植物性染色体进化及性别决定基因研究进展

植物性染色体起源于1对常染色体, 其在不同雌雄异株植物中多次起源并独立演变, 是研究性染色体起源和进化机制的理想材料。过去的研究在一定程度上阐明了植物性染色体的起源和演化动力; 且性染色体遗传退化、性别决定基因以及剂量补偿效应正逐渐成为研究的热点。近年来, 关于植物性染色体进化及性别决定基因的研究取得了一些重要进展。该文综述了植物性染色体的起源、进化、遗传退化、剂量补偿效应以及性别决定基因等, 并对植物性染色体进化研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

植物性别决定的研究进展

通过回顾近年来以多种植物为材料进行的性染色体观察,性别决定基因及调控方式的研究,对植物性别决定的机制进行了初步探讨,从而可以看出不同植物具有不同的性别决定机制：对于有性染色体的植物而言,目前已经从Y染色体上分离和鉴定了许多与雄性发育紧密相关的基因;部分性别决定基因和调控序列已利用构建减法文库,诱导突变体等方法从一些植物中获得。此外,还有研究表明,DNA脱甲基化,以及某些激素(如赤霉素、乙烯、Ace)都对植物的性别决定有重要作用。     

雌雄异株植物性别决定相关功能基因研究进展

雌雄异株植物是植物性别决定机制及演化的重要研究材料,通过分子生物学技术分离性别决定的相关基因是揭示雌雄异株植物性别决定的关键问题之一。近10年来已经分离到了多个性染色体连锁的基因DD44X/Y、SLX/Y3、SLX/Y4、MROS3、SLZPT2-1、SLZPT4-1。尽管这些基因都存在于性染色体上,但是对其功能分析发现这些基因并不是性别决定的关键基因,而是性别决定控制系统中的成员之一。另外MADS-box基因也和性别特征器官的建成有关。本文对这些基因的结构及在性别决定中的功能研究进行综述和分析,并对可能的新的研究方向进行评价。     

雌雄异株植物性别决定相关功能基因研究进展

雌雄异株植物是植物性别决定机制及演化的重要研究材料,通过分子生物学技术分离性别决定的相关基因是揭示雌雄异株植物性别决定的关键问题之一.近10年来已经分离到了多个性染色体连锁的基因DD44X/Y、SlX/Y3、SlX/Y4、MROS3、SLZPT2-1、SLZPT4-1.尽管这些基因都存在于性染色体上,但是对其功能分析发现这些基因并不是性别决定的关键基因,而是性别决定控制系统中的成员之一.另外MADS-box基因也和性别特征器官的建成有关.本文对这些基因的结构及在性别决定中的功能研究进行综述和分析,并对可能的新的研究方向进行评价.     

早期胚胎的发育选择:性别决定

性别决定是一个复杂的发育调控过程, 早期胚胎发育过程中, 雌雄二者必居其一的发育选择是胚胎性腺形成必须的发育决定。文章综述了动物性别决定的遗传系统、性腺发生、性别决定关键基因及其作用机制, 从分子进化的角度分析了性染色体与性别决定形成机制, 提示性别决定基因在进化中总是趋向异配性染色体。     

木本植物性别决定基因研究进展

雌雄异株植物是研究性别决定遗传机制及性染色体起源与进化的理想材料,而克隆性别决定基因是解析性别决定遗传机制的关键。木本植物中有丰富的雌雄异株植物,且包括2种相反的性别决定系统：XY型(雌株为同配型的XX,雄株为异配型的XY)和ZW型(雌株为异配型的ZW,雄株为同配型的ZZ)。此外,不同性别植株的经济价值也有所不同。在木...     

两栖动物的性别决定和分化

性别发育是进化生物学领域备受关注的研究热点之一。性别发育主要包括性别决定和性别分化,脊椎动物的性别决定主要分为基因性别决定和环境性别决定两种模式。两栖动物的性别决定属于基因型性别决定模式,其基因型性别由受精时两性配子的性染色体决定,但性腺分化所产生的表型性别还会受环境温度和性激素的修饰。在两栖动物中性别逆转的现象普遍存在,其相关的生理和分子机制也有一定的研究。本文从性别相关基因对性别决定的影响、温度对两栖动物性别分化的影响、性激素对两栖动物性别分化的影响、温度和性激素对性别相关基因表达的影响等四方面对两栖动物性别决定和性别分化的生理和分子机制进行一定的概述,并提出了未来两栖动物性别发育研究的重点。     

两栖动物性染色体的多样性及其进化机制的研究进展

两栖动物性别决定类型和性染色体具有多样性的特点。在已发现异形性染色体两栖动物中,大部分物种Y或W染色体大于其对应的X或Z染色体,少数物种具有高度分化的Y或W染色体。同时两栖动物类群内基因组大小差异大,性染色体间分子水平上也存在差异。高频转换、偶然重组和染色体重排可能是两栖动物性染色体进化过程中的关键机制。本综述通过对两栖动物性染色体进化的深入探讨,揭示其遗传性别决定的机理,有助于对两栖动物性别人工调控的进一步探索。     

植物的性、性染色体及性别决定

高等植物的性别表型具多态性,这与植物性别决定的遗传基础有关,高等植的性别与性别决定基因,性染色体及常染色体有关,其性别决定系统有性别决定基因决定性别、性染色体决定性别及X染色体与常染色体间的基因平衡决定性别等多种方式。     

哺乳动物性别决定及其机制的研究

哺乳动物的性别决定与性别分化是在以SRY基因为主,SOX基因、DAX-1等众多基因的参与下实现的。哺乳动物性别决定的研究涉及到三个方面的内容:性别决定机制、性别决定进化和物种间性别决定差异。性别决定的进化和物种间性别决定的差异对性别决定机制的研究提供了重要的线索。     

Sex ratio and gender stability in the dioecious plants of Israel

The hypothesis that in dioecious plants genders are usually stable and that the sex ratio is 1:l was tested in the dioecious species of Israel. The flora of Israel comprises some 2500 wild species, among which 43 are dioecious, one gynodioecious and one androdioecious. Forty-one out of these 45 species were examined during 1995-97. These species were examined in 120 populations comprising 7019 individuals, at 81 different localities. The majority of the species (33/41) manifested the expected 1:1 sex ratio. Of the eight species deviating from this ratio, a significant bias was repeatedly scored in five of them. Three other species of the willow family manifested sometimes strongly biased sex ratios or even monomorphic (unisexual) stands, apparently as a result of extensive vegetative cloning. The stability of the male and female morphs was also examined in the 41 species. Only eight individuals (from seven species) out of the 7019 individuals surveyed (0.1%) were found to be bisexual. In addition, in 27 populations belonging to 17 species, 909 males were tagged and revisited in fruiting time, and only three of them (0.3%) were found to set fruits. In addition not a single case of gender reversal between seasons was found. The field survey suggests that in dioecious plants sex determination and expression are usually effectively maintained. The very slight deviations from the 1:1 sex ratio and from the distinct male and female morphs suggest that sexual dimorphism in dioecious plants is usually stabile.     

Evolutionary transitions between mechanisms of sex determination in vertebrates

Sex in many organisms is a dichotomous phenotype--individuals are either male or female. The molecular pathways underlying sex determination are governed by the genetic contribution of parents to the zygote, the environment in which the zygote develops or interaction of the two, depending on the species. Systems in which multiple interacting influences or a continuously varying influence (such as temperature) determines a dichotomous outcome have at least one threshold. We show that when sex is viewed as a threshold trait, evolution in that threshold can permit novel transitions between genotypic and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and remarkably, between male (XX/XY) and female (ZZ/ZW) heterogamety. Transitions are possible without substantive genotypic innovation of novel sex-determining mutations or transpositions, so that the master sex gene and sex chromosome pair can be retained in ZW-XY transitions. We also show that evolution in the threshold can explain all observed patterns in vertebrate TSD, when coupled with evolution in embryonic survivorship limits.     

Environmental sex reversal,Trojan sex genes,and sex ratio adjustment: conditions and population consequences

The great diversity of sex determination mechanisms in animals and plants ranges from genetic sex determination (GSD, e.g. mammals, birds, and most dioecious plants) to environmental sex determination (ESD, e.g. many reptiles) and includes a mixture of both, for example when an individual’s genetically determined sex is environmentally reversed during ontogeny (ESR, environmental sex reversal, e.g. many fish and amphibia). ESD and ESR can lead to widely varying and unstable population sex ratios. Populations exposed to conditions such as endocrine‐active substances or temperature shifts may decline over time due to skewed sex ratios, a scenario that may become increasingly relevant with greater anthropogenic interference on watercourses. Continuous exposure of populations to factors causing ESR could lead to the extinction of genetic sex factors and may render a population dependent on the environmental factors that induce the sex change. However, ESR also presents opportunities for population management, especially if the Y or W chromosome is not, or not severely, degenerated. This seems to be the case in many amphibians and fish. Population growth or decline in such species can potentially be controlled through the introduction of so‐called Trojan sex genes carriers, individuals that possess sex chromosomes or genes opposite from what their phenotype predicts. Here, we review the conditions for ESR, its prevalence in natural populations, the resulting physiological and reproductive consequences, and how these may become instrumental for population management.     

A field survey of dioecious plants in Israel: sex ratio in seven rare species

Sex ratio was tested in seven rare dioecious species in Israel. This was in order to complete a previously published sex ratio survey of the other 41 dioecious species in Israel, and to examine further the hypothesis that sex ratio in natural populations is usually 1:1. One population was tested in each of five rare wild species. In addition, one rare feral population was tested in each of two non-native, naturalized tree species. Sex ratio in all seven species tested was not different from the expected 1:1. These results strengthen the suggestion that in natural populations of dioecious plants sex ratio is usually 1:1.     

Family affiliation,sex ratio and sporophyte frequency in unisexual mosses

Patterns of sex expression and sex ratios are key features of the life histories of organisms. Bryophytes are the only haploid‐dominant land plants. In contrast with seed plants, more than half of bryophyte species are dioecious, with rare sexual expression and sporophyte formation and a commonly female‐biased sex ratio. We asked whether variation in sex expression, sex ratio and sporophyte frequency in ten dioecious pleurocarpous wetland mosses of two different families was best explained by assuming that character states evolved: (1) in ancestors within the respective families or (2) at the species level as a response to recent habitat conditions. Lasso regression shrinkage identified relationships between family membership and sex ratio and sporophyte frequency, whereas environmental conditions were not correlated with any investigated reproductive trait. Sex ratio and sporophyte frequency were correlated with each other. Our results suggest that ancestry is more important than the current environment in explaining reproductive patterns at and above the species level in the studied wetland mosses, and that mechanisms controlling sex ratio and sporophyte frequency are phylogenetically conserved. Obviously, ancestry should be considered in the study of reproductive character state variation in plants. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 163–172.     

Low temperature has opposite effects on sex determination in a marine fish at the larval/postlarval and juvenile stages

Temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) can be observed in multiple reptile and fish species. It is adaptive when varying environmental conditions advantage either males or females. A good knowledge of the thermosensitive period is key to understand how environmental changes may lead to changes in population sex ratio. Here, by manipulating temperature during development, we confirm that cold temperature (16°C) increases the proportion of fish that develop as females in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) until 56 days posthatching, but show that it has an opposite effect at later stages, with the proportion of males reaching ~90% after 230 days at 16°C. This is the first observation of opposite effects of temperature at different time periods on the sex ratio of a vertebrate. Our results highlight the potential complexity of environmental effects on sex determination.     

天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂的研究与应用

由于目前所拥有的各种天牛防治方法都难以获得理想的防治效果,研发新型天牛控制技术势在必行。其中利用引诱剂是最具潜力的研究领域之一。对天牛的性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂3个方面的研究及应用作了综述。天牛雌、雄成虫均可释放性信息素进行两性间的通讯联系。天牛性信息素的分泌部位因天牛种类不同而存在着差异。雄、雌成虫触角上均有感受性信息素的感受器,但报道较多的是雄虫感受器。迄今已鉴定出13种天牛性信息素的化学结构。一般而言,天牛成虫的嗜食树种,对天牛具有较强的引诱作用,可作为诱饵树种使用。寄主植物的某些挥发性物质对天牛成虫也有独特的引诱效果。除此之外,对天牛性信息素、引诱植物和植物性引诱剂研究与应用中存在的困难也进行了讨论,并对它们的应用前景做了展望。     

对蜜蜂性别决定和蜂王级型确立理论的新诠释

从全新视角概貌性解读蜜蜂Apis诸多生殖机制,依据的就是蜂王或产卵工蜂的卵子发生、性别决定假说、性位点研究以及蜂王级型确立机制。这种不同于单倍-二倍性性别决定机制的新诠释,适用于明确性别决定机制、简化定向育种方法、减少比较性实验的难度和时间、实施亲子鉴定和抽象并量化种群的概念。