两种乳牛肝菌属菌根食用菌与马尾松的共生特征

菌根食用菌（edible mycorrhizal fungi,EMF）是兼具生态价值和经济价值的大型真菌,其对林木健康、森林生态系统的稳定性及林下经济的发展至关重要。本研究以贵州地区马尾松Pinus massoniana林2种乳牛肝菌属Suillus EMF为研究对象,研究了其子实体及其与马尾松形成的菌根的形态特征,调查了其子实体的发生规律及其与温度和降雨的关系。研究结果表明：粘盖乳牛肝菌S. bovinus和褐环乳牛肝菌S. luteus可同时在马尾松林发生。粘盖乳牛肝菌和褐环乳牛肝菌与马尾松形成的菌根均呈珊瑚状,其中粘盖乳牛肝菌形成的菌根表面光滑无根外菌丝但具有根外菌索,褐环乳牛肝菌形成的菌根具有密集的根外菌丝但无根外菌索。粘盖乳牛肝菌和褐环乳牛肝菌子实体具有较长的发生期、产量较大,且具有错峰发生的特点。相对于降雨,温度是这2种乳牛肝菌子实体发生的主要限制因素。     

马尾松与粘盖乳牛肝菌菌根共生体形成过程

对菌根共生机制的研究是对其进行应用的前提,到目前为止,绝大多数外生菌根（ectomycorrhiza,ECM）的建立过程尚不明晰,在一定程度上限制了这些ECM真菌在林业中的应用。本研究以我国南方地区主栽树种之一——马尾松Pinus massoniana和其林下优势ECM真菌——粘盖乳牛肝菌Suillus bovinus为材料,在无菌条件下研究两者菌根共生体形成过程的形态学特征。结果表明马尾松与粘盖乳牛肝菌的共生过程分为2个阶段：（1）预共生阶段,即物理接触之前,粘盖乳牛肝菌可通过释放挥发物和分泌物促进马尾松根系伸长和分枝;（2）共生阶段,又可分为3个时期。接种后第4天,粘盖乳牛肝菌菌丝体开始与马尾松根系接触并形成附着胞进入接触期;第7天菌丝开始侵入根系内部,侵入期开始;第28天菌套和哈氏网形成,即菌套和哈氏网形成期,该时期菌根化根尖开始膨大,随后继续发育至二叉分枝状菌根形成。在发育顺序方面,哈氏网与菌套同步发育,但哈氏网成形早于菌套。以上结果可对后续ECM共生机制的深入研究及马尾松高效菌根化育苗技术的开发提供参考。     

两种乳菇菌丝生长的最适培养基与菌根合成

通过测量菌丝直径和干重对松乳菇（rcb-74）和靓丽乳菇（rll-107,rmsh-118）进行最适菌丝生长培养基的筛选。结果表明所有菌株均在改良的biotin-aneurine-folic acid（BAF）培养基上表现出较大的菌丝直径以及最大菌丝干重。用改良的BAF培养基制备乳菇液体菌丝,接种云南松、马尾松和油松,并在13-30d后发现rcb-74与云南松和油松形成菌根,rll-107与马尾松形成菌根,rmsh-118与云南松形成菌根。     

多生菌根菌接种马尾松和相思树幼苗的研究

以外生菌根菌Ｘｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓ ｃｈｒｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｏｎ接种相思树与马尾松幼苗,不来菌栽培,植株生长指档和生理特性测定,都优于对照,以外生菌根菌Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａ ｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ加ＶＡ菌根菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｅｐｉｇａｍｕｓ双接种于相思树功苗,来菌栽培,植株含Ｎ量和脯氨酸等含量优于ＶＡ菌根菌单接种的效果,幼根切片观察到接种的外生菌根菌进入根皮层。细胞间隙,原有菌根的发育和结构状况有所改变。     

刺槐接种VA菌根真菌与环境条件的关系

1 引言 国内外众多的试验表明,VA菌根真菌侵染植物根系后,促进植物对养分吸收和物质转化,从而大幅度增加寄主生物量,但也有试验表明,接种VAMF后,寄主生物量并无明显增加,这可能与菌根接种物本身的特点及外界条件有关,其中土壤中磷的含量是重要因素之一。据报道,土壤P过高,对菌根的形成有影响。本文就刺槐接种VAMF,在不同立地环境下寄主生长变化及不同施磷量对VAMF侵染能力、孢子产生量、植株生物量等进行了研究。     

离体条件下日本冷杉／二色蜡蘑的外生菌根合成

本实验报道了以离体培养方式诱导日本冷杉(AbiesfirmaSieb.etZucc.)与二色蜡蘑(Laccariabicolor(Maire)Orton)的外生菌根合成的方法。日本冷杉能否与广谱性的外生菌根菌二色蜡蘑形成人工菌根?菌根结构的诱导是否只发生在植物体整体水平上?这些是本实验的关注点。研究结果显示:无菌幼苗接种10周后,在光学显微镜下可观察到典型的外生菌根的特征,即由高度分叉的外延菌丝体形成的厚实的菌套以及由内延菌丝体形成的哈蒂氏网。将来源于下胚轴的愈伤组织与二色蜡蘑的菌丝体进行共同培养,3周后,菌丝体开始接触愈伤组织的表面,并且侵入到愈伤组织的细胞间,形成拟哈蒂氏网结构。愈伤组织可以作为一种菌根学研究的有效的培养体系。这一方法可望为冷杉类植物菌根学的研究提供有效的实验工具。     

离体条件下日本冷杉/二色蜡蘑的外生菌根合成

本实验报道了以离体培养方式诱导日本冷杉(Abies firma Sieb.et Zucc.)与二色蜡蘑(Laccaria bicolor(Maire)Orton)的外生菌根合成的方法.日本冷杉能否与广谱性的外生菌根菌二色蜡蘑形成人工菌根?菌根结构的诱导是否只发生在植物体整体水平上?这些是本实验的关注点.研究结果显示:无菌幼苗接种10周后,在光学显微镜下可观察到典型的外生菌根的特征,即由高度分叉的外延菌丝体形成的厚实的菌套以及由内延菌丝体形成的哈蒂氏网.将来源于下胚轴的愈伤组织与二色蜡蘑的菌丝体进行共同培养,3周后,菌丝体开始接触愈伤组织的表面,并且侵入到愈伤组织的细胞间,形成拟哈蒂氏网结构.愈伤组织可以作为一种菌根学研究的有效的培养体系.这一方法可望为冷杉类植物菌根学的研究提供有效的实验工具.     

七株外生菌根真菌与三种松苗菌根的形成能力

松树外生菌根菌资源丰富,但实际应用的种类不多。为筛选出与松苗形成菌根能力较强的菌种,采用播种接菌和芽苗截根移栽接菌两种方法,对7株外生菌根真菌与马尾松、湿地松和黑松3种松苗的菌根合成进行了研究。结果表明：形成的菌根以二叉分枝状为主,棒状菌根相对较少,多叉状菌根以马尾松较多。PC2形成的菌根表面菌丝厚且紧密,504、EG、Pt,形成的菌根表面菌丝紧密程度中等,而505、ZJ和HX形成的菌根其表面菌丝则比较稀疏;Pt1、Pt2、EG形成的菌根外延菌丝较长,而505、HX形成的菌根外延菌丝极短。截根接菌时的感染率和感染指数要高于播种接菌。504形成菌根的能力最强,在3种松苗上的菌根感染率都达100％,感染指数最高可达90,最低也达70;Pt2和EG与马尾松和黑松形成菌根的能力较强;而505和HX仅与马尾松形成菌根的能力较强;Pt1形成菌根的能力较差,在3种松苗上菌根感染率和感染指数都较低。在3种松苗中,马尾松的菌根化状况最好,其次为黑松,湿地松的菌根化状况较差。     

丛枝菌根真菌伴生细菌的研究进展

在丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）的孢子、菌丝的表面或内部栖息着细菌,称之为AMF伴生细菌。AMF伴生细菌种类多样、分布广泛,生态位点包括孢子壁的表面或内部、细胞质、菌丝、孢子果等。其可能的生物学意义包括影响AMF孢子萌发、菌丝生长、菌根形成等过程。由于伴生细菌与AMF联系紧密,其对AMF和土壤微生物生态学具有重要的意义。国际上在该领域的研究已有30多年的历史,就其研究进展进行综述。     

外生菌根菌接种马尾松和相思树幼苗的研究

以外生菌根菌Ｘｅｒｏｃｏｍｕｓｃｈｒｙｓｅｎｔｅｒｏｎ接种相思树与马尾松幼苗,不灭菌栽培,植株生长指标和生理特性测定,都优于对照．以外生菌根菌Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａｌｉｌａｃｉｎａ加ＶＡ菌根菌Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｓｐｉｇａｎｕｓ双接种于相思树幼苗,灭菌栽培．植株含Ｎ量和脯氨酸等含量优于ＶＡ菌根菌单接种的效果．幼根切片观察到接种的外生菌根菌进入根皮层细胞间隙,原有菌根的发育和结构状况有所改变．     

Effects on plant growth of inoculation of stored stripmining topsoil in North Dakota with mycorrhizal fungi contained in native soils

Stored topsoil from stripmining operations in western North Dakota was inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi contained in native prairie soil. The effects on plant mycorrhizal infection percentage, growth as shoot dry weight, and phosphorus uptake were determined. The studied topsoil piles were found to contain little or no vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungal inoculum at a depth of 120 cm. The inoculum soil was mixed into the stored soil at rates of 10% and 1%, or surface-applied at 1%. In control pots, sterilized inoculum soil was used. Corn plant (Zea mays) bioassays were used. After 30 days growth the percent VAM fungal infection of the test plants increased with both the 10% and 1% soil inocula. Phosphorus concentrations were generally increased by inoculation with 10% soil mixtures but not 1%. Shoot dry weights of the plants were not measurably different between 10% and 1% inoculation. However, when the plant growth period was increased to 60 days, all three parameters were increased over the check plants. When the inoculum was not mixed into the soil, but layered on the surface, there were no differences in any of the parameters.     

丛枝菌根真菌在蔬菜生产中的研究进展

近年来,丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF）在设施蔬菜生产中的应用表明,在蔬菜的育苗过程中接种AMF可以生产出秧苗质量好、抗性强、品质高的菌根苗。通过对AMF的作用效果分析,发现接种AMF可以改善蔬菜营养与水分的供应状况,增强蔬菜对环境胁迫的耐受性,增加蔬菜根部疾病及线虫的抗性,提高蔬菜产量和产品质量,具有重要的农业意义。基于AMF对于蔬菜的有益作用,本文综述了AMF在促进蔬菜生长、提高蔬菜产量和品质、缓解其非生物胁迫和控制病原菌以及与其他生物防治剂（或农药）联合施用等方面的研究进展,以期为AMF在蔬菜生产中的应用提供参考。     

笃斯越橘菌根真菌多样性

【目的】为了了解大兴安岭北部地区野生笃斯越橘的菌根真菌多样性状况。【方法】采用形态学和r DNA ITS序列分析相结合的方法。【结果】从笃斯越橘根样中分离得到的真菌分为6个类群:膜盘菌属(Hymenoscyphus)、Phialocephala、粒毛盘菌属(Lachnum)、Cadophora、担子菌小皮伞属(Marasmius)和担子菌小菇属(Mycena)。子囊菌Ascomycotina占87.10%,担子菌Basidiomycotina占12.90%。【结论】与笃斯越橘根共生的真菌类群较丰富,且是一个异源的群体,这些共生真菌在笃斯越橘的整个生长期的侵染时间不同。     

High potential of symbiotic interactions between native mycorrhizal fungi and the exotic tree Eucalyptus camaldulensis for phytostabilization of metal-contaminated arid soils

Waste dumps generated by mining activities contain heavy metals that are dispersed into areas leading to significant environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were (i) to survey native plants and their associated AM fungal communities from waste soils in a Moroccan mine site and (ii) to follow Eucalyptus growth in soil collected from the waste-mine. AM spores from native plant species were collected from the mining site and the surrounding uncontaminated areas were multiplied and inoculated onto Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The results showed that (i) the native plant species recorded in the waste did not show an active metal uptake, (ii) the selected native plant species are associated with AM mycorrhizal fungi and (iii) the use of AM fungi adapted to these drastic conditions can improve the growth of the fast-growing tree, E. camaldulensis and its tolerance to high soil Cu content. In conclusion, it is suggested that in order to define efficient low-cost phytostabilization processes, the use of native resources (i.e., mixtures of native mycorrhizal fungi) in combination with fast-growing tree species such as Eucalyptus, could be used to optimize the establishment of a permanent cover plant in contaminated areas.     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生物量和氮磷吸收及土壤碳的影响

采用大田试验的方法在内蒙古锡林格勒草原进行牧草接种试验,通过灭菌和未灭菌两种土壤研究接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae和Glomus claroidium对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草生长的影响.结果显示,接种丛枝菌根真菌对羊草的地上部干重未产生显著影响,但向未灭菌土壤中接种能显著增加羊草根系量,同时接种G.mosseae显著增加了地上部的N、P含量及吸收量,有效地改善了植株N、P营养,提高了牧草品质;2种菌对根系的营养吸收影响不同,接种G.mosseae在灭菌土壤和未灭菌土壤中均能显著增加根系的N、P吸收量,而接种G.claroidium仅在土壤未灭菌状态下增加根系N、P吸收量;接种对土壤中的菌丝密度未产生显著影响,但接种后土壤中微生物量碳有增加的趋势,短期内难以观察到接种对土壤有机碳的影响.研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌能够提高牧草对N、P吸收,促进牧草的生长,改善牧草品质,增强牧草根际微生物量碳.     

Suppression of common root pathogens by helper bacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro

 Root pathogens cause considerable loss of tree seedlings in nurseries and are generally difficult to control using conventional methods. Inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi may provide some suppression of pathogens. Bacteria (so-called mycorrhization helper bacteria) have been isolated that stimulate mycorrhiza formation on seedling roots and enhance seedling growth; however, their role in pathogen inhibition has not been explored. Four strains of helper bacteria were inoculated together with the ectomycorrhizal fungal species Laccaria bicolor, L. proxima and Suillus granulatus on culture plates to determine inhibition of the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Cylindrocarpon sp. Buffered medium was used to rule out acidification of the medium as a mechanism of inhibition. None of the ectomycorrhizal fungal species alone inhibited the growth of Fusarium but all showed slight inhibition of Cylindrocarpon growth. Helper bacterium strain MB3 (Bacillus subtilis) was effective in inhibiting both pathogens and, when inoculated with either L. proxima or S. granulatus, inhibition of Fusarium growth was enhanced over MB3 alone. With Cylindrocarpon, however, only S. granulatus inoculated along with MB3 showed enhanced inhibition over MB3 alone. The other three bacterial strains had little effect on the growth of Fusarium or Cylindrocarpon. More research is necessary to determine if these inhibitory effects are reproducible in situ. Accepted: 23 October 1996     

甘肃盐碱土植物VA菌根真菌侵染研究

对甘肃盐碱土中植物的VA菌根真菌共生状况进行研究,结果表明：在10科17种植物中,除碱蓬（Suaeda glauca Beg.）外均被菌根真菌侵染,占94.1%;盐碱土中孢子密度较高,表明甘肃盐碱土生态系统中植物对菌根真菌具有较高的依赖性,菌根真菌在盐碱土中产孢能力较强;所调查植物的VA菌根结构类型Arum型占68.75%,Pris型占31.25%;菌根结构类型与宿主植物类型有关,禾本科（Poaceae）和鸢尾科（Iridaceae）植物为P型菌根,百合科（Liliaceae）、胡颓子科（Elaeagnaceae）等其它科植物均为A型菌根;土壤类型影响了宿主植物的菌根侵染率和根际土的孢子密度,相同宿主植物在不同类型土壤中的菌根侵染率和孢子密度具有很大的差异.     

Mycorrhizal association of isolates from sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas withPinus densiflora seedlings

Thirty-two isolates from sporocarps of 27 species of macromycetes, 43 isolates from ectomycorrhizas ofPinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) and 1 isolate from an ectomycorrhiza ofQuercus myrsinaefolia were tested for the ability to form mycorrhizas withP. densiflora seedlings in glass tubes. Ten isolates from sporocarps ofHebeloma sp.,Laccaria bicolor, Lactarius chrysorrheus, Suillus granulatus, Scleroderma areolatum, Russula mariae andR. nigricans had formed ectomycorrhizas by 8 months after transplantation. Twenty isolates taken from mycorrhizas including ofCenococcum geophilum, R. mariae andR. nigricans formed ectomycorrhizas. The synthesized mycorrhizas were classified based on morphological characteristics such as hyphal arrangement of their fungal sheath, and appearance of cystidia and emanating hyphae. Twenty-one mycorrhizal types were recognized.Contribution No. 122, Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.