Effects of Different Irrigation Management on the Textural Properties of Double-Cropping Late <i>Indica</i> Rice in South China

In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation management on the textural properties of two differentdouble-cropping late Indica rice, the effects of three irrigation management including conventional irrigation(CK), constant irrigation (CI) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) on textural properties has been researchedunder field conditions of two years. The results indicated that the firmness, cohesiveness and chewiness weredecreased under AWD treatment, and the stickiness was increased compared with CK, while the textural properties under CI treatment showed the opposite trend with AWD treatment. Additionally, AWD treatment signifi-cantly improved the springiness of TY871 compared with CK and CI treatment, but had no significant effect inRYHZ, suggesting improvement of the cooking and eating quality of TY871 under AWD treatment. Correlationanalysis showed that the chewiness was positively correlated with the firmness and cohesiveness, and the cohesiveness was positively correlated with the firmness. AWD could promote the textural properties of high-qualitylate Indica rice in South China whereas CI treatment has shown the disadvantage of the textural properties, whichwill provide useful information for the improvement of cooking and eating quality of rice.     

Effects of Different Selenium Application Methods on Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Biofortification and Nutritional Quality

Mineral nutrient malnutrition, especially deficiency in selenium (Se),affects the health of approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Wheat, a staplefood crop, plays an important role in producing Se-enriched foodstuffs to increasethe Se intake of humans. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different Seapplication methods on grain yield and nutritional quality, grain Se absorption andaccumulation, as well as 14 other trace elements concentrations in wheat grains.A sand culture experiment was conducted via a completely randomized 3 × 2 × 1factorial scheme (three Se levels × two methods of Se application, foliar or soil ×one Se sources, selenite), with two wheat cultivars (Guizi No.1, Chinese Spring).The results showed that both foliar Se and soil Se application methods had effectson wheat pollination. Foliar Se application resulted in early flowering of wheat,while soil Se application caused early flowering of wheat at low Se levels(5 mg kg⁻¹) and delayed wheat flowering at high selenium levels (10 mg kg⁻¹),respectively. For trace elements, human essential trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu,Cr, Mo, Co and Ni) concentrations in wheat grains were dependent of Se application methods and wheat cultivars. However, toxic trace elements (Cd, Pb, Hg, As,Li and Al) concentrations can be decreased by both methods, indicating a possibleantagonistic effect. Moreover, both methods increased Se concentrations, andimproved grain yield and nutritional quality, while the foliar application was better than soil. Accordingly, this study provided useful information concerningnutritional biofortification of wheat, indicating that it is feasible to apply Se toconduct Se biofortification, inhibit the heavy metal elements concentrations andimprove yield and quality in crops, which caused human health benefits.     

Effects of Heat Stress during Seed Filling Stage on <i>Brassica napus</i> Seed Oil Accumulation and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics

As global temperature rise, the threat of heat stress to rapeseed production is becoming more obvious. Exploring the response characteristics of two important biological pathways, oil accumulation and photosynthesis, to heat stress during B. napus seed filling is helpful in the genetic improvement of heat-tolerant rapeseed. The effects of heat stress on seed oil accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 29 B. napus germplasms with different oil content and environmental sensitivity, including 6 rapeseed varieties which exhibited environment-sensitive/insensitive and with high, medium or low oil content, were tested by whole plant heat stress or the in vitro silique culture system. Both assay exhibited similar trend on oil content of the rapeseed germplasms. The heat effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters F_v/F_m, ETR and Y(II) were also consistent. Heat stress significantly decreased oil content, although there was abundant genetic variation on heat tolerance among the genotypes. Correlation analysis showed that the decrease rate of F_v/F_m of silique heat-stressed B. napus developing seed was positive correlative to the decrease rate of mature seed oil content of the whole plant heat-stressed rapeseed (R = 0.9214, P-value < 0.01). Overall, the results indicated that heat stress inhibited oil accumulation and photosynthesis in B. napus developing seed. The decrease rate of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F_v/F_m of heat-stressed developing seed could be used as the index of heat tolerant rapeseed identification. Further, two heat insensitive rapeseed varieties with high oil content were identified.     

Mycorrhizal Fungal Effects on Growth,Antioxidant Capacity,and Medicine Quality of <i>Paris polyphylla</i> var. <i>yunnanensis</i>

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two commercial strains composed of mulple arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species on plant growth, antioxidant capacity, and medicine quality of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis in three subtropical soils from Wanzhou, Anshun and Baoshan in fields. The results showed that AMF inoculation enhanced the fungal colonization rate and activities of both succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, thereby, enhancing the mycorrhizal viability of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The concentrations of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a+b and carotenoids), soluble sugar, soluble protein and photosynthetic capacity were higher in AMF-inoculated plants than in non-AMF-treated plants in field. AMFtreated plants recorded higher activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, and caused the reduction in malondialdehyde content, indicating lower oxidative damage, compared with non-AMF plants. Polyphyllin I, Polyphyllin II, Polyphyllin III, Polyphyllin IV and total polyphyllin contents were increased by AMF treatment. In conclusion, AMF improved the plant growth, antioxidant capacity and medicinal quality of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings. Hereinto, AMF effects on the soil from Wanzhou was relatively greater than on other soils.     

Effects of Different Spectra from LED on the Growth,Development and Reproduction of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Light is the major source of energy for plants and as such has a profound effect on plant growth and development. Red and blue lights have been considered to best drive photosynthetic metabolism and are beneficial for plant growth and development, and green light was seen as a signal to slow down or stop. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) was used to investigate the effects of red, blue and green lights on the growth and development of plants from seed germination to seeding. Results demonstrated that red light showed a promotion effect but blue light a prohibition one in most stages except for the flowering time in which the effect of each light was just reversed. When mixed with red or blue light, green light generally at least partially cancelled out the effects caused by each of them. Results also showed that the same number of photons the plant received could cause different effects and choosing the right combination of different color of lights is essential in both promoting the growth and development of plants and reducing the energy consumption of lighting in plant factory.     

Comparison of Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics of <i>Taxus chinensis</i> var. <i>mairei </i>Seedlings Root under Waterlogging Stress in Different Substrates

Four different ratios of river sand, ceramic pellets, vermiculite and perlite (1:1), and field soil were selected as the substrates in this experiment, and four gradient levels of root waterlogging, half waterlogging, full waterlogging and normal were set to investigate the effects of different gradients of waterlogging stress on the root morphology of Taxus chinensis var. mairei seedlings under different substrates. In this study, the root anatomical structure of Taxus chinensis var. mairei under different waterlogging stress was observed by the paraffin section method. The roots of T. chinensis var. mairei were diarch, with no pith and resin canals. There was a large number of tannins in the pericycle of the aerial adventitious roots of seedlings adapted to waterlogging. Also, the endodermis has obvious casparian strip thickening, and there were 4-5 layers of large parenchymatous cells in the close to the inner side of the pericycle in the vascular cylinder, which could increase the storage capacity, and transport capacity of the root. Under the treatment of root waterlogging stress, the development of plant roots in the mixed substrate of vermiculite and, perlite was the earliest. Under half waterlogging stress, T. chinensis var. mairei seedlings treated with various substrates all could better adapt to the environment of waterlogging stress. Under the stress of fully waterlogging, the roots of seedlings planted in river sand substrate developed secondary growth.     

Effects of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Physiology of <i>Viola prionantha</i> under Salt Stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi distribute widely in natural habits and play a variety of ecological functions. In order to test the physiological response to salt stress mediated by different AM fungi, Viola prionantha was selected as the host, the dominant AM fungus in the rhizosphere of V. philippica growing in Songnen saline-alkali grassland, Rhizophagus irregularis, and their mixtures were used as inoculants, and NaCl stress was applied after the roots were colonized. The results showed that V. philippica could be colonized by AM fungi in the field and the colonization rate ranged from 73.33% to 96.67%, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum was identified as the dominant AM fungi species in the rhizosphere of V. philippica by morphology combined with sequencing for AM fungal AML1/AML2 target. Inoculation with both the species resulted in the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis (the colonization rate was more than 70%) and AM fungi significantly enhanced plants’ tolerance to salt stress of varying magnitude. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes and augmented levels of proline and other osmoregulators were observed in AM plants. The content of MDA in CK was higher than that in the inoculations with the stress of 100, 200, and 250 mM. All indices except soluble protein content and MDA content were significantly correlated with AM fungal colonization indices. The analysis for different AM fungal effects showed that the mixtures and R. irregularis worked even better than C. etunicatum. These results will provide theoretical support for the exploration and screening of salt-tolerant AM fungi species and also for the application of AM-ornamental plants in saline-alkali urban greening.     

Integrated Nutrient Management Improves Productivity and Quality of Sugarcane (<i>Saccharum Officinarum</i> L.)

Sugarcane is one of the major important sugar yielding crops in Bangladesh. As an exhaustive crop, sugarcane removes a huge amount of plant nutrients from the soil. However, the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can be a good approach to deal with nutrient depletion and promote sustainable crop production as well as improve soil health. Therefore, an attempt was made to identify the most fruitful and profitable integrated nutrient management on the aspects of growth, yield and quality of sugarcane in two consecutive growing seasons. Seven treatments: T₁=Control, T₂=165:55:120:30:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹, T₃=Poultry Litter (PL) at 5 t ha⁻¹+95:51:87:9:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹, T₄=Cow Dung (CD) at 15 t ha⁻¹+ 36:52:60:17:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹, T₅=Press Mud (PM) at 15 t ha⁻¹+10:50:43:0:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹, T₆=Mustard Oil Cake (MOC) at 0.5 t ha⁻¹+140:54:115:25:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹ and T₇=GM (Green Manure) at 5 t ha⁻¹+140:53:100:28:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha⁻¹ were used in this experiment. Two years data showed that treatment T₃ produced the maximum amount of tillers, total dry matter yield, millable sugarcane, cane yield and sugar yield, followed by the T₄ treatment. The highest stalk heights were recorded in the T₃ treatment, which was statistically similar to all other treatments except T₁ and T₂. The juice quality parameters viz., brix and pol in cane were found significant in treatment T₃ while the highest purity was obtained in the T₇ treatment. All the data of Jaggery (goor) quality parameters, the highest sucrose content, color transmittance, Jaggery (goor) recovery and the lowest ash content of Jaggery (goor) were observed in the T₃ treatment, which was statistically similar to the T₄ treatment in both seasons. The highest cost of production was obtained from the T₆ treatment while the highest gross return, net return and BCR were recorded in the T₃ treatment. No significant changes were found in one cycle of sugarcane in initial and post-harvest soil characteristics viz., pH, organic carbon, total N, and available P, K and S contents due to integrated use of different fertilizer packages. From the experimental findings, it was concluded that treatment T₃ followed by T₄ treatment would be the better productive and profitable integrated nutrient management technology for ensuring higher yields and quality of sugarcane without soil fertility degradation in the High Ganges River Floodplain soils.     

Effects of Barium Stress in <i>Brassica juncea</i> and <i>Cakile maritima</i>: The Indicator Role of Some Antioxidant Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites

Soil contamination by toxic trace metal elements, like barium (Ba), may stimulate various undesirable changes in the metabolic activity of plants. The plant responses are fast and with, direct or indirect, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To cope with the stress imposed by the ROS production, plants developed a dual cellular system composed of enzymatic and non-enzymatic players that convert ROS, and their by-products, into stable nontoxic molecules. To assess the Ba stress response of two Brassicaceae species (Brassica juncea, a glycophyte, and Cakile maritime, a halophyte), plants were exposure to different Ba concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300 and 500 μM). The plants response was evaluated through their morphology and development, the determination of plant leaves antioxidant enzymatic activities and by the production of plants secondary metabolites. Results indicated that the two Brassicaceae species have the ability to survive in an environment containing Ba (even at 500 μM). The biomass production of C. maritima was slightly affected whereas an increase in biomass B. juncea was noticed. The stress imposed by Ba activated the antioxidant defense system in the two species, noticed by the changes in the leaves activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and guaicol peroxidase (GPX), and of the secondary metabolites, through the production of total phenols and flavonoids. The enzymatic response was not similar within the two plant species: CAT and APX seem to have a more important role against the oxidative stress in C. maritima while in B. juncea is GPX. Overall, total phenols and flavonoids production was more significant in the plants aerial part than in the roots, of the both species. Although the two Brassicaceae species response was different, in both plants catalytic and non-catalytic transformation of ROS occurs, and both were able to overcome the Ba toxicity and prevent the cell damage.     

枇杷果皮响应高温强光胁迫的蛋白质组分析

为探讨枇杷[Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.)Lindl.]果皮在高温强光胁迫下的蛋白质组分变化,采用蛋白质组学方法分析了果实日灼抗性差的枇杷种质‘WDYDB’果皮蛋白质对高温强光胁迫的应答反应。结果表明,在自然高温强光胁迫与遮光处理(对照)下,枇杷果皮蛋白质双向电泳图谱中表达量差异在2倍以上的蛋白点共有31个;通过MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS质谱分析成功鉴定出26个差异蛋白点,包括11个下调蛋白和15个上调蛋白。根据这些蛋白功能,可将其分为防御应答、碳水化合物和能量代谢、光合作用、其它等4类蛋白。同时,对这些蛋白质在高温强光胁迫下的功能和作用进行了讨论。这些差异蛋白质参与了枇杷对高温强光胁迫的响应。     

Effects of Different Geographical Aspects and Ontogenetic Variability on Total Hypericin Content of <i>Hypericum triquetrifolium</i> Turra. and <i>Hypericum scabrum</i> L.

The present study was conducted to determine the total hypericin contents of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. and Hypericum scabrum L. species which are naturally distributed in the flora of Siirt province, Turkey. Hypericin contents of Hypericum species grown in different geographical aspects (North, South, East, and West), and it was measured at different harvest times (full blooming and post blooming period). In the current study, it has been determined that total hypericin content varies considerably according to aspects, plant developmental stages (ontogenetic variance), and species. According to species x aspect interaction, the highest total hypericin content was recorded from the west aspect (3.13 mg/g) in Hypericum triquetrifolium, while, the lowest hypericin content was also obtained from the west aspect (1.22 mg/g) in Hypericum scabrum. When the highest total hypericin content was analyzed according to aspect x species x harvest time interaction, the highest total hypericin content was produced from Hypericum triquetrifolium at the harvest of west aspect with 5.28 mg/g, while the minimum amount of hypericin was obtained from the same aspect in Hypericum scabrum with 0.50 mg/g. In species x harvest time interaction, the highest total hypericin content was obtained from the full bloom (3.10 mg/g) harvest in Hypericum triquetrifolium, while the lowest hypericin was obtained from the full bloom (1.26 mg/g) harvest in Hypericum scabrum. The data suggest that the average total hypericin content was 2.26 mg/g in Hypericum triquetrifolium and 1.28 mg/g in Hypericum scabrum.     

外源海藻糖对高温胁迫下穗分化期水稻叶片生理特性及产量的影响

该研究以耐热型水稻品种Nagina22和热敏型水稻品种YR343为供试材料,采用盆栽试验,设置喷施清水+常温处理(NT0)、喷施清水+穗分化期高温胁迫(HT0),以及分别喷施5、10、15、20 mmol·L^-1外源海藻糖+高温胁迫(分别记为HT1、HT2、HT3、HT4)共6个处理,分析外源海藻糖对高温胁迫下穗分化期水稻叶片叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、活性氧含量等生理特性,以及籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响,为水稻抗热栽培和耐热品种的选育提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在高温胁迫下水稻穗分化期,2个水稻品种叶片的叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及渗透调节物质含量均降低,叶片MDA和H₂O₂含量以及■的产生速率均上升,叶片抗氧化酶活性呈先增后降的趋势,最终显示水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素显著下降。(2)喷施外源海藻糖能显著增加高温胁迫下穗分化期水稻的每穗粒数、千粒重和结实率,从而提高籽粒产量,其中弱势粒千粒重和结实率的增幅高于强势粒,外源海藻糖最适喷施浓度为15 mmol·L^-1...     

抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质指标的影响

高温热害对水稻生产造成了巨大的损失。利用国际水稻研究所耐热圃材料,在抽穗扬花期进行高温处理,研究了该时期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标的影响,结果如下：水稻耐热圃材料的耐热性有较大的差别,依然存在高温相对敏感材料;抽穗扬花期高温胁迫对水稻主要品质评价指标影响较大;高温胁迫对水稻籽粒的透明度、长宽比、垩白率、糊化温度和蛋白质含量等品质指标与品种的耐热性相关关系不大;高温胁迫下直链淀粉含量变化与品种耐热系数表现出显著的正相关关系（r=0.659 78）;高温胁迫下胶稠度变化与不同水稻品种的耐热系数呈显著的负相关关系（r=-0.516 70）。     

Salt Stress Affects the Growth and Yield of Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) by Altering the Antioxidant Machinery and Expression of Hormones and Stress-Specific Genes

Understanding physiological responses in saline agriculture may facilitate wheat breeding programs. Based on a screening test, the Ningmai-14 (NM-14) and Yangmai-23 (YM-23) wheat cultivars were selected for further experiments to understand the underlying salinity tolerance mechanism. This study investigated the effects of five salinity levels such as Control (CK) = 0 (without NaCl stress), S1 = 0.20%, S2 = 0.25%, S3 = 0.30% and S4 = 0.35% of NaCl concentrations of soil on wheat plants. The results showed that increased salinity concentration reduced the growth and yield of wheat cultivars (NM-14 and YM-23). However, YM-23 (12.7%) yielded more than NM-14 at maximum salinity stress. The higher salinity (S4) increased the concentration of Na⁺ (4.3 to 5.8-fold) and P contents (2.5 to 2.2-fold), while reducing the average concentrations of K⁺, Cu, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. The higher salinity (S4) reduced the spikelet length by 21.35% (followed by grain spike⁻¹), and the starch content by 18.81%. In the YM-23 cultivar, higher salinity increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and amylase. Compared to NM-14, induced expression of TaYUC2, 6, and TaGA13ox, 20ox genes were recorded in YM-23. Similarly, in YM-23 the stress-specific genes such as TaHSP70, 90 were enhanced whereas, TaSOS1, 2 were suppressed. Overall, our study revealed that salt tolerant cultivars modulate hormonal and antioxidant activities, thus maintaining high growth.

     

氮肥基追比与灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种‘济麦20’为供试材料,研究了不同氮肥基追比（基肥：追肥为1：1、1：2、1：5）和灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果显示,灌浆中期高温胁迫处理能显著降低小麦千粒重、籽粒产量以及籽粒的淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉比例,峰值粘度、稀懈值、最终粘度也相应降低,而籽粒蛋白质含量相应提高,导致淀粉品质变劣而面团的流变学特性得以改善;在基追比例1：1的基础上增大拔节期氮素追施比例,能显著提高小麦常温和高温胁迫下籽粒产量,缓解高温胁迫对小麦千粒重和籽粒产量的不良影响,而对小麦籽粒面团流变学特性及面粉的粘度指标影响甚微.研究表明,适当提高拔节期氮肥追施比例可有效减缓灌浆中期高温胁迫对小麦产量的负面影响,但对小麦籽粒品质影响较小.     

Effects of High-Temperature Stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Antioxidant Enzyme System of <i>Paeonia ostii</i>

Paeonia ostii is an economically important oil crop, which has been widely cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China in recent years. Although P. ostii is highly adaptable to the environment, the prolonged high summer temperature in this region severely inhibits its growth, which adversely affects seed yield and quality. In this study, P. ostii plants were subjected to 20°C/15°C (day/night) and 40°C/35°C (day/night) temperatures for 15 days. The changes in physiological and biochemical indicators of P. ostii under high-temperature stress were initially investigated. The results showed that with the deepening of leaf etiolation, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentration, carotenoid concentration, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) values and leaf relative water content decreased significantly, while both relative electrical conductivity (REC) and free proline concentration showed an upward trend. Meanwhile, the continuous accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. ostii plants, led to an increased activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Moreover, with the extension of the high-temperature treatment, the anatomical structures of P. ostii were destroyed, resulting in a decreased photochemical efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center and photosynthesis was inhibited. Taken together, these results provide reference values for understanding the physiological response of P. ostii to high-temperature stress and establish a foundation for further research on the relevant underlying molecular mechanisms.