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1.
进化思想和方法论并行的、相互独立的自然选择理论和中性选择理论是否能够有效统一起来, 一直是理论生物学重点关注的问题, 而路径依赖的选择提供了一种可能。与中性选择理论一致, 路径依赖的选择也采用了完全对称性的前提假设——自然界的突变完全是基于统计随机性, 不具备方向性, 因而突变没有适合度的差异。但是在一些特定的时空环境下, 环境的正反馈效应导致中性选择对称性的破缺, 促使该突变产生递归效应——拉马克的主动选择或者获得性遗传效应, 这种适宜环境正反馈作用下的生物主动选择与环境自然选择压力下的被动选择产生相互拮抗作用, 并因此在多维的空间条件下形成路径。路径依赖的选择认为生物演化的过程将是一个路径频率的选择过程而不是适合度提高的过程, 并强烈依赖于其历史上所经历的事件或者环境变化等外界条件; 由于不同演化路径之间存在转移概率(比如生物演化中的质粒转移、转座子、生态过程相互作用等), 路径的演化会存在加速或者减速效应, 解释了古尔德等主张的间断平衡论。当环境选择压力很小或者为零的时候, 多数或者所有路径都等价(类似中性选择结果); 而随着环境压力的增大, 不同路径的频率将差异化, 且路径频率比较高的更容易被选择。当环境压力很大, 历史事件等外界因素或者演化过程对路径本身的演化没有影响的时候(静态的、均衡状态), 频率最高的那条路径就是演化所用时间最短或者最优的路径——达尔文自然选择理论的结果。在借鉴了现代物理学, 尤其是量子力学所用的路径积分方法, 路径依赖的选择也许为我们提供了一个不同的视角和方法来解释生物的演化过程。  相似文献   

2.
毛姜花原变种花寿命对两性适合度的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
植物的花寿命被认为是由雌、雄适合度的增长和维持花开放的花费之间的平衡来决定的。姜花属(Hedychium)是姜科唯一一个从热带到高海拔地区分布的大属, 属内不同种类植物的花寿命差异很大。毛姜花原变种(H. villosum var. villosum)的花寿命为5 d, 显著长于其它同域分布的姜科植物。通过人工剪除毛姜花原变种的柱头来使花朵具雌性功能的时间缩短, 结果显示: 在不同的处理中, 结实率随花朵具雌性功能时间的延长而增加, 开花1 d后剪除柱头的结实率为1.85% ± 1.59%, 极显著低于对照的结实率20.96% ± 4.13%, 说明其较长的花寿命能显著地增加传粉的成功率和结实率, 长达5 d的花寿命有利于雌性适合度的提高。同时, 毛姜花原变种开花1 d后, 剩余的平均花粉数和总平均花粉数没有显著差异, 而开花后2、3和4 d后剩余的平均花粉数则极显著少于总平均花粉数, 说明随着花寿命的延长, 花粉输出量也显著增加, 其长达5 d的花寿命也有利于其雄性适合度的提高。较长的花寿命在毛姜花原变种拓展新的生境、向更高海拔地区的扩散中也许起着重要的作用。姜科植物有着极其多样性的传粉和繁育系统, 花寿命在姜科植物传粉和繁育系统的多样性形成及其进化中起着重要作用, 同时, 较长的花寿命有效地提高了雌性适合度和雄性适合度, 从而使姜科植物能脱离热带生境, 向更高海拔的地区扩散, 花寿命在姜科植物从热带地区到高海拔地区的分布过程中也起着重要作用。  相似文献   

3.
生物科学几乎所有研究都需要物种概念作为基础, 生物多样性研究亦需要可操作的物种概念, 但现有物种概念存在不同程度的人为因素或难操作性, 对物种划分造成不利影响。本文引入“进化路径”这一概念, 说明适合度景观时刻变化着, 物种在每个进化时间点上依据瞬时适合度选择下一时刻的进化状态, 且总是沿着动态适合度景观中适合度增加的方向进化。基于演化博弈的方法, 以随机过程为例模拟物种的进化过程。进而提出路径依赖下的物种形成机制, 并在此基础上给出可操作的物种定义, 即: 针对基因、性状、生态过程等任一状态下两个群体内个体的多个变量做统计分析, 若群体之间同时在两个或多个维度状态下呈现出的不连续性d大于群体内变量呈现出的差异性σk, 则拥有相应变量的个体属于不同物种。  相似文献   

4.
通过比较黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区冬季笼养丹顶鹤Grus japonensis与白枕鹤Grus vipio的适合度,以期为拟定不同的保护对策提供参考。本文以保护区冬季1月(4周)单笼饲养的丹顶鹤(5♀、7♂)和白枕鹤(3♀、5♂)为研究对象,对其体质量变化、摄食量和摄食比例、摄入能量需求及能量收支进行种间比较。结果发现,丹顶鹤的体质量下降(9.35%)显著而白枕鹤体质量下降(3.02%)不显著。丹顶鹤和白枕鹤的摄食比例(鲫鱼/玉米)分别为12.70/1和0.93/1。丹顶鹤摄入能量和排出水热能散失实测值均极显著高于白枕鹤(P0.001)。丹顶鹤与白枕鹤单位体质量(/kg)能量收支比较,摄入能量种间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而丹顶鹤的排出水热能散失极显著高于白枕鹤(P0.01)。另外,低温和短光照的胁迫使可摄食鲫鱼和玉米的时间分别在5.5 h和9.5 h以内。结果表明,冬季相同生境中丹顶鹤和白枕鹤的摄入能量需求水平相同,但其能量收支因摄食偏好而出现显著变化。总之,从食性偏好、食物可获得性和能量收支来看,保护区冬季笼养白枕鹤的适合度应该高于丹顶鹤。  相似文献   

5.
杀虫剂抗性基因的突变对昆虫生理生化的影响体现为种群适合度的变化.种群抗性等位基因频率和生物学适合度可用来表征抗性昆虫相对适合度.抗性相关靶标和代谢酶的突变会改变昆虫正常的生理功能,抗性基因过量表达会引起昆虫体内生理能量分配失衡,两者均会造成抗性代价.但是,抗性等位基因置换和修饰基因可以抵消抗性代价.抗性昆虫相对适合度的表现型取决于抗药性形成的遗传背景和抗性水平.此外,其表现型还受到各种生态因素的影响.抗性昆虫相对适合度的研究结果可为预测抗药性发展趋势、开展抗药性治理提供科学依据.  相似文献   

6.
孵化温度所驱动的爬行动物的表型变异是生理生态学研究的热点。本研究以王锦蛇(Elaphe carinata)为实验动物,检验了24℃和28℃孵化温度对王锦蛇胚胎代谢速率、孵化过程中的卵重量、孵出幼体代谢和行为的影响。研究结果显示:卵重和胚胎的呼吸代谢均与孵化时间呈正相关;28℃下胚胎代谢速率大于24℃;幼蛇孵出15 d内体重随着生长时间的延长而减小,24℃孵出幼体的代谢速率大于28℃孵出幼体,两温度下孵出幼体的呼吸代谢速率和生长时间无显著关系;28℃孵出幼体的疾游速和吐信频次均大于24℃;两孵化温度孵出幼体的选择体温无显著差异,但在消耗完体内的剩余卵黄后28℃孵出幼体有60%的个体摄食,而24℃孵出幼体无摄食个体。总体而言,王锦蛇28℃孵出幼体适合度优于24℃孵出幼体。  相似文献   

7.
两近缘种烟草上棉铃虫种群适合度的比较研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
分别在室内和自然条件下,比较研究了普通烟草和黄花烟草两种不同寄主植物上棉铃虫生长发育、食物转化和利用及种群增长情况。结果表明: (1) 室内26±1℃、75%±5% RH和16L∶8D光周期条件下,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草上幼虫的发育历期显著延长,1龄和2龄幼虫的存活率及雌蛾产卵量显著下降,种群净增殖率(R0=30.5374)和内禀增长率(rm=0.0951)减小;(2) 6龄幼虫对两种烟草的近似消化率及其相对生长率无显著差异,但对黄花烟草的利用率和转化率显著下降,相对取食量显著提高;(3) 第2代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长(I=1.9922>1)比黄花烟田(I=1.1581>1)快,“烟草和其他”对种群起主要控制作用,特别是对低龄幼虫;第3代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长有所减慢但仍呈上升趋势(I=1.5994>1),而在黄花烟田则呈下降趋势(I=0.6434<1),低龄幼虫受烟草抗性和雨水等的影响较大,高龄幼虫被病菌感染的数量增多。这些结果表明,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草不适合棉铃虫种群的增长和繁殖。  相似文献   

8.
北师大版《生物学》教材8年级下册“生物的进化”一节中,教材安排了建议活动“模拟自然选择”,这个活动能将抽象的生物进化理论生动地展现在学生面前,解决了教学中生存竞争这个难点。在教学实践中,发现只要对活动做一些改进,就不仅能让学生理解生存竞争,还能让学生理解生物个体差异是普遍存在的及生物多样性产生的原因。下面介绍改进后的活动  相似文献   

9.
共生菌Wolbachia能够诱导许多节肢动物发生产雌孤雌生殖现象。由于该菌无法在宿主细胞外离体培养,人们常采用抗生素处理获得Wolbachia去除或滴度降低的宿主种群,用以研究Wolbachia对宿主的调控作用,但抗生素可能会对宿主产生附加效应。前人研究主要集中在抗生素处理是否可以恢复感染寄生蜂的两性生殖,较少关注抗生素对宿主适合度的影响。本研究利用不同浓度四环素(0、5 mg/mL、15 mg/mL和25 mg/mL)连续饲喂5代来明确四环素对产雌孤雌生殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi适合度的影响。研究结果如下:(1)随各浓度四环素处理世代的增加,雌蜂的繁殖力先降低后升高。在F_1代、F_2代和F_5代中,雌蜂繁殖力随四环素浓度的增加而显著下降,但在F_3代和F_4代中,抗生素浓度对雌蜂繁殖力无显著差异;(2)在四环素不同浓度处理下,F_1代和F_3代的羽化率与对照无显著差异,在F_2代、F_4代和F_5代中,四环素对羽化率存在负面影响;(3)经四环素处理的松毛虫赤眼蜂子代雄性比显著高于对照组。在5 mg/mL的四环素处理条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂子代雄性比随处理世代的增加而升高,但在25 mg/mL的四环素处理条件下随世代的增加先升高后下降。结果表明:四环素能够使孤雌产雌松毛虫赤眼蜂恢复两性生殖,但对松毛虫赤眼蜂的适合度存在不利影响。此外,随着四环素处理世代的增加,松毛虫赤眼蜂对抗生素产生了一定的适应能力。  相似文献   

10.
为明确冷驯化处理对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis后代生长发育及适合度的影响, 本研究通过两性生命表的制作, 在室内条件下调查了冷处理后其后代发育历期、 成虫产卵前期、 寿命和生殖力以及后代生命表参数。结果表明: 冷驯化使异色瓢虫后代卵的发育历期延长, 幼虫(1-4龄)和蛹的发育历期则缩短; 随着冷驯化时间的延长, 后代体长和体重增量均减小。且完成发育的后代成虫产卵前期延长, 寿命缩短, 生殖力下降。后代生命表参数内禀增长率(r)、 周限增长率(λ)、 净生殖率(R0)和年龄特征存活率(lx)均降低, 但是后代雌虫所占比例却升高。此外, 冷驯化类型对异色瓢虫后代生长发育的影响也不相同。经相同时间(5 d)的低温诱导, 变温诱导的后代成虫寿命比恒定低温诱导的长, 但是生殖力却低; 变温诱导的后代生命表参数(r, λ和R0)均小于恒定低温诱导的, 但是lx却高于恒定低温诱导的。结果说明, 异色瓢虫亲代经历冷驯化, 这种对低温的可塑性反应会延伸到下一代, 而且还能够影响后代的适合度, 这对其在低温下的存活和繁殖具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

11.
    
Speciation is facilitated when selection generates a rugged fitness landscape such that populations occupy different peaks separated by valleys. Competition for food resources is a strong ecological force that can generate such divergent selection. However, it is unclear whether intrasexual competition over resources that provide mating opportunities can generate rugged fitness landscapes that foster speciation. Here we use highly variable male F2 hybrids of benthic and limnetic threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, to quantify the male competition fitness landscape. We find that disruptive sexual selection generates two fitness peaks corresponding closely to the male phenotypes of the two parental species, favouring divergence. Most surprisingly, an additional region of high fitness favours novel hybrid phenotypes that correspond to those observed in a recent case of reverse speciation after anthropogenic disturbance. Our results reveal that sexual selection through male competition plays an integral role in both forward and reverse speciation.  相似文献   

12.
    
“Ecological” speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves as a consequence of divergent selection between populations exploiting different resources or environments. We tested this hypothesis of speciation in a young stickleback species pair by measuring the direct contribution of ecological selection pressures to hybrid fitness. The two species (limnetic and benthic) are strongly differentiated morphologically and ecologically, whereas hybrids are intermediate. Fitness of hybrids is high in the laboratory, especially F1 and F2 hybrids (backcrosses may show some breakdown). We transplanted F1 hybrids to enclosures in the two main habitats in the wild to test whether the distribution of resources available in the environment generates a hybrid disadvantage not detectable in the laboratory. Hybrids grew more slowly than limnetics in the open water habitat and more slowly than benthics in the littoral zone. Growth of F1 hybrids was inferior to the average of the parent species across both habitats, albeit not significantly. The contrast between laboratory and field results supports the hypothesis that mechanisms of F1 hybrid fitness in the wild are primarily ecological and do not result from intrinsic genetic incompatibilities. Direct selection on hybrids contributes to the maintenance of sympatric stickleback species and may have played an important role in their origin.  相似文献   

13.
物种与物种多样性   总被引:41,自引:4,他引:37  
周红章 《生物多样性》2000,8(2):215-226
本文首先讨论生物物种的科学概念和生物学本质,分析物种客观存在的自然属性和物种概念的局限性,认为物种的生物学属性和物种多样性的科学属性之间有着本质联系。物种多样性研究的实质是研究生物物种的生物学多样性。度量物种多样性程度有多种方法,但物种数目是物种多样性程度最直接、也是最基本的表达,估计物种多样性数目是当前国际上物种多样性研究的核心与热点内容。物种多样性产生的根源是物种形成,物种绝灭速率是维持物种多样性的关键因素。本文简要总结了物种形成与绝灭的基本模式和机制,通过分析生物地理区系与物种多样性研究的密切关系,说明物种的区系成份分析是物种多样性大尺度格局研究的重要内容。  相似文献   

14.
    
Terrestrial species on islands often show reduced dispersal abilities. For insects, the generality of explanations for island flight loss remains contentious. Although habitat stability is considered the most plausible explanation, others are frequently highlighted. Adopting a strong inference approach, we examined the hypotheses proposed to account for the prevalence of flightlessness in island insect assemblages, for a region long suspected to be globally unusual in this regard—the Southern Ocean Islands (SOIs). Combining comprehensive faunal inventories, species'' morphological information, and environmental variables from 28 SOIs, we provide the first quantitative evidence that flightlessness is exceptionally prevalent among indigenous SOI insect species (47%). Prevalence among species which have evolved elsewhere is much lower: Arctic island species (8%), species introduced to the SOIs (17%), and globally (estimated as approx. 5%). Variation in numbers of flightless species and genera across islands is best explained by variation in wind speed, although habitat stability (thermal seasonality proxy) may play a role. Variables associated with insularity, such as island size, are generally poor predictors of flightlessness. The outcomes redirect attention to Darwin''s wind hypothesis. They suggest, however, that wind selects for flightlessness through an energy trade-off between flight and reproduction, instead of by displacement from suitable habitats.  相似文献   

15.
    
Fitness is the central concept in evolutionary theory. It measures a phenotype's ability to survive and reproduce. There are different ways to represent this measure: Malthusian fitness and Wrightian fitness. One can go back and forth between the two, but when we characterize model properties or interpret data, it can be important to distinguish between them. Here, we discuss a recent experiment to show how the interpretation changes if an alternative definition is used.  相似文献   

16.
This paper considers a variety of attempts to define fitness in such a way as to defend the theory of evolution by natural selection from the criticism that it is a circular argument. Each of the definitions is shown to be inconsistent with the others. The paper argues that the environment in which an animal evolves can be defined only with respect to the properties of the phenotype of the animal and that it is therefore not illuminating to try to explain the phenotypic properties of the animal in terms of adaptation to an environment that is defined by those very properties. Furthermore, since there is no way that the environment can be defined independently of the presence of the animal there is no way that the quality of an animal can be assessed; and there can be no objective criteria by whichany form of selection can be carried out, therefore there can be no criteria by whichnatural selection can be carried out. It is proposed that fitness is nothing more than the production of offspring, that this is a phenotypic property like all the others, and if it is heritable then the offspring of the parents that produce the most offspring will themselves produce the most offspring, and that in principle it is impossible to account for this in terms of the other phenotypic properties of the fittest animals except by circular argument. Differential rates of reproduction are the causes of evolution and the phenotypic causes are strictly inexplicable.  相似文献   

17.
18.
The disruption of reproductive timing by climatic harshness may result in the temporal isolation of conspecific populations and, ultimately, in speciation. However, whether temporal isolation alone can act as the force initiating speciation and how often the same type of climatic disruption results in the divergence of allochronic populations in a lineage are largely unknown. The reproductive period of the winter geometrid moth Inurois punctigera is separated into early and late winter in habitats with severe winters, but not in habitats with mild winters, suggesting that the reproductive season is disrupted by the harshness of the mid-winter period. Here, we show that sympatric pairs of early- and late-winter populations that differ in origin exist in different regions, suggesting a parallel divergence of reproductive timing. In each region, significant genetic differentiation exists between these early- and late-winter populations, suggesting that the temporal reproductive isolation has persisted. Moreover, we demonstrate that the temporal isolation, in comparison with geographic isolation, contributes greatly to the genetic differentiation among geographic and temporal populations by an analysis of molecular variance and by a comparison of genetic differentiations (F(ST) ) between geographic populations with and without difference in reproductive season. Our results suggest that adaptive divergence of allochronically reproducing populations has occurred independently in different regions, implying the generality of the role of temporal isolation in initiating speciation in a winter moth lineage.  相似文献   

19.
    
We investigate extensive quantitative trait variation (dewlap hue, colour pattern, dorsum hue, body proportions and scalation) in the Martinique anole across eight transects representing nascent parapatric ecological speciation, nascent allopatric speciation and allopatric divergence without sufficient genetic structure to suggest speciation. Quantitative trait divergence can be extremely large between adjacent sets of populations, but with one exception that this is associated with difference in habitat rather than past allopatry. Nascent ecological speciation shows the greatest level of quantitative trait divergence across all character sets including those implicated in natural, as well as sexual selection. The sole example of nascent allopatric speciation is associated with fairly strong quantitative trait divergence among most character sets, but not the set most implicated in natural (rather than sexual) selection. The role of sexual selection in ecological speciation is discussed, both in terms of female choice with assortative mating and male–male competition with condition‐dependant sexual signals.  相似文献   

20.
    
Inclusive fitness is a concept widely utilized by social biologists as the quantity organisms appear designed to maximize. However, inclusive fitness theory has long been criticized on the (uncontested) grounds that other quantities, such as offspring number, predict gene frequency changes accurately in a wider range of mathematical models. Here, we articulate a set of modeling assumptions that extend the range of scenarios in which inclusive fitness can be applied. We reanalyze recent formal analyses that searched for, but did not find, inclusive fitness maximization. We show (a) that previous models have not used Hamilton''s definition of inclusive fitness, (b) a reinterpretation of Hamilton''s definition that makes it usable in this context, and (c) that under the assumption of probabilistic mixing of phenotypes, inclusive fitness is indeed maximized in these models. We also show how to understand mathematically, and at an individual level, the definition of inclusive fitness, in an explicit population genetic model in which exact additivity is not assumed. We hope that in articulating these modeling assumptions and providing formal support for inclusive fitness maximization, we help bridge the gap between empiricists and theoreticians, which in some ways has been widening, demonstrating to mathematicians why biologists are content to use inclusive fitness, and offering one way to utilize inclusive fitness in general models of social behavior.  相似文献   

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