保护地旅游公路的野生动物通道设计原则与技术参数

保护地以其丰富的生物多样性和优美的自然环境为生态旅游的开展提供了基础条件。近年来, 保护地的生态旅游与旅游道路建设得到了飞速发展。旅游公路的修建, 在促进经济发展的同时, 也带来了野生动物致死、基因隔离、栖息地丧失、生境破碎化等一系列生态问题。因此设立合适的野生动物通道作为一种有效方式, 成为缓解公路对野生动物负面影响的主要途径。本文基于动物通道相关研究, 提出通道设计应遵从针对性、科学性、持续有效性、可行性四条原则, 道路生态学与保护生物学相关理论、保护地管理法规与管理规划、关键物种或类群生态学特性与栖息地现状以及沿线地形地貌特征都应作为通道设置的参考依据; 并从通道建设的数量、位置、类型、尺寸、表面设计、配套设施以及后期监测等方面提出了通道建设的技术参数。为长期有效地发挥野生动物通道的生态功能, 建议制定通道建设技术规范, 细化通道技术参数, 积极开展科研监测, 以缓解道路对野生动物的影响。     

热带雨林公路建设对野生动物的影响及保护研究进展

热带雨林是地球上生物多样性最丰富的陆地生态系统,公路等线性基础设施建设是导致热带雨林生物多样性损失的主要因素之一。公路切割热带雨林地区野生动物栖息地,对野生动物造成致死是最为显著的影响,其次是阻隔野生动物的移动。另外,噪声、灯光和空气污染等造成野生动物回避公路,野生动物的行为特征发生改变,栖息地破碎化导致小种群的出现,当道路密度达到阈值,可能导致种群的非线性降低或损失。在野生动物保护方面,当前国际上主要措施有:合理规划路线;科学设置动物通道;针对道路致死、动物通道、路域动物活动等开展持续性监测与研究;构建多部门、多领域的合作机制,多渠道、多路径加强热带雨林公路建设中野生动物的管理。本研究提出了未来我国热带雨林公路建设野生动物保护研究需重视的4个方面:(1)加强基础研究,开展技术攻关;(2)编制标准规范,更好指导工程建设;(3)多学科团队合作,参与公路建设全过程;(4)加强管理教育,降低人为干扰。     

栖息地破碎化与鸟类生存

栖息地破碎化给野生动物带来的不良后果是全球生态学家和保护生物学家共同关心的问题.自从提出栖息地破碎化是导致生物多样性丧失的关键因素之一的论点后,近20年来,栖息地破碎化研究一直是生态学和保护生物学最活跃的前沿研究领域之一.栖息地破碎化是一动态过程,可在多尺度上发生并蕴涵着复杂的空间模式变化.栖息地破碎化对鸟类的生态学效应主要体现在面积效应、隔离效应和边缘效应等.这些效应影响着鸟类的分布、基因交流、种群动态、扩散行为、种间关系和生活史特征等,最终影响着鸟类的生存.介绍和总结了栖息地破碎化过程、研究的理论依据及栖息地破碎化对鸟类生存产生的诸多影响.     

利用红外相机技术对四川王朗国家级自然保护区野生动物物种多样性的初步调查

本研究以四川王朗国家级自然保护区为研究区域, 利用红外相机对保护区内的主要野生动物进行了初步调查, 分析了该区域的物种多样性现状、相机数量和相机工作日与物种数量间的关系以及物种的相对丰富度。结果表明: 42台红外相机共拍摄到物种独立照片1,793张, 鉴定出野生动物25种, 包括大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)和黄喉雉鹑(Tetraophasis szechenyii) 3种国家一级重点保护野生动物, 黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、中华鬣羚(Capricornis milneedwardsii)、中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)等8种国家二级重点保护野生动物。在相机数量增加到23台的时候拍摄到了本次记录的全部25种野生动物, 并且在单台相机工作日达到180天时, 物种数达到饱和。保护区内物种相对丰富度最高的是血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)(29.28)和毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)(15.78); 大熊猫的相对丰富度为8.09; 红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)、中华鬣羚和黄喉雉鹑的相对丰富度在2-5之间; 中华斑羚、勺鸡(Pucrasia macrolopha)、黑熊、四川羚牛和蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)的相对丰富度最低, 不到1。综上所述, 红外相机能够有效地对野生动物资源进行监测调查, 对于相对丰富度较低的物种需要投入更多的精力, 这些物种的栖息地保护对于自然保护区的发展至关重要。     

道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响

道路网络为大多数景观所共同具有的空间特征,在增进社会财富、方便人们生活的同时。也会产生严重的生态学后果。就道路对陆栖野生动物的生态学影响进行了综述。道路交通导致动物死亡。已成为野生脊椎动物死亡的首要原因;阻碍动物个体在同种种群问的交流以及在互补性资源间的周期性迁移;迫使森林内部种、边缘敏感种主动回避道路栖息地;导致道路区域栖息鸟类繁殖下降;有利于小型物种沿道路边缘扩散,造成生物入侵。道路区域为一种特殊的边缘。对一些边缘物种以及其它被吸引过来的动物来说是一种死亡陷阱。这些影响的综合作用会导致孤立的小种群问题。从而严重威胁到渐危濒危物种的长期存活。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区道路建设和居民地扩张对生境破碎的影响

探究黄土丘陵沟壑区自然与人为因素导致的陆表景观破碎与植被损失,可为贫困山区经济发展与环境保护提供科学依据。基于2018年Google Earth和Landsat OLI光学遥感影像,采用缓冲区分析、叠加分析、景观指数分析等地理空间分析方法,定量描述了道路和居民地建设导致的紫金山地区景观破碎化和植被指数损失。结果表明:(1)研究区沟谷底部坡度低于8°,与两侧坡度相差较大,景观被沟谷切割,直接侵蚀面积占区域总面积的6.19%;(2)2018年紫金山地区道路密度达0.70 km·km^-2,交通便利的同时,刺激了周边居民地的扩张,导致4.01%的区域被道路和居民地直接压占;(3)区内64.87%的面积间接受到人类活动的影响,道路和居民地将景观切割为249个斑块,景观破碎化程度极高,仅有10.44%的斑块适合作为中小型野生动物栖息地;(4)2018年紫金山地区18.09%植被NDVI受沟谷侵蚀和人类活动的共同影响,植被覆盖空间差异性显著。紫金山地区地表景观主要受人类活动的严重干扰,导致野生动物栖息地和植被NDVI受到一定影响。     

我国丹顶鹤栖息地选择研究进展

丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。本研究通过搜集和整理2000至2017年丹顶鹤栖息地选择和生境适宜性相关文献,分析了丹顶鹤在繁殖期、迁徙期、越冬期的栖息地选择,发现丹顶鹤在这三个时期的最偏好生境均为芦苇沼泽或芦苇滩,回避人为干扰较为严重的居民点、道路、盐田等生境。通过梳理丹顶鹤繁殖地、中途停歇地、越冬地的栖息地变化及其原因,发现丹顶鹤栖息地变化是自然因素和人为因素共同驱动的结果,以人为因素为主。本研究希望为科学评价栖息地变化对丹顶鹤野生种群的影响、针对性地开展栖息地保护管理工作、促进丹顶鹤野生种群健康可持续发展提供依据。     

道路生态研究进展

道路广泛分布在各种景观中,其密度和交通量都不断增加,随之带来多方面的生态影响：道路建设导致动植物死亡和生境丧失、物理化学环境变化、路旁植被改变。对动物种群产生的生态影响包括道路致死、道路回避和巢区转移、移动格局改变、障碍作用导致生境和种群的破碎化。道路还强烈地改变景观格局和过程。道路生态影响的定量化测度指数包括道路密度、道路位置和道路影响域,道路生态研究在道路规划和野生动物保护中有很广阔的应用前景,成为生态学的一个重要领域。     

亚洲虎种群恢复的机遇与挑战

虎(Panthera tigris)作为顶级捕食者, 对维持森林生态系统服务和结构完整性有着重要作用, 是研究和保护工作的旗舰物种。历史上, 虎曾广泛分布于亚洲大部分地区, 如今仅分布于南亚、东南亚和东北亚的破碎化栖息地, 各区域种群处于濒危或极度濒危状态。准确了解野生虎的种群状态和生态需求信息对于科学开展保护和恢复工作至关重要。本文通过综述近几十年的研究文献, 总结了野生虎种群现状和主要威胁因素, 评价了已有研究的重点与不足, 为未来亚洲虎种群的研究和保护提出了建议。目前与虎相关的研究主要集中在分布范围最广的孟加拉虎(P. t. tigris)和东北虎(P. t. altaica) 2个亚种, 而最急需关注的其他亚种仍研究不足。经过近十几年的努力和保护投入, 目前野生虎种群数量已从2010年的大约3,200只恢复到现在约4,500只, 但在越南、柬埔寨和老挝3个国家已经灭绝。虎面临的主要威胁包括持续的栖息地破坏和隔离、猎物缺乏、近交衰退、人虎冲突、贸易与盗猎和疾病威胁等。未来的研究和保护工作需要加强种群和栖息地连通性恢复、个体重引入、疾病管控以及加强跨境合作和反盗猎等。     

四川山鹧鸪栖息地破碎化及保护管理状况分析

四川山鹧鸪Arborophila rufipectus是我国特有珍稀鸟类,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,世界自然保护联盟濒危物种。应用3S技术制作其栖息地分布和保护区位置图层,并对栖息地破碎化情况和受保护状况进行分析。结果表明,无论现实栖息地还是潜在栖息地,破碎化程度都高;部分栖息地斑块相互邻接,具备连通的可能性;分布区内初步形成的保护区网络还需完善。文末提出了景观保护的建议。     

Epidemiology of root caries

Many epidemiological studies have been conducted on a variety of populations. Unfortunately, comparison of the prevalence data, and to a lesser degree of the incidence data, between the various studies is of little use due to the lack of standardised diagnostic criteria, reporting methods and population diversity. In the few incidence studies which have been conducted around 30–40% of people developed root caries, although many adults in the population appear to have been affected by root caries. Many risk factors associated with the occurrence of root caries have been identified and these include oral, medical, mental, behavioural and psychosocial conditions.     

Molecular phylogeny of glacial relict species: a case of freshwater Valvatidae molluscs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in North and East Asia

The study of glacial relict species has been focused on understanding how the biogeographic patterns of species have developed. A number of studies using phylogenetic and population genetics approaches have been conducted for terrestrial glacial relict species, and the mechanisms of their formation have been elucidated. On the other hand, less focus has been placed on glacial relict species inhabiting freshwater systems. In particular, stable lakes can serve as refugia during a glacial period, but research studies on freshwater relict species inhabiting lakes have not been well conducted. In order to clarify the mechanism of the glacial relict species in freshwater, we conducted a molecular phylogeny analysis, divergence time estimation, and a biogeographic reconstruction on freshwater Valvatidae molluscs, which have been considered as a glacial relict in the Japanese Archipelago. Our study shows that the valvatid fauna in the Japanese Archipelago was produced by multiple dispersal events from the Asian continent and by vicariance events during the period of the Pliocene–Quaternary glaciation. It includes multiple relict species that survived interglacial periods in different lakes. These findings suggest that the lakes can serve as refugia not only during glacial periods, but also during interglacial periods.     

Elucidation of Regional Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissues Based on Cell Density

Research on the mechanical properties of brain tissue has received extensive attention.However,most of the current studies have been conducted at the phenomenol...     

Psychological and social well-being of bony fishes in zoos and aquariums

Research on the behavior of animals in zoos has been conducted for decades and observations have provided information that has improved the psychological and social well-being of animals. However, research on fishes in zoos and aquariums seems to be lacking. Here we assess the current state of research on fishes in zoos and aquariums by surveying peer-reviewed literature. Our assessment differs from previous surveys in that we examine the taxonomic classes Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays) and Osteichthyes (bony fishes) separately. Our survey finds that bony fishes have been drastically underrepresented in zoo journals, more so than chondrichthyans, revealing an urgent need for zoos and aquariums to conduct research on the behavior of the bony fishes in their care, to ensure a positive state of psychological and social well-being. To plot a course for the future, we discuss the few studies that have been conducted on the behavior of bony fishes in zoos and aquariums, and we discuss research conducted on bony fishes in food-fish aquaculture and biomedicine to identify the types of studies that could be conducted in zoos and aquariums. We conclude that data-driven analyses of fish behavior could aid in development of evidence-based practices that enhance the well-being of bony fishes in zoos and aquariums, just as they already do for terrestrial animals.     

Effects of RF exposure of teenagers and adults by CDMA cellular phones

Many cellular phone provocation studies have been conducted since the question of increased health risk from extended usage of cellular phones became a social issue. Internationally, most studies have been conducted regarding the effects of GSM cellular phones on blood pressure and heart rate of adult volunteers. On the other hand, very few provocation studies have been conducted regarding the physiological effects of CDMA phones on teenagers. In this study, two volunteer groups consisting of 21 teenagers and 21 adults were exposed to 300 mW of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field emitted by a CDMA cellular phone for half an hour. Physiological parameters such as systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, respiration rate, and skin resistance were simultaneously measured. All the parameters for both groups were unaffected during the exposure except for decreased skin resistance of the teenager group (P < .0001). For the regrouped 23 male and 19 female subjects, all the parameters for both groups were unaffected during the exposure except for decreased skin resistance of the male subjects (P = .0026). Those resistances at 10 min after the terminated exposure returned to the resistances at rest regardless of the different groups of age and sex.     

Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain

We review the early development of metapopulation ideas, which culminated in the well-known model by Levins in 1969. We present a survey of metapopulation terminology and outline the kinds of studies that have been conducted on single-species and multispecies metapopulations. Metapopulation studies have important conceptual links with the equilibrium theory of island biogeography and with studies on the dynamics of species living in patchy environments. Metapopulation ideas play an increasingly important role in landscape ecology and conservation biology.     

Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis and autophagy via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry - Fluorosis and bone pathologies can be caused by chronic and/or excessive fluoride intake. Despite this, few studies have been conducted on the cellular...     

Clinical impact of overactive bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a medical condition with the symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency, with or without urge incontinence. Traditionally, epidemiologic studies have focused on the symptom of incontinence, and therefore the prevalence and clinical impact have been grossly underestimated. Recently, several population-based studies have been conducted that have provided insight into the true magnitude of OAB. This article will review the latest data on the prevalence of OAB and discuss the impact of the condition on quality of life. Furthermore, it will examine some of the comorbidities associated with OAB and look at the potential economic impact of OAB.     

Herbs in exercise and sports

ABSTRACT: The use of herbs as ergogenic aids in exercise and sport is not novel. Ginseng, caffeine, ma huang (also called 'Chinese ephedra'), ephedrine and a combination of both caffeine and ephedrine are the most popular herbs used in exercise and sports. It is believed that these herbs have an ergogenic effect and thus help to improve physical performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of these herbs on exercise performance. Recently, researchers have also investigated the effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack on endurance cycling and running performance. These investigators have reported no significant improvement in either cycling or running endurance after supplementation with this herb. As the number of studies in this area is still small, more studies should be conducted to evaluate and substantiate the effects of this herb on sports and exercise performance. For instance, future research on any herbs should take the following factors into consideration: dosage, supplementation period and a larger sample size.     

Genetics of aging bone

With aging, the skeleton experiences a number of changes, which include reductions in mass and changes in matrix composition, leading to fragility and ultimately an increase of fracture risk. A number of aspects of bone physiology are controlled by genetic factors, including peak bone mass, bone shape, and composition; however, forward genetic studies in humans have largely concentrated on clinically available measures such as bone mineral density (BMD). Forward genetic studies in rodents have also heavily focused on BMD; however, investigations of direct measures of bone strength, size, and shape have also been conducted. Overwhelmingly, these studies of the genetics of bone strength have identified loci that modulate strength via influencing bone size, and may not impact the matrix material properties of bone. Many of the rodent forward genetic studies lacked sufficient mapping resolution for candidate gene identification; however, newer studies using genetic mapping populations such as Advanced Intercrosses and the Collaborative Cross appear to have overcome this issue and show promise for future studies. The majority of the genetic mapping studies conducted to date have focused on younger animals and thus an understanding of the genetic control of age-related bone loss represents a key gap in knowledge.