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Pearl millet (Pennisetum spicatum (L.) Körn.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are C4 grass species grown for feeding humans and animals in Almadinah Almunawwarah, which is in the western part of Saudi Arabia. During the winter, the mean temperature, which drops to 14°C, represents a major problem for the growth of these species in this region. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to investigate the growth response and the photosynthetic performance of P. spicatum and Z. mays under a low temperature stress. The treatments involved daytime and nighttime temperatures of 14/12°C (low temperature) and 24/22°C (optimum temperature). The results indicated that low temperature significantly reduced all growth and physiological parameters, including seed germination, leaf expansion, leaf area, shoot length and root length of the two species compared to those of the control. Additionally, the low temperature significantly decreased the light-saturated assimilation rate (Asat), quantum yield (ϕ), saturated rate of carbon dioxide uptake (Amax) and efficiency of carboxylation on both species compared to those of the control. Moreover, the values of Fv/Fm and the chlorophyll contents of both species were significantly reduced by low temperature compared to those of the control. It can be concluded that both species had little tolerance to low temperatures.  相似文献   

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Polyembryony in maize (PEm) contributes to improving the nutritional properties of the grain, as well as an increase in yield, since it generates multiple plants per seed, opening the possibility of developing new varieties. However, it is unknown whether polyembryony in maize is the product of chromosomal abnormalities. Based on the above, in this research a cytogenetic study was proposed to verify if chromosomal abnormalities are related to the maize polyembryony. For a meiotic study, maize genotypes with variable proportions of polyembryony (PEm), from the UA-IMM-BAP population and non-PEm (monoembryonic) maize were used, while for a mitosis analysis, 30 families of maternal half-siblings (MHS) from two different populations with high polyembryony, denominated as BHP (brachytic, high polyembryony) and NHP (normal height, high polyembryony) were used. All these genotypes were planted in the Buenavista Agricultural Experimental Station-UAAAN at Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. The frequency of PEm was estimated in all genotypes. It was found that the polyembryony occurs at frequencies from 34 to 66% in the D-02, BHP group, and from 13 to 21% in the segregating groups of the G3-0202 and G3-0201. The squash technique was used for both cytogenetic analyses. Different meiotic irregularities in maize chromosomes were detected, such as irregular association of 10% of chromosomes in metaphase 1, and agglomeration of chromatin in 100% of the cells. In addition, pollen viability was estimated by the staining technique with 1% acetocarmine dye, and it was found that the polyembryonic ones have pollen viability of 100%. In meiosis in prophase, I sub-phase diakinesis, ten pairs of bivalents were confirmed, confirming 2n = 20, both in non-PEm and PEm maize, corroborating mating, and balanced segregation, without the presence of univalent or multivalent. In the chromosomal count carried out in cells in mitosis, only in the BHP-200 polyembryonic family was registered two out of twenty triploid plants. This condition of ploidy is atypical in maize, so it is recommended to analyze more plants from this family.  相似文献   

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Synthetic varieties (SVs) are populations generated by randomly mating their parents. They are a good alternative for low-input farmers who grow onions, maize, and other allogamous crops since the seed produced by a SV does not change from one generation to the next. Although SV progenitors are commonly pure lines, in this case a synthetic (SynTC) whose parents are t three-way line crosses, a very common type of maize hybrid grown in Mexico, is studied. The aim was to develop a general and exact equation for the inbreeding coefficient of a SynTC SynTC because of its relationship with the mean of economically important traits. This objective arose due to the need for a more advanced study in terms of determining whether SynTC can be applied specifically and accurately for any number of parents (t), plants per parent (m) and inbreeding coefficient (IC) of the initial lines (FL). A formula for the IC of the SynTC was derived that, given any values of FL (0 ≤ FL ≤ 1) and t, is specific for any value of m, not just for “large” numbers associated with the context in which the Hardy-Weinberg law is stated. It was found that SynTC is very sensitive to changes in m when m is not greater than eight, after which it tends to stabilize very quickly. In summary, unlike previously derived formulas, SynTC is exact for any values of t, m and FL.  相似文献   

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Kernel size-related traits, including kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness, are critical components in determining yield and kernel quality in maize (Zea mays L.). Dissecting the phenotypic characteristics of these traits, and discovering the candidate chromosomal regions for these traits, are of potential importance for maize yield and quality improvement. In this study, a total of 139 F2:3 family lines derived from EHel and B73, a distinct line with extremely low ear height (EHel), was used for phenotyping and QTL mapping of three kernel size-related traits, including 10-kernel length (KL), 10-kernel width (KWid), and 10-kernel thickness (KT). The results showed that only one QTL for KWid, i.e., qKWid9 on Chr9, with a phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 13.4% was detected between SNPs of AX-86298371 and AX-86298372, while no QTLs were detected for KL and KT across all 10 chromosomes. Four bulked groups of family lines, i.e., Groups I to IV, were constructed with F2:3 family lines according to the phenotypic comparisons of KWid between EHel and B73. Among these four groups, Group I possessed a significantly lower KWid than EHel (P = 0.0455), Group II was similar to EHel (P = 0.34), while both Group III and Group IV were statistically higher than EHel (P < 0.05). Besides, except Group IV exhibited a similar KWid to B73 (P = 0.11), KWid of Groups I to III were statistically lower than B73 (P < 0.00). By comparing the bulked genotypes of the four groups to EHel and B73, a stable chromosomal region on Chr9 between SNPs of AX-86298372 to AX-86263154, entirely covered by qKWid9, was identified to link KWid with the positive allele of increasing phenotypic effect to KWid from B73, similar to that of qKWid9. A large amount of enzyme activity and macromolecule binding-related genes were annotated within this chromosomal region, suggesting qKWid9 as a potential QTL for KWid in maize.  相似文献   

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Medicinal herbs are well known and studied over the past millennia in most of the developing countries as a rational means of treatment against various diseases and disorders. Wedelolactone (WDL), a major bioactive compound in Eclipta prostrata L (Eclipta alba L), has been reported with potential benefits in human health against chronic diseases. However, a comprehensive study on WDL pharmacological benefits in various ailments, to the best of our knowledge, is not yet reported. Thereof, the present review provides the recent therapeutic applications in reference to biological and functional activities against major human chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and androgenetic alopecia. In this study, we collected all the relevant experimental information on WDL from Scientific databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Conclusively, WDL is recognized as a key anti-oxidant with both specific regulator and inhibitor of major drug targetable proteins in human chronic diseases and disorders. Hence, WDL as a novel therapeutic bioactive molecule is advised to explore further for relevant pharmacological activities.  相似文献   

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EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), a light zeitnehmer (time-taker) gene, regulates circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, and barley. The three orthologs of ELF3 (TaELF3-1AL, TaELF3-1BL, andTaELF3-1DL) have been identified in wheat too, and one gene, TaELF3-1DL, has been associated with headingdate. However, the basic characteristics of these three genes and the roles of the other two genes, TaELF3-1BLand, TaELF3-1AL, remain unknown. Therefore, the present study obtained the coding sequences of the threeorthologs (TaELF3-1AL, TaELF3-1BL, and TaELF3-1DL) of ELF3 from bread wheat and characterized themand investigated the role of TaELF3-1BL in Arabidopsis. Protein sequence comparison revealed similarities amongthe three TaELF3 genes of wheat; however, they were different from the Arabidopsis ELF3. Real-time quantitativePCR revealed TaELF3 expression in all wheat tissues tested, with the highest expression in young spikes; the threegenes showed rhythmic expression patterns also. Furthermore, the overexpression of the TaELF3-1BL gene inArabidopsis delayed flowering, indicating their importance in flowering. Subsequent overexpression ofTaELF3-1BL in the Arabidopsis ELF3 nonfunctional mutant (elf3 mutant) eliminated its early flowering phenotype, and slightly delayed flowering. The wild-type Arabidopsis overexpressing TaELF3-1BL demonstratedreduced expression levels of flowering-related genes, such as CONSTANS (AtCO), FLOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT),and GIGANTEA (AtGI). Thus, the study characterized the three TaELF3 genes and associated TaELF3-1BL withflowering in Arabidopsis, suggesting a role in regulating flowering in wheat too. These findings provide a basis forfurther research on TaELF3 functions in wheat.  相似文献   

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The lignocellulosic crop Miscanthus spp. has been identified as a good candidate for biomass production. Theresponses of Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. to salinity were studied to satisfy the needs for high yields in marginalareas and to avoid competition with food production. The results indicated that the relative advantages of thetolerant accession over the sensitive one under saline conditions were associated with restricted Na+ accumulationin shoots. Seedlings of two accessions (salt-tolerant ‘JM0119’ and salt-sensitive ‘JM0099’) were subjected to 0(control), 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl stress to better understand the salt-induced biochemical responses of genesinvolved in Na+ accumulation in M. sinensis. The adaptation responses of genes encoding for Na+/H+ antiporters,NHX1 and SOS1 to NaCl stress were examined in JM0119 and JM0099.The cDNA sequences of genes examinedwere highly conserved among the relatives of M. sinensis based on the sequencing on approximate 600 bp-longcDNA fragments obtained from degenerate PCR. These salt-induced variations of gene expression investigated byquantitative real-time PCR provided evidences for insights of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance inM. sinensis. The expression of NHX1 was up-regulated by salt stress in JM0119 shoot and root tissues. However,it was hardly affected in JM0099 shoot tissue except for a significant increase at the 100 mM salt treatment, and itwas salt-suppressed in the JM0099 root tissue. In the root tissue, the expression of SOS1 was induced by the highsalt treatment in JM0119 but repressed by all salt treatments in JM0099. Thus, the remarkably higher expressionof NHX1 and SOS1 were associated with the resistance to Na+ toxicity by regulation of the Na+ influx, efflux, andsequestration under different salt conditions.  相似文献   

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Xu Gao  Ziqi Shen  Jinliang Xu  Min Fan  Qiang Li 《Phyton》2023,92(7):1987-1999
Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced. At present, the control of P. nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods, with considerable environmental andhealth issues. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) and Magnolia officinalis (MO). On mycelial growth, sporangium formation, and zoospore release of P. nicotianae. Bothextracts inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae, with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92% and 93.92%, respectively, at 40 mg/mL, and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL, respectively. The underlying mechanisms were theinhibition of sporangium formation, the reduction of zoospore number, and the destruction of the myceliumstructure. At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL, the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were98.66% and 99.39%, respectively. At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL, the production of sporangiaand zoospores was completely inhibited. The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degreesof deformation and damage. Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling, whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae. Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.  相似文献   

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Cyclophilin (CYP) plays an important role in plant response to stress, and OsCYP2, one gene of cyclophlilinfamily, is involved in auxin signal transduction and stress signaling in rice. However, the mechanism that OsCYP2is involved in rice response to low temperature is still unclear. We identified a new OsCYP2 allelic mutant, lrl3,with fewer lateral roots, and the differences in shoot height, primary root length and adventitious root lengthincreased with the growth process compared to the wild-type plant. Auxin signaling pathway was also affectedand became insensitive to gravity. The transgenic rice plants with over-expression of OsCYP2 were more tolerantto low temperature than the wild-type plants, suggesting that OsCYP2 was involved in the low temperatureresponse in rice. In addition, OsCYP2 negatively regulated the expression of OsTPS38, a terpene synthase gene,and was dependent on the OsCDPK7-mediated pathway in response to low temperature stress. OsTPS38-overexpressed transgenic line ox-2 was more sensitive to low temperature. Therefore, OsCYP2 may negativelyregulate OsTPS38 through an OsCDPK7-dependent pathway to mediate the response to low temperature in rice.These results provide a new basis for auxin signaling genes to regulate rice response to low temperature stress.  相似文献   

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It is known that the high level of sugar including glucose suppresses seed germination through ABA signal. ABI5 isan essential component to mediate ABA-dependent seed germination inhibition, but underlying mechanismneeds more investigation. Previous study demonstrated the PIF4 activated the expression of ABI5 to suppress seedgermination in darkness. Here we reported that PIF4 also mediated the seed germination inhibition through ABI5under high concentration of glucose treatment. Furthermore, we found that PIF4 interacted with PAP1, the central factor to control anthocyanin biosynthesis. Such interaction was confirmed in vitro and in planta. Biochemicaland physiological analysis revealed that PAP1 bond the promoter of ABI5 to suppress its expression, thusenhanced seed germination under high concentration of glucose treatment. Specially, PAP1 competed with PIF4 toantagonize the activation of PIF4 on ABI5 expression, thus promoted seed germination under high glucose treatment. Given these, we uncover a novel role for PIF4 and PAP1 in controlling seed germination under high glucosetreatment, and reveal their antagonistic mechanism by which coordinates ABI5 expression to control seed germination in response to the glucose signal.  相似文献   

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Many studies have already shown that dwarfism and moderate delayed leaf senescence positively impact rice yield, but the underlying molecular mechanism of dwarfism and leaf senescence remains largely unknown. Here, using map-based cloning, we identified an allele of DEP2, DDG1, which controls plant height and leaf senescence in rice. The ddg1 mutant displayed dwarfism, short panicles, and delayed leaf senescence. Compared with the wild-type, ddg1 was insensitive to exogenous gibberellins (GA) and brassinolide (BR). DDG1 is expressed in various organs, especially in stems and panicles. Yeast two-hybrid assay, bimolecular fluorescent complementation and luciferase complementation image assay showed that DDG1 interacts with the α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein. Disruption of RGA1 resulted in dwarfism, short panicles, and darker-green leaves. Furthermore, we found that ddg1 and the RGA1 mutant was more sensitive to salt treatment, suggesting that DDG1 and RGA1 are involved in regulating salt stress response in rice. Our results show that DDG1/DEP2 regulates plant height and leaf senescence through interacting with RGA1.  相似文献   

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The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species, morphotypes, and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico. Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Yucatán in two agroecosystems: Backyard-garden and monoculture. Fifteen phenotypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and multivariate analyses of principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering using Ward’s method. The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment. A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics. Of the total variation, 13.0% was distributed among species, 27.9% among morphotypes, 8.1% among populations, and 51.0% within populations. Because plants grew in a uniform environment, these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species, morphotypes, and populations have a genetic basis. Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes, suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsicum. The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation. The first two components explained 59.64% of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90% of the total variation. Among the measured characteristics, number of seed per fruit, weight of the fruit, width of the fruit, length of the fruit, stem diameter, days to flowering, and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation, whereas width of the leaf, length of the leaf, and number of locules, number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2. The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups. One group consisted of populations collected in monoculture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions. The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer, wider, and higher weight fruits, plants were of less height, had smaller stem diameters, and lower number of fruits than the populations collected from the backyard-garden conditions. The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species, considered wild or semi-domesticated, constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.  相似文献   

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Fusarium wilt, a disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp batatas (Fob) is an important disease in sweet potato production. Using endophytic bacteria for biological control of sweet potato diseases is one of the important ways. A Bacillus subtilis with antagonistic effect on Fusarium wilt of sweet potato was isolated from soil by confrontation culture. According to the biological characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and physiological and biochemical analysis, the Bacillus subtilis HAAS01 was named. A pot experiment was conducted for the biological control experiment of strain HAAS01, and the endogenous hormone content, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble protein content, and related gene expressions of sweet potato plants were detected. The results showed that the HAAS01 strain could promote the production of endogenous hormones and resist the infection of plant diseases together with defensive enzymes and upregulation of related gene expressions. In summary, Bacillus subtilis HAAS01 was effective in controlling Fusarium wilt of sweet potato and has potential for application and development.  相似文献   

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Grape pistil has an important influence on fruit size and quality. However, there were few studies on grape ovary, and the development process of the ovary is still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, four different grape varieties with different lengths of small inflorescences, namely ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape (Vitis vinifera), ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca), ‘ShanPuTao’ grape (Vitis amurensis) and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape (Vitis amurensis × Vitis vinifera) were used as test materials. Four varieties ovary were significant differences by means of stereomicroscope, paraffin section. The expression of ovary determining gene VvAGAMOUS (VvAG) and its development related genes VvCRABS CLAW (VvCRC) andVvAGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (VvAGL11) with similar functions during the development of different grape varieties were preliminarily explored using fluorescence quantitative test. The relationship between VvAG and VvCRC, VvAG and VvAGL11 were analyzed using Y1H assay. Our results showed that there were obvious abdominal sutures on the surface of expect for ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape, and existing poly carpels. The ovary development of ‘ShanPuTao’ and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape was completed when the inflorescence length was less than 1 cm, while the ‘Concord’ and ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape were fully developed when the length of inflorescence was 3–4 and 4–5 cm, respectively. VvAG and VvCRC began to express in large quantities after the formation of stamen primordia, while VvAGL11 during the forming of ovule primordia. Therefore, VvAG and VvCRC mainly regulated the development of stamens and carpels and also promote the development of ovules, while VvAGL11 major regulated the development of ovules. The promoters of VvCRC and VvAGL11 were bound by VvAG. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of grape ovary development.  相似文献   

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Production of peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) for both local market and export is increasing each year inEgypt. Brown rot disease, caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena, is considered one of the mostimportant postharvest rots affecting peaches in Egypt and economic losses are increasing. Antifungal activityof glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles (GA-NPs) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L was investigatedas a control for both these brown rot pathogens on peach fruits in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the in vitrostudies, GA-NPs were the most effective as shown by the ability to decrease linear growth of both brown rotpathogens in potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs. Micrographs of M. fructigenaexposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA showed mycelial deformations, nodule formation, detachment of the cell wall, shrinkage and inhomogeneous cytoplasmic materials with large vacuoles. Mycelium of M. laxa exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA-NPs resulted in thinner and distorted hyphae, nodule formation, cell wall thinning, and swellings. The GANPs and GA treatments improved fruit quality by maintaining firmness and total soluble solids (TSS). GA-NPswere more effective in decreasing decay incidence than their bulk material. The 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs completelyinhibited the disease on naturally infected peach fruits for both seasons of 2018 and 2019. Furthermore,0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs reduced the disease incidence in inoculated fruits by 95 (M. laxa) and 88% (M. fructigena)in 2018 season and 96 (M. laxa) and 85% (M. fructigena) in 2019 season. In conclusion, GA-NPs could enhancethe resistance of peaches against brown rot caused by M. laxa and M. fructigena.  相似文献   

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Invertase (INV), a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism, irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose, thus playing importantroles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In thisstudy, we identified 27 members of the BnaINV family in Brassica napus. Weconstructed a phylogenetic tree of the family and predicted the gene structures,conserved motifs, cis-acting elements in promoters, physicochemical propertiesof encoded proteins, and chromosomal distribution of the BnaINVs. We also analyzed the expression of the BnaINVs in different tissues and developmental stagesin the B. napus cultivar Zhongshuang 11 using qRT-PCR. In addition, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data to explore the expression patterns of the BnaINVsin four cultivars with different harvest indices and in plants inoculated with thepathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. We used WGCNA (weighted coexpression network analysis) to uncover BnaINVregulatory networks. Finally,we explored the expression patterns of several BnaINV genes in cultivars withlong (Zhongshuang 4) and short (Ningyou 12) siliques. Our results suggest thatBnaINVs play important roles in the growth and development of rapeseed siliquesand the defense response against pathogens. Our findings could facilitate thebreeding of high-yielding B. napus cultivars with strong disease resistance.  相似文献   

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