等问题进行了讨论.     

水稻淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡中细胞核变化特征

应用透射电子显微镜技术 ,观察了水稻 (OryzasativaL .)淀粉胚乳细胞编程性死亡过程中核的变化特征。伴随胚乳的发育进程 ,淀粉胚乳细胞核表现出衰退特征 :核变形、染色质凝缩、核膜多处被降解破坏、核基质外泄等。DNALadder显示核内大片段DNA呈严重的弥散状拖尾现象 ,而核内和胞质中在 14 0～ 180bp处有明显的条带。在核衰退的同时 ,其胞质中的粗面内质网、淀粉质体和线粒体等细胞器具有正常的代谢功能 ,细胞仍在合成并积累营养物质 ,淀粉胚乳细胞一边衰退一边行使其功能 ,直至死亡。这些结果表明 ,水稻淀粉胚乳在核衰退的同时 ,细胞仍在积极合成与积累贮藏产物 ,表现为一种特殊形式的植物细胞编程性死亡现象。此外 ,对淀粉胚乳细胞特有的核质关系、植物细胞编程性死亡过程中细胞核的变化等问题进行了讨论。     

油菜雄性核不育系及其等位可育系小孢子发育过程的比较研究

用Olympus BH2型光学显微镜对甘蓝型油菜单显性核不育系(GMS)及其等位可育系小孢子发育过程进行解剖学观察,发现在正常小孢子发育过程中,绒毡层在小孢子发育的四分体前后开始解体,为小孢子继续发育提供营养,而不育系小孢子的败育在减数分裂前就已经发生,并且不能形成四分体,小孢子逐渐解体,且小孢子解体在绒毡层解体之前发生,最后花药成为干瘪的空壳,导致不育。     

Programmed Cell Death 6 (PDCD6) Protein Interacts with Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 (DAPk1): Additive Effect on Apoptosis via Caspase-3 Dependent Pathway

Programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6) protein is a 22 kDa EF-hand type Ca²⁺-binding protein involved in apoptosis. To define the regulating mechanism of PDCD6 activity in the apoptotic pathway, we searched a human ovary cDNA library for a novel PDCD6 binding protein using a yeast two-hybrid system. The selected protein was the human death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPk1), another protein that functions as a positive mediator of apoptosis. Co-transfection of PDCD6 and DAPk1 cDNA into a tumor cell line accelerated apoptosis via caspase-3 dependent pathway.J.H. Lee and S.B. Rho contributed equally to this workRevisions requested 4 March 2005; Revisions received 10 May 2005