紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.在中国入侵分布预测

原产于墨西哥的紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.作为一个有害的外来物种在印度、新西兰和澳大利亚生长已有很长时间。在中国,尤其是在南方和西南地区其蔓延速度之快,带来了不可忽视的经济和社会后果。我们采用了生态位模拟新方法来预测紫茎泽兰可能入侵的范围。据此,预测的潜在分布区包括该植物在中国境内已分布的省份及未来华中、华东易受入侵的区域。     

不同铅水平下紫茎泽兰细胞内铅的分布和化学形态的分析

该研究运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了重金属铅在紫茎泽兰亚细胞内的分布和主要化学形态。结果表明:随着Pb浓度的升高,紫茎泽兰的叶、根、茎中各亚细胞组分Pb含量逐渐增加;紫茎泽兰中的Pb在叶片分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,两者占总量的75.34%~84.63%;茎也主要分布于可溶性部分和细胞壁中,占总量的36.10%~57.14%和20.07%~36.52%;而在根中则富集于细胞壁和可溶性部分,分别占39.2%~49.78%和28.27%~37.62%,其他细胞器中的Pb含量均较少。紫茎泽兰叶中的Pb以盐酸提取态和水提取态为主,两者占总量的58.74%~73.04%;茎中的Pb以醋酸提取态和氯化钠提取态为主;而根中的Pb则以醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态占优势,两者占总量的39.15%~52.91%。     

基于GARP模型的紫茎泽兰空间分布预测——以云南纵向岭谷为例

紫茎泽兰入侵会挤占其他物种的生存空间,降低生物多样性和生态系统生产力带来诸多负面生态效应。尽早了解其入侵区域及其潜在扩散区域,对于合理估测其危害并采取正确的应对措施具有重要意义。利用云南纵向岭谷区紫茎泽兰的分布及其环境因：数据,通过GARP模型预测了紫茎泽兰的潜在入侵区域。结果表明：（1）研究区的南部是：茎泽兰最主要的适生区域,除个别地点外,基于GARP的紫茎泽兰适宜分布指数绝大部分在0．5以上;研究区的北部由于地势高和气温低,除一些河谷地段外,紫茎泽兰生长的适宜度较小,适宜分布指数一般在0．5以下。（2）人工神经网络模拟结果与GARP模型基本一致,表现出南部显著高于北部的空间分布特征,在南部的一些局部高山地区,也不适宜紫;泽兰生长和分布。北部地区除一些河流的谷底由于海拔较低,适宜紫茎泽兰生长外,大部分生境不适宜紫荆泽兰生长。     

入侵植物紫茎泽兰对西南山地民族传统农业文化生态的危害调查研究

以一个彝族村寨为个案, 探讨了紫茎泽兰对西南民族传统农业文化生态的危害, 认为紫茎泽兰已危害到了传统农业文化生态系统中的种植、畜牧、养殖、采集、狩猎、经济林木等方面的结构和数量, 进而使当地传统农业文化生态全方位解构。     

基于Maxent生态位模型的互花米草在我国沿海的潜在分布

以分布在我国沿海滩涂的96个互花米草分布记录点及覆盖东部沿海区域的海洋环境数据和气候环境数据为材料,利用Maxent生态位模型,研究外来物种互花米草在我国沿海的潜在分布情况.结果表明:互花米草适宜分布区占我国沿海区域的85%,其中高度适宜分布区占18%,中度适宜分布区占34%,低度适宜分布区占33%,不适宜分布区仅为15%.互花米草在我国沿海的地理分布主要受到年均最低海水温度、年均海水温度、年平均气温和1月最低气温4个环境因素的影响,而年均降水量、年均日较差、海水盐度、最高海水温度、7月最高气温及海流速度对互花米草地理分布的影响较小.互花米草高度适宜分布区的最低海水温度为0.62~24.81℃,平均海水温度为10.46~27.29℃,年均气温为9~25℃,1月最低气温为-13.5~16.7℃.互花米草地理分布概率在我国北部沿海区域达到20%以上,互花米草存在向我国北部进一步入侵的趋势,特别是在渤海湾地区,互花米草入侵潜力较大.互花米草在我国不适宜分布区主要集中在海南中部和南部海岸,以及台湾省大部分区域,依据当前我国分布记录及气候数据,这些区域互花米草入侵风险较小,但不排除未来入侵的可能性.     

采用生态位模型预测黄顶菊在中国的潜在适生区

选取32个环境地理变量,结合黄顶菊在中国的分布记录,运用GARP、Maxent、ENFA、Bioclim和Domain5种生态位模型,模拟黄顶菊在中国的潜在适生分布区域,并利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)比较不同模型模拟精度.结果表明:Maxent模型的模拟精度最好.采用Maxent模型进行模拟,黄顶菊在我国有7.5%的适生面积,河北中南部、北京、天津、河南、山东、安徽和江苏具有高度潜在入侵风险.     

基于MaxEnt模型的川西高原松茸气候生态适宜性与潜在分布

通过野外实地调查,结合文献中松茸分布数据,采用生态位因子分析和最大熵模型对川西高原松茸的分布规律及适生区范围进行模拟和验证,分析气候因子与动态分布之间的关系,预测未来松茸适生区的变化.结果表明:模型训练集和验证集曲线下面积(AUC)值均＞0.90,模型预测结果极准确.影响松茸潜在分布的环境变量主要有最冷月最低温度、最冷...     

提高生态位模型转移能力来模拟入侵物种 的潜在分布

生态位模型利用物种分布点所关联的环境变量去推算物种的生态需求, 模拟物种的分布。在模拟入侵物种分布时, 经典生态位模型包括模型构建于物种本土分布地, 然后将其转移并投射至另一地理区域, 来模拟入侵物种的潜在分布。然而在模型运用时, 出现了模型的转移能力较低、模拟的结果与物种的实际分布不相符的情况, 由此得出了生态位漂移等不恰当的结论。提高生态位模型的转移能力, 可以准确地模拟入侵物种的潜在分布, 为入侵种的风险评估提供参考。作者以入侵种茶翅蝽(Halyomorpha halys)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为例, 从模型的构建材料(即物种分布点和环境变量)入手, 全面阐述提高模型转移能力的策略。在构建模型之前, 需要充分了解入侵物种的生物学特性、种群平衡状态、本土地理分布范围及物种的生物历史地理等方面的知识。在模型构建环节上, 物种分布点不仅要充分覆盖物种的地理分布和生态空间的范围, 同时要降低物种采样点偏差; 环境变量的选择要充分考虑其对物种分布的限制作用、各环境变量之间的空间相关性, 以及不同地理种群间生态空间是否一致, 同时要降低环境变量的空间维度; 模型构建区域要真实地反映物种的地理分布范围, 并考虑种群的平衡状态。作者认为, 在生态位保守的前提下, 如果模型是构建在一个合理方案的基础上, 生态位模型的转移能力是可以保证的, 在以模型转移能力较低的现象来阐述生态位分化时需要引起注意。     

利用GARP生态位模型预测桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)在中国的适生区域

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是一种多食性害虫,明确其可能适生的区域对该虫的科学监测及防治意义重大。利用桔小实蝇在我国的已知分布点数据和亚洲地区的14个环境地理变量图层,运用GARP生态位模型结合GIS空间分析模块预测了该虫在亚洲的地理分布。结果表明桔小实蝇可分布在中国、日本、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国北部、越南、柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国和斯里兰卡,这与EPPO报道的分布区域一致。将拟合过程中获得的生态位运算法则投影到我国,并考虑模型间的一致性,预测桔小实蝇在我国各省及市县范围的分布:云南大部、四川南部和东部、贵州大部、重庆大部、广西、广东、台湾、香港、澳门、海南、福建、江西、浙江大部、湖南大部、湖北大部、上海、江苏南部、河南局部及安徽部分地区为桔小实蝇的适生区。次适生区沿适生区周围分布,为四川、贵州、重庆、湖北北部、河南南部和江苏南部的一些零星地区。适生区和次适生区大多有较高密度的寄主果树,为桔小实蝇的生存提供了条件。预测结果经独立验证数据的适合性测验表明,选择的最优模型具有显著的统计学意义,显示了很好的预测能力。GARP生态位模型可以解决生态学、生物地理学和环境保护方面的一系列问题,具有广泛的应用前景,为物种已知基础分布点资料的综合分析以及有害生物的适生性分析、监测和防治提供了技术平台。     

生态位模型的基本原理及其在生物多样性保护中的应用

生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布数据和相关环境变量,根据一定的算法来推算物种的生态需求,然后将运算结果投射至不同的空间和时间中来预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布.近年来,该类模型被越来越多地应用在入侵生物学、保护生物学、全球气候变化对物种分布影响以及传染病空间传播的研究中.然而,由于生态位模型的理论基础未被深入理解,导致得出入侵物种生态位迁移等不符合实际的结论.作者从生态位与物种分布的关系、生态位模型构建的基本原理以及生态位模型和生态位的关系等方面探讨了生态位模型的理论基础.非生物的气候因素、物种间的相互作用和物种的迁移能力是影响物种分布的3个主要因素,它们在不同的空间尺度下作用于物种的分布.生态位模型是利用物种分布点所关联的环境变量来模拟物种的分布,这些分布点本身关联着该物种和其他物种间的相互作用,因此生态位模型所模拟的是现实生态位(realized niche)或潜在生态位(potential niche),而不是基础生态位(fundamental niche).Grinnell生态位和Elton生态位均在生态位模型中得到反映,这取决于环境变量类型的选择、所采用环境变量的分辨率以及物种自身的迁移能力.生态位模型在生物多样性保护中的应用主要包括物种的生态需求分析、未知物种或种群的探索和发现、自然保护区的选择和设计、物种入侵风险评价、气候变化对物种分布的影响、近缘物种生态位保守性及基于生态位分化的物种界定等方面.     

Predicting the potential global distribution of Ageratina adenophora under current and future climate change scenarios

AimInvasive alien species (IAS) threaten ecosystems and humans worldwide, and future climate change may accelerate the expansion of IAS. Predicting the suitable areas of IAS can prevent their further expansion. Ageratina adenophora is an invasive weed over 30 countries in tropical and subtropical regions. However, the potential suitable areas of A. adenophora remain unclear along with its response to climate change. This study explored and mapped the current and future potential suitable areas of Ageratina adenophora.LocationGlobal.TaxaAsteraceae A. adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Commonly known as Crofton weed.MethodsBased on A. adenophora occurrence data and climate data, we predicted its suitable areas of this weed under current and future (four RCPs in 2050 and 2070) by MaxEnt model. We used ArcGIS 10.4 to explore the potential suitable area distribution characteristics of this weed and the “ecospat” package in R to analyze its altitudinal distribution changes.ResultsThe area under the curve (AUC) value (>0.9) and true skill statistics (TSS) value (>0.8) indicated excelled model performance. Among environment factors, mean temperature of coldest quarter contributed most to the model. Globally, the suitable areas for A. adenophora invasion decreased under climate change scenarios, although regional increases were observed, including in six biodiversity hotspot regions. The potential suitable areas of A. adenophora under climate change would expand in regions with higher elevation (3,000–3,500 m).Main conclusionsMean temperature of coldest quarter was the most important variable influencing the potential suitable area of A. Adenophora. Under the background of a warming climate, the potential suitable area of A. adenophora will shrink globally but increase in six biodiversity hotspot regions. The potential suitable area of A. adenophora would expand at higher elevation (3,000–3,500 m) under climate change. Mountain ecosystems are of special concern as they are rich in biodiversity and sensitive to climate change, and increasing human activities provide more opportunities for IAS invasion.     

氮肥和种植密度对紫茎泽兰生长和竞争的影响

紫茎泽兰（Ageratina adenophora）是我国西南热带亚热带地区危害最严重的外来入侵植物之一。本研究在野外设置不同氮肥供给水平和种植密度下的紫茎泽兰、拔毒散（Sida szechuensis）、伏生臂形草（Brachiaria decumbens）和非洲狗尾草（Setaria anceps）的单种和紫茎泽兰与其他3种植物混种的人工群落,从植被-土壤相互作用的角度分析紫茎泽兰的入侵机制。结果表明：单种时4种受试植物均表现了对氮营养的响应,随氮肥水平的升高,根冠比降低,比叶面积升高;通过比较总生物量增幅,氮响应能力非洲狗尾草>伏生臂形草>紫茎泽兰>拔毒散。混种时受试植物与紫茎泽兰的生物量比和株高也表明非洲狗尾草的竞争能力>伏生臂形草>紫茎泽兰>拔毒散;与拔毒散混种的紫茎泽兰以及与 紫茎泽兰混种的伏生臂形草和非洲狗尾草的种内竞争随种植密度的增大而增大,导致种间竞争能力下降,在高种植密度下对混种物种的抑制作用减弱。紫茎泽兰在氮响应能力、竞争能力和表型可塑性方面均强于本地种,可能与其入侵机制有关;牧草的氮响应能力和竞争能力强于紫茎泽兰,其中非洲狗尾草又强于伏生臂形草,可能更适宜于入侵地的替代控制。     

入侵物种飞机草和紫茎泽兰的核型研究

报道了菊科（Asteraceae）原泽兰属（Eupatorium）2种植物的核型,飞机草(Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King &; H. Robinson）2n=60,核型公式为2n=60=32 m+28 sm,核型属于“2A”型,紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) R. King &; H. Robinson）2n=51,核型公式为2n=51=30 m+21 sm,核型属于“2B”型。飞机草的染色体数目变化较大,紫茎泽兰染色体数目较稳定。紫茎泽兰不能产生正常的花粉。飞机草有性生殖产生的种子发芽率低,紫茎泽兰无融合生殖产生的种子发芽率高,但2种植物入侵能力都很强,种子数量与2种植物的入侵性关系不大。     

Lack of local adaptation of invasive crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) in different climatic areas of Yunnan Province,China

Aims Crofton weed, with a subtropical origin, has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in Southwest China. We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the successful invasion of crofton weed in heterogeneous environments.Methods Five populations from different habitats with an altitude ranging from 678 to 2356 m were selected. Plant height, biomass, seed yield and seed germination capability of these populations were investigated in the field. Greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments with the five populations were conducted, and all the above characters were measured and compared among these populations.Important findings Plant height, biomass, seed yield and seed germination rate were each significantly different among the five populations in field. However, there was no difference among these populations in the greenhouse experiment. In the reciprocal transplant experiment, plants from the five populations responded similarly to different habitats in the field, indicating lack of local adaptation. Instead, phenotypic plasticity likely plays a key role in the invasion success of crofton weed in different habitats.     

Evidence of the niche expansion of crofton weed following invasion in China

Niche dynamics of invasive alien plants (IAPs) play pivotal roles in biological invasion. Ageratina adenophora—one of the most aggressive IAPs in China and some parts of the world—poses severe ecological and socioeconomic threats. However, the spatiotemporal niche dynamics of A. adenophora in China remain unknown, which we aimed to elucidate in the present study. China, Mexico; using a unifying framework, we reconstructed the climate niche dynamics of A. adenophora and applied the optimal MaxEnt model to predict its potential geographical distribution in China. Furthermore, we compared the heterogeneity of A. adenophora niche between Mexico (native) and China (invasive). We observed a low niche overlap between Mexico (native) and China (invasive). Specifically, the niche of A. adenophora in China has distinctly expanded compared to that in Mexico, enhancing the invasion risk of this IAP in the former country. In fact, the climatic niche of A. adenophora in Mexico is a subset of that in China. The potential geographical distribution of A. adenophora is concentrated in the tropical and subtropical zones of Southwest China, and its geographical distribution pattern in China is shaped by the combination of precipitation and temperature variables. The niche dynamics of A. adenophora follow the hypothesis of niche shift and conservatism. The present work provides a unifying framework for studies on the niche dynamics of other IAPs worldwide.     

Effects of leachates of the invasive plant, Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) on soil microbial community

The invasive plant Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) changed soil microbial communities in the invaded area to facilitate its growth and inhibit native plants. However, little is known about the driving forces underlying the alteration of soil biota. Leachates from root and aerial part (stem and leaves) of A. adenophora were mixed into soil to imitate field invasion processes for evaluation of its impact on invasion of soil microbial community. The results indicated that soil microbial community was significantly changed when the soil taken from the newly-invaded area was treated with A. adenophora root and aerial part leachates for 3 and 5 weeks, respectively. The biota of newly invaded soil treated with concentration of 100 mg/mL A.adenophora leachates was much closer to that of heavily invaded soil, but was significantly different from that of control soil (newly invaded soil without treatment). A.adenophora leachates promoted growth of the seven dominant rhizosphere bacterial species in the invaded soil. The effect of A.adenophora leachates on soil biota and dominant rhizosphere bacteria was positively correlated with the concentration of leachates, however, the effect of root leachates was stronger than the aerial part leachates. It is assumed that A.adenophora change soil microbial community via nutritional and chemical communication, which helps it in better colonization of the invaded soil.     

The effect of galls induced by the gall fly Procecidochares utilis on vegetative growth and reproductive potential of crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora

Reproductive potential and vegetative growth of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) K. & R. (crofton weed) were measured under ambient conditions to evaluate the efficacy of the gall fly, Procecidochares utilis Stone as a biocontrol agent for this weed. Galls induced by the fly resulted in the production of underdeveloped capitula and a reduction in the number of capitula and filled achenes per capitulum. Galling had no effect on subsequent germination of the seed produced. Where vegetative growth was concerned the effect of galling ranged from a temporary cessation of growth to death of stems above the gall. Although galling promoted production of side shoots, the dry mass of above-ground material was markedly reduced.     

Inhibition of Ageratina adenophora on spore germination and gametophyte development of Macrothelypteris torresiana

Allalopathy of Ageratina adenophora plays an important role in its invasion. However, we have little knowledge of its allelpathic effects on ferns. In Petri dish bioassays, the inhibitory potential of aqueous leachates from roots, stems and leaves of A. adenophora was studied on the spore germination and gametophyte development of Macrothelypteris torresiana. All leachates Inhibited the spore germination and growth of the first rhizoid of M. torresiana and inhibitory effects Increased with increasing leachate concentrations. Root leachates proved most inhibitory. Gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with stem and leaf leachates ofA. adenophora were erect, which was similar to those of the control. However, gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with root leachates of A. adenophora were erect, but also curving or swollen. Moreover, curving and swollen rhizoids Increased with Increasing concentrations. As time went by, rhizoids treated with root leachates were not so curved and the swelling almost disappeared. Possible causes are discussed in the present study. The increasing concentrations of leaf leachates also delayed the stages of gametophyte development. With the treatment of root leachates, the delay was more obvious. Thus A. adenophora inhibited the spore germination and gametophyte development of M. torresiana and the root leachates were most inhibitory.     

Population genetics of Ageratina adenophora using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers in China

Abstract

Understanding distribution and diversity of invasive weeds is essential for the development of efficient control measures against it. In the present study, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to assess the biogeographic relationships among populations of the invasive Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)) during 2004–2006 in China. A total of 100 ISSR primers with di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotide repeats were screened, from which 20 polymorphic and informative primers were selected. Amplification of the 20 primers generated a total of 479 polymorphic bands among the 64 weed populations, and a high level of genetic diversity (H _E = 0.1541 ± 0.0193) was detected in A. adenophora. Neighbor-joining (NJ) cluster analysis based on genetic distances among populations grouped the populations according to their geographical origin, i.e. (1) populations of southwestern Guizhou, (2) populations of Liangshan city in Sichuan, (3) populations of western Guizhou, (4) Guangxi populations plus Chongqing populations, (5) populations of southern Yunnan, and (6) populations of Yangtze River Valleys in Sichuan plus populations of western Yunnan. A significant positive correlation between geographical and genetic distance was detected by the Mantel test (r = 0.183, p = 0.0012). Based on the divergence relationships revealed by ISSR markers, it was assumed that A. adenophora mainly dispersed through wind and water in China.     

紫茎泽兰根际土壤中优势细菌的筛选鉴定及拮抗性能评价

采用分离培养的方法,从紫茎泽兰根际土壤中筛选鉴定了优势细菌25株,并测定了其中8株优势细菌及其代谢产物对病原菌的拮抗性能．结果表明：紫茎泽兰根际土壤中存在着丰富的芽孢杆菌和假单胞菌,其中枯草芽孢杆菌和巨大芽孢杆菌数量最多,占鉴定细菌总数的55．6％;这些优势细菌类群对番茄枯萎病菌和青枯病菌有不同程度的拮抗作用,以枯草芽孢杆菌BS-5和苏云金芽孢杆BT-1对番茄枯萎病菌的拮抗效果最为明显,其代谢产物的抑菌率分别为85．5％和83．8％;优势细菌代谢液比菌体对病原菌的拮抗作用更强．紫茎泽兰根际丰富的具有强拮抗性能的细菌类群可能是紫茎泽兰不受土传病害侵扰的原因,也是其逃避天敌的重要手段;通过这种根际有益微生物的反馈作用,紫茎泽兰在与当地植物竞争中直接或间接地处于有利地位,从而有利于其排挤当地植物,迅速扩张蔓延．