类芦根际溶磷真菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷能力分析

为揭示类芦(Neyraudia reynaudiana)等水土保持植物的耐低磷机制,开发溶磷菌种质资源,提高赤红壤磷素利用率,从类芦根际土壤中筛选到一株溶磷能力较强的真菌FP1,经形态学和ITS序列分析,鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。3种难溶性磷酸盐液体培养基接种菌株FP1后,其pH值和溶磷量的动态变化显示,培养液的pH值均呈显著下降趋势。溶磷量与培养时间有关,除磷酸三钙外,菌株FP1对其他难溶性磷酸盐的溶磷趋势均为先上升再下降并趋于稳定。菌株FP1对不同磷源的最大溶磷率顺序为:磷酸铝(92.02%)磷酸三钙(41.62%)3种磷酸盐的混合物(35.86%)磷酸铁(19.20%)。FP1对磷酸铝和磷酸铁都具有较强的溶磷能力,表明抗逆性强的水土保持植物类芦根际土壤蕴藏着高效的溶磷微生物资源。     

Phosphorus mining efficiency declines with decreasing soil P concentration and varies across crop species

High soil P concentrations hinder ecological restoration of biological communities typical for nutrient-poor soils. Phosphorus mining, i.e., growing crops with fertilization other than P, might reduce soil P concentrations. However, crop species have different P-uptake rates and can affect subsequent P removal in crop rotation, both of which may also vary with soil P concentration. In a pot experiment with three soil-P-levels (High-P: 125–155 mg P_Olsen/kg; Mid-P: 51–70 mg P_Olsen/kg; Low-P: 6–21 mg P_Olsen/kg), we measured how much P was removed by five crop species (buckwheat, maize, sunflower, flax, and triticale). Total P removal decreased with soil-P-level and depended upon crop identity. Buckwheat and maize removed most P from High-P and Mid-P soils and triticale removed less P than buckwheat, maize, and sunflower at every soil-P-level. The difference in P removal between crops was, however, almost absent in Low-P soils. Absolute and relative P removal with seeds depended upon crop species and, for maize and triticale, also upon soil-P-level. None of the previously grown crop species significantly affected P removal by the follow-up crop (perennial ryegrass). We can conclude that for maximizing P removal, buckwheat or maize could be grown.     

秸秆还田及磷细菌对土壤微生态及豆角产量的影响

为研究秸秆还田及外源添加磷细菌对土壤微生态及农作物产量的影响,以玉米秸秆和具有解磷能力的恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)为研究对象,通过在设施大棚中栽培豆角,研究了不同处理对土壤和豆角根际解磷类细菌数量、土壤有效磷含量、解磷能力以及豆角产量的影响。研究结果显示,玉米秸秆(处理1)、玉米秸秆+磷细菌(处理2)、磷细菌(处理3)三个处理的土壤中解磷类细菌数量有较大差异,其中处理2数量最高,比对照区高31.89%,差异显著(P<0.05);三个处理均能明显增加豆角根际解磷类细菌数量,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高86.30%,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);三个处理土壤有效磷含量均明显高于对照,差异显著(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高9.8%;三个处理土壤解磷能力差异较大,处理1和处理2可明显提高土壤解磷能力,分别比对照高50.2%和65.2%,差异极显著(P<0.01);三个处理对豆角均有增产效果,但差异较大,处理2比处理1、处理3产量增加明显,分别增产6.8%、10.3%,差异达到显著水平(P&l...     

磷胁迫对烤烟高亲和磷转运蛋白基因表达及磷素吸收利用的影响

为探明缺磷胁迫对烤烟磷吸收的影响机理,以烤烟品种‘豫烟10号’为材料,采用盆栽试验设置不施磷(-P)和正常供磷(+P)2个处理,分析了烟草生育后期根系和叶片中高亲和磷转运蛋白基因NtPht1;1、NtPht1;2(简称PT1、PT2)的表达差异性及其表达量与烟草磷含量、磷积累量的关系。结果表明:(1)随生育期的推进,烤烟根系和叶片的PT1基因相对表达量、PT2基因相对表达量、干物质重和磷素积累量逐渐增加,烟叶的磷含量逐渐降低,根系磷含量无明显的变化规律。(2)磷胁迫促使PT1、PT2基因的表达量上调,其中叶片PT1基因的相对表达量高于根系,叶片PT2基因的相对表达量显著低于根系。(3)磷胁迫限制了烤烟对干物质和磷素的积累,在移栽后90d,-P处理烤烟根系和叶片的干物质重、磷素积累量不到+P处理的一半,处理间差异极显著。研究认为,在缺磷环境下,烟草高亲和磷转运蛋白基因PT1和PT2表达量的增加,是由磷胁迫下烟草体内磷积累量降低所引起的系统性调控。     

土壤微生物:可持续农业和环境发展的新维度

可持续农业在当今世界至关重要,因为它有潜力满足我们的农业需求,而这是传统农业无法做到的。这种类型的农业采用一种特殊的耕作技术,既能充分利用环境资源,又能保证不造成任何危害。因此,该技术对环境友好,保证了农产品的安全和健康。微生物种群对推动农业生态系统稳定和生产力的基本过程起着重要作用。若干调查旨在增进对土壤微生物群落的多样性、动态和重要性及其在农业生产力中的有益合作。综述了部分土壤微生物及其对可持续农业生产的重要性。     

Allelopathic Interactions and Allelochemicals: New Possibilities for Sustainable Weed Management

Weeds are known to cause enormous losses due to their interference in agroecosystems. Because of environmental and human health concerns, worldwide efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides that are used to control weeds. In this regard the phenomenon of allelopathy, which is expressed through the release of chemicals by a plant, has been suggested to be one of the possible alternatives for achieving sustainable weed management. The use of allelopathy for controlling weeds could be either through directly utilizing natural allelopathic interactions, particularly of crop plants, or by using allelochemicals as natural herbicides. In the former case, a number of crop plants with allelopathic potential can be used as cover, smother, and green manure crops for managing weeds by making desired manipulations in the cultural practices and cropping patterns. These can be suitably rotated or intercropped with main crops to manage the target weeds (including parasitic ones) selectively. Even the crop mulch/residues can also give desirable benefits. Not only the terrestrial weeds, even allelopathy can be suitably manipulated for the management of aquatic weeds. The allelochemicals present in the higher plants as well as in the microbes can be directly used for weed management on the pattern of herbicides. Their bioefficacy can be enhanced by structural changes or the synthesis of chemical analogues based on them. Further, in order to enhance the potential of allelopathic crops, several improvements can be made with the use of biotechnology or genomics and proteomics. In this context either the production of allelochemicals can be enhanced or the transgenics with foreign genes encoding for a particular weed-suppressing allelochemical could be produced. In the former, both conventional breeding and molecular genetical techniques are useful. However, with conventional breeding being slow and difficult, more emphasis is laid on the use of modern techniques such as molecular markers and the selection aided by them. Although the progress in this regard is slow, nevertheless some promising results are coming and more are expected in future. This review attempts to discuss all these aspects of allelopathy for the sustainable management of weeds. Referee: Dr. Amrjits S. Basra, Central Plains Crop Technology, 5912 North Meridian Avenue, Wichita, KS 67204     

Biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture: A perspective

The economic and environmental costs of the heavy use of chemical N fertilizers in agriculture are a global concern. Sustainability considerations mandate that alternatives to N fertilizers must be urgently sought. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a microbiological process which converts atmospheric nitrogen into a plant-usable form, offers this alternative. Nitrogen-fixing systems offer an economically attractive and ecologically sound means of reducing external inputs and improving internal resources. Symbiotic systems such as that of legumes and Rhizobium can be a major source of N in most cropping systems and that of Azolla and Anabaena can be of particular value to flooded rice crop. Nitrogen fixation by associative and free-living microorganisms can also be important. However, scientific and socio-cultural constraints limit the utilization of BNF systems in agriculture. While several environmental factors that affect BNF have been studied, uncertainties still remain on how organisms respond to a given situation. In the case of legumes, ecological models that predict the likelihood and the magnitude of response to rhizobial inoculation are now becoming available. Molecular biology has made it possible to introduce choice attributes into nitrogen-fixing organisms but limited knowledge on how they interact with the environment makes it difficult to tailor organisms to order. The difficulty in detecting introduced organisms in the field is still a major obstacle to assessing the success or failure of inoculation. Production-level problems and socio-cultural factors also limit the integration of BNF systems into actual farming situations. Maximum benefit can be realized only through analysis and resolution of major constraints to BNF performance in the field and adoption and use of the technology by farmers.     

我国畜禽生产体系中磷素平衡及其环境效应

通过畜禽生产体系磷素的实际流动过程——磷素输入和磷素输出,计算了畜禽生产体系磷素的去向,包括畜禽活体磷素去向,不同养殖方式粪尿磷素去向;并对畜禽粪尿回田、排入环境等状况进行了评价。结果表明,从动物体磷分配来说,畜禽活体带出的磷大部分分配在骨中,肉猪骨中的磷素占活体带出磷的71.5%,肉鸡骨中的磷素占活体带出磷的71.1%,肉牛骨中的磷素占活体带出磷的71.6%。计算还表明:蛋鸡和肉猪生产体系对环境造成的污染风险相对其他畜禽生产体系来说最大,中国2001年蛋鸡生产体系向环境排放磷量为30.8万t,占猪牛鸡向环境排放总磷量的43.0%;肉猪生产体系向环境排放磷量为15.3万t,占猪牛鸡向环境排放总磷量的21.3%。还对未来畜禽发展规模以及降低污染提出了一些建议。     

Organic Acid Secretion and Phosphate Solubilizing Efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. PSB12: Effects of Phosphorus Forms and Carbon Sources

Secretion of organic acids is an important mechanism for phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to dissolve insoluble phosphorus in soil. However, the composition of organic acids produced by PSB in the presence of different phosphorus compounds is poorly known, and little is known about the ability of PSB to degrade pollutants in sediment. In this study, we isolated a strain Pseudomonas sp. PSB12 from the sediment of the Qihe River. PSB12 had maximum phosphate solubilization index (SI) of 3.86 on Pikovskaya's agar medium. The phosphate solubilizing activity was associated with the release of organic acids produced from glucose, while the composition of organic acids produced by PSB12 was dependent on the phosphorus forms. When initial soluble phosphorus was insufficient (in MP1 and MP2 media), gluconic acid was the predominant organic acid. In contrast, formic acid, butyrate, and propanedioic acid were the main organic acids produced when only soluble phosphorus (MP3) was supplied. RT-PCR indicated that the expression of glucose dehydrogenase gene (gcd) of PSB12 was two- to four-fold higher in MP1 than in MP3. PSB12 also possessed the phenol hydroxylase gene (phe) suggesting that phenol could be used as the carbon source to dissolve insoluble phosphorus. PSB12 is a potential candidate for in situ bioremediation and for promoting plant growth in soil contaminated by phenol with low levels of soluble phosphorus.     

Basin-Wide Considerations for Water Quality Management: Importance of Phosphorus Retention by Reservoirs

The relationship between phosphorus retention (R_P) and water residence time (R_T) was assessed for selected U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs and found to be influenced by areal phosphorus loading rate (P_L). For reservoirs with high P_L (>15 gm/m²/yr), R_P increased markedly with modest increases in R_T. Reservoirs with lower values of P_L exhibited less dramatic responses in R_P to changes in R_T. The water quality management implications of this are great since reservoirs for which marked changes in R_P can occur with modest changes in R_T are potential management loci within a drainage basin.     

Mycorrhiza formation and nutrient concentration in leeks (Allium porrum) in relation to previous crop and cover crop management on high P soils

An improved integration of mycorrhizas may increase the sustainability in plant production. Two strategies for increasing the soil inoculum potential of mycorrhizal fungi were investigated in field experiments with leeks: Pre-cropping with mycorrhizal main crops and pre-establishment of mycorrhizal cover crops. Experiments on soils with moderate to high P content (26–50 mg kg^–1 bicarbonate-extractable P) showed that the previous crop influenced mycorrhiza formation, uptake of P, Zn, and Cu, and early growth of leek seedlings. A cover crop of black medic, established the previous autumn, increased the colonization of leek roots by mycorrhizal fungi. During early growth stages, this increase was 45–95% relative to no cover crop. However, cover cropping did not significantly increase nutrient concentration or growth. These variables were not influenced by the time of cover crop incorporation or tillage treatments. Differences in colonization, nutrient uptake and plant growth diminished during the growing period and at the final harvest date, the effects on plant production disappeared. High soil P level or high soil inoculum level was most likely responsible for the limited response of increased mycorrhiza formation on plant growth and nutrient concentrations.     

Isolation,Selection and Characterization of Root-Associated Rock Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Moroccan Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is the most important macronutrient next to nitrogen for the growth and development of plants. But often unavailable for plants because of its high reactivity with many soil constituents. Thus, the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) as biofertilizers seems to be an effective way to resolve the soluble phosphorus availability in soil. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize rock PSB associated with the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from fourteen different wheat-growing sites of Meknes region in Morocco. A total of one hundred ninety-eight (198) rock PSBs were isolated employing NBRIP medium amended with rock phosphate (RP), out of which five strains (A17, A81, B26, B106, and B107) were selected for their strong ability to dissolve RP and were tested in vitro for plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits including production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and antifungal activity, as well as their response to the effect of extrinsic and intrinsic stress. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified these isolates belong to four genera, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Enterobacter. The phosphate solubilization index (SI) of selected isolates ranged between 2.3 and 2.7, and the amount of solubilized phosphorus in the liquid medium varied from 59.1 to 90.2 µg mL^?1. HPLC analysis revealed that all the selected isolates produced multiple organic acids (oxalic, citric, gluconic succinic, and fumaric acids) from glucose under aerobic conditions. Except for the A81 strain, all selected isolates were able to produce IAA ranging between 2.9 and 21.2 µg mL^?1. The isolates A17, B26, and B107 showed the ability to produce siderophores ranging from 79.3 to 20.8% siderophore units. Only two strains (A17 and B26) were able to produce HCN. All selected isolates showed good resistance against different environmental stresses like 10–50?°C temperature, 0.5–2?g L^?1 salt concentration and 4.5–9?pH range, and against different antibiotics. The antagonistic effect showed that among the five selected strains, only two strains (B26 and A17) were able to suppress the growth of tested fungi. This study clearly indicates that our selected rock PSBs can be used as biofertilizers for grain crops after studying their interaction with the host crop and field evaluation.     

古国槐叶片溶磷内生真菌的筛选及其促生潜力初探

该试验从周公庙古国槐叶片内分离、筛选具有溶磷能力的内生真菌,采用溶磷圈法和钼锑抗比色法测定其溶解无机磷的能力,同时测定其回接后对国槐无菌苗叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响,探究内生真菌的溶磷能力及其促生效应。结果表明:(1)从古国槐叶片中分离出的55株内生真菌中,28株具有溶磷能力,其中溶磷能力较强的活性菌株有12株:ZG-7为拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis sp.),ZG-9、ZG-23、ZG-32、ZG-36和ZG-53为镰刀菌(Fusariumsp.),ZG-15和ZG-34为曲霉(Aspergillus sp.),ZG-39和ZG-51为链格孢(Alternariasp.),ZG-42为木霉(Trichoderma sp.),ZG-48为附球菌(Epicoccumsp.)。(2)曲霉属真菌ZG-15和ZG-34的溶磷圈直径(d)及其与菌落直径(D)的比值d/D均高于其他菌株,对Ca_3(PO_4)_2的溶解能力最强(1 238.28和941.22mg·L-1),并极显著高于其他菌株(P0.01)。(3)4株内生真菌ZG-7、ZG-9、ZG-15和ZG-48回接至国槐无菌苗10d后,可从苗根组织的皮层细胞中观察到内生菌丝,其中黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)ZG-15可显著提高国槐无菌苗的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD活性(P0.05),从而维持幼苗的正常生长和提高其抗逆能力,为该试验得到的促生潜力优势内生真菌,可为古国槐的有效保护及林木溶磷生物菌肥的生产提供依据。     

Phosphorus and phosphate solubilizing bacteria: Keys for sustainable agriculture

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important minerals required for plant growth occupying a strong position among soil macro nutrients. Soil P deficiency is often fulfilled by phosphate fertilizers. P deficiency in soils is due to less total P contents in the soil and fixation of added P from chemical fertilizers as well as other organic sources like manures. The response of plant under P stress or even when it is present in adequate amount is very mild. The basic constraint in the availability of P is its solubilization as it gets fixed both in acidic and alkaline soil. Soil fixed P can only be solubilized by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs).These bacteria released different types of organic acids in the soil which make P soluble and available to plants. The potential of these PSMs to solubilize P varies and mainly depends upon mechanism adopted for solubilization, their molecular genetics as well as their ability to release P in soil. The PSMs, having all the characteristics of phytohormone production, nitrogen fixation, as well as, heavy metal decontamination and creating salt stress tolerance in plants, are quite rare for sustainable agriculture. Application of this environment friendly approach for increasing crop productivity as well as its impact on soil and plant health is discussed in this review which will not only open new avenues of research but also provide fruitful information about phosphate solubilizing microbes for sustainable agriculture development.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollutants Removal from Rice Field Drainage with Ecological Agriculture Ditch: A Field Case

Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural drainage can cause a series of water environmental problems such as eutrophication of water bodies and non-point source pollution. By monitoring the water purification effect of a paddy ditch wetland in Gaochun, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, we investigated the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of N and P pollutants in paddy drains during the whole reproductive period of rice. Then, the dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus in time and space during the two processes of rainfall after basal fertilization and topdressing were analyzed after comparison. At last, the effect of the ditch wetland on nutrient purification and treatment mechanism, along with changing flow and concentration in paddy drains, was clarified. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of various nitrogen and phosphorus in the ditch basically reached the peak on the second and third days after the rainfall (5.98 mg/L for TN and 0.21 mg/L for TP), which provided a response time for effective control of nitrogen and phosphorus loss. The drainage can be purified by the ecological ditch, about 89.61%, 89.03%, 89.61%, 98.14%, and 79.05% of TN, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, and TP decline. It is more effective than natural ditches for water purification with 80.59%, 40%, 12.07%, 91.06% and 18.42% removal rates, respectively. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution and improving the water environment of rivers and lakes scientifically.     

Sustainable wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in saline fields: a review

Abstract

A large part of global agricultural fields, including the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ones, are subjected to various stresses including salinity. Given the increasing world population, finding methods and strategies that can alleviate salinity stress on crop yield production is of outmost importance. The presented review has consulted more than 400 articles related to the clean and sustainable production of wheat in saline fields affected by biological, environmental, economical, and social parameters including the important issue of climate change (global warming). The negative effects of salt stress on plant growth and the techniques, which have been so far detected to alleviate salinity stress on wheat growth have been analyzed and presented. The naturally tolerant species of wheat can use a range of mechanisms to alleviate salinity stress including sodium exclusion, potassium retention, and osmoregulation. However, the following can be considered as the most important techniques to enhance wheat tolerance under stress: (1) the biotechnological (crop breeding), biological (soil microbes), and biochemical (seed priming) methods, (2) the use of naturally tolerant genotypes, and (3) their combined use. The proper handling of irrigation water is also an important subject, which must be considered when planting wheat in saline fields. In conclusion, the sustainable and cleaner production of wheat under salt stress is determined by a combination of different parameters including the biotechnological techniques, which if handled properly, can enhance wheat production in saline fields.     

棉花根际解磷菌的解磷能力和分泌有机酸的初步测定

利用特殊培养基对盐碱地棉花根际解磷菌进行了分离以及pH值和分泌有机酸能力的初步测定。利用溶磷圈法筛选出10个解磷能力较高的菌株进行深入研究,其中液体培养条件下测定了菌株的溶磷能力,有效磷在4.04~185.63 mg/L,其中wpL2溶磷量达到185.63 mg/L;测定了培养液pH值,下降到5.12~6.67,但是pH与溶磷量之间没有线性关系,测定了培养液的有机酸含量,菌株溶磷量与有机酸总量没有线性相关性,其中所分离到的解无机磷菌株均可以分泌酒石酸,除此之外,wpc1还分泌乙酸,wpc2和wpL2还分泌柠檬酸;分离到的解有机磷菌株均可分泌乙酸,除此之外,ypL1和ypc2分泌酒石酸,ypL3分泌柠檬酸,ypL2和ypc3分泌柠檬酸和丁二酸,均不能产生苹果酸。     

混交对亚热带针叶树根际土壤氮矿化和微生物特性的影响

混交阔叶树是退化红壤区针叶林改造的重要措施之一,土壤养分供应和转化是评价混交效应的重要参数,但混交后针叶树根际土壤氮矿化特征及其影响因素还不清楚。选取退化红壤区马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb.）纯林、湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelmann）纯林及其补植木荷（Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.）形成的马-木混交林和湿-木混交林为研究对象,采集4种林分下针叶树根际土壤,测定速效养分含量、氮矿化速率、氮水解酶活性和微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量,探究混交对针叶树根际土壤氮供应及微生物特性的影响,分析土壤氮矿化和微生物特性间的相关性。结果表明：混交显著增加了针叶树根际土壤铵态氮,矿质氮和有效磷含量,而对硝态氮影响不显著。根际土壤氮矿化以硝化作用为主,混交后针叶树根际土壤氨化速率降低了27.0%,硝化速率增加了55.4%,而最终净氮矿化速率增加了24.1%。两个树种间,马尾松根际土壤矿质氮含量和净氮矿化速率显著高于湿地松。针叶树根际土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌,总微生物生物量及真菌/细菌比在混交后显著增加,且马尾松根际土壤总微生物和真菌生物量分别比湿地松高18.9%和27.0%。同时,针叶树根际土壤β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性在混交后显著增强,且根际土壤硝化速率和净氮矿化速率与微生物指标和酶活性正相关。总的来说,混交阔叶树显著提高了针叶树根际土壤氮供应,以此应对阔叶树混交后带来的养分竞争压力,而马尾松倾向于积极性的应对策略,通过增加土壤氮矿化以适应外界环境改变。