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1.
Plants harbor diverse communities of fungi and other microorganisms. Fungi are known to occur both on plant surfaces (epiphytes)
and inside plant tissues (endophytes), but the two communities have rarely been compared. We compared epiphytic and endophytic
fungal communities associated with leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica) in Puerto Rico. We asked whether the dominant fungi are the same in both communities, whether endophyte and epiphyte communities
are equally diverse, and whether epiphytes and endophytes exhibit similar patterns of spatial heterogeneity among sites. Leaves
of naturalized coffee plants were collected from six sites in Puerto Rico. Epiphytic and endophytic fungi were isolated by
placing leaf pieces on potato dextrose agar without and with surface sterilization, respectively. A total of 821 colonies
were isolated and grouped into 131 morphospecies. The taxonomic affinities of the four most common nonsporulating fungi were
determined by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region: two grouped with Xylaria and one each with Botryosphaeria and Guignardia. Of the most common genera, Pestalotia and Botryosphaeria were significantly more common as epiphytes; Colletotrichum, Xylaria, and Guignardia were significantly more common as endophytes. Suprisingly, more morphospecies occurred as endophytes than as epiphytes. Differences
among sites in number of fungi per plant were significant. Thus epiphytic and endophytic communities differed greatly on a
single leaf, despite living only millimeters apart, and both communities differed from site to site. Significant correlations
between occurrence of fungal morphospecies suggested that fungi may have positive or negative effects on their neighbors.
This is the first quantitative comparison of epiphytic and endophytic fungal floras in any plant, and the first to examine
endophytic fungi or epiphytic fungi in leaves of coffee, one of the world’s most valuable crops. 相似文献
2.
Hirokazu Toju Hirotoshi Sato Satoshi Yamamoto Kohmei Kadowaki Akifumi S. Tanabe Shigenobu Yazawa Osamu Nishimura Kiyokazu Agata 《Ecology and evolution》2013,3(9):3112-3124
In natural forests, hundreds of fungal species colonize plant roots. The preference or specificity for partners in these symbiotic relationships is a key to understanding how the community structures of root‐associated fungi and their host plants influence each other. In an oak‐dominated forest in Japan, we investigated the root‐associated fungal community based on a pyrosequencing analysis of the roots of 33 plant species. Of the 387 fungal taxa observed, 153 (39.5%) were identified on at least two plant species. Although many mycorrhizal and root‐endophytic fungi are shared between the plant species, the five most common plant species in the community had specificity in their association with fungal taxa. Likewise, fungi displayed remarkable variation in their association specificity for plants even within the same phylogenetic or ecological groups. For example, some fungi in the ectomycorrhizal family Russulaceae were detected almost exclusively on specific oak (Quercus) species, whereas other Russulaceae fungi were found even on “non‐ectomycorrhizal” plants (e.g., Lyonia and Ilex). Putatively endophytic ascomycetes in the orders Helotiales and Chaetothyriales also displayed variation in their association specificity and many of them were shared among plant species as major symbionts. These results suggest that the entire structure of belowground plant–fungal associations is described neither by the random sharing of hosts/symbionts nor by complete compartmentalization by mycorrhizal type. Rather, the colonization of multiple types of mycorrhizal fungi on the same plant species and the prevalence of diverse root‐endophytic fungi may be important features of belowground linkage between plant and fungal communities. 相似文献
3.
U'ren JM Lutzoni F Miadlikowska J Laetsch AD Arnold AE 《American journal of botany》2012,99(5):898-914
? Premise of the study: Endophytic and endolichenic fungi occur in healthy tissues of plants and lichens, respectively, playing potentially important roles in the ecology and evolution of their hosts. However, previous sampling has not comprehensively evaluated the biotic, biogeographic, and abiotic factors that structure their communities. ? Methods: Using molecular data we examined the diversity, composition, and distributions of 4154 endophytic and endolichenic Ascomycota cultured from replicate surveys of ca. 20 plant and lichen species in each of five North American sites (Madrean coniferous forest, Arizona; montane semideciduous forest, North Carolina; scrub forest, Florida; Beringian tundra and forest, western Alaska; subalpine tundra, eastern central Alaska). ? Key results: Endolichenic fungi were more abundant and diverse per host species than endophytes, but communities of endophytes were more diverse overall, reflecting high diversity in mosses and lycophytes. Endophytes of vascular plants were largely distinct from fungal communities that inhabit mosses and lichens. Fungi from closely related hosts from different regions were similar in higher taxonomy, but differed at shallow taxonomic levels. These differences reflected climate factors more strongly than geographic distance alone. ? Conclusions: Our study provides a first evaluation of endophytic and endolichenic fungal associations with their hosts at a continental scale. Both plants and lichens harbor abundant and diverse fungal communities whose incidence, diversity, and composition reflect the interplay of climatic patterns, geographic separation, host type, and host lineage. Although culture-free methods will inform future work, our study sets the stage for empirical assessments of ecological specificity, metabolic capability, and comparative genomics. 相似文献
4.
Most terrestrial plants interact with diverse clades of mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi in their roots. Through belowground plant–fungal interactions, dominant plants can benefit by interacting with host-specific mutualistic fungi and proliferate in a community based on positive plant–mutualistic fungal feedback. On the other hand, subordinate plant species may persist in the community by sharing other sets (functional groups) of fungal symbionts with each other. Therefore, revealing how diverse clades of root-associated fungi are differentially hosted by dominant and subordinate plant species is essential for understanding plant community structure and dynamics. Based on 454-pyrosequencing, we determined the community composition of root-associated fungi on 36 co-occurring plant species in an oak-dominated forest in northern Japan and statistically evaluated the host preference phenotypes of diverse mycorrhizal and root-endophytic fungi. An analysis of 278 fungal taxa indicated that an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete fungus in the genus Lactarius and a possibly endophytic ascomycete fungus in the order Helotiales significantly favored the dominant oak (Quercus) species. In contrast, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were generally shared among subordinate plant species. Although fungi with host preferences contributed to the compartmentalization of belowground plant–fungal associations, diverse clades of ectomycorrhizal fungi and possible root endophytes were associated not only with the dominant Quercus but also with the remaining plant species. Our findings suggest that dominant-ectomycorrhizal and subordinate plant species can host different subsets of root-associated fungi, and diverse clades of generalist fungi can counterbalance the compartmentalization of plant–fungal associations. Such insights into the overall structure of belowground plant–fungal associations will help us understand the mechanisms that facilitate the coexistence of plant species in natural communities. 相似文献
5.
《Fungal Ecology》2021
Halophytes colonize stressed environments of high salinity. Endophytic symbionts improve growth performance and thus adaptability of host plants in stressed environments. Nevertheless, studies focused on the distribution and assembly patterns of fungal endophyte assemblages of halophytes in high salinity environments are limited. We selected 27 common non-mangrove halophytes across 4 geographic sites along the eastern coastline of China for our investigation on endophyte assemblages. We found a significant amount of basidiomycetous fungi in the endophyte assemblage. The endophyte community compositions were significantly affected by plant species and geographic locations. Some halophyte hosts showed significant preference for endophytic fungi in host preference analysis. The network structures of host-microbe bipartite graphs at each site had low connection and were highly nested, modular and specialized. Current results also indicated significant correlation and congruency between host phylogeny and compositions of endophyte local communities and meta-community. Our research showed that host is the dominant factor shaping the fungal endophytic communities in aerial tissues of halophytes in high salinity environments, and the host influence on endophytic community relates to plant phylogeny. 相似文献
6.
John L. Darcy Sean O. I. Swift Gerald M. Cobian Geoffrey L. Zahn Brian A. Perry Anthony S. Amend 《Molecular ecology》2020,29(16):3102-3115
A phylogenetically diverse array of fungi live within healthy leaf tissue of dicotyledonous plants. Many studies have examined these endophytes within a single plant species and/or at small spatial scales, but landscape‐scale variables that determine their community composition are not well understood, either across geographic space, across climatic conditions, or in the context of host plant phylogeny. Here, we evaluate the contributions of these variables to endophyte beta diversity using a survey of foliar endophytic fungi in native Hawaiian dicots sampled across the Hawaiian archipelago. We used Illumina technology to sequence fungal ITS1 amplicons to characterize foliar endophyte communities across five islands and 80 host plant genera. We found that communities of foliar endophytic fungi showed strong geographic structuring between distances of 7 and 36 km. Endophyte community structure was most strongly associated with host plant phylogeny and evapotranspiration, and was also significantly associated with NDVI, elevation and solar radiation. Additionally, our bipartite network analysis revealed that the five islands we sampled each harboured significantly specialized endophyte communities. These results demonstrate how the interaction of factors at large and small spatial and phylogenetic scales shapes fungal symbiont communities. 相似文献
7.
Although the terrestrial and temperate orchids–fungal biology have been largely explored, knowledge of tropical epiphytic
orchids–fungus relationships, especially on the ecological roles imparted by non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes, is less known.
Exploitation of the endophytic fungal mycobiota residing in epiphytic orchid plants may be of great importance to further
elucidate the fungal ecology in this special habitat as well as developing new approaches for orchid conversations. The composition
of fungal endophytes associated with leaves, stems and roots of an epiphytic orchid (Dendrobium nobile), a famous Chinese traditional medicinal plant, was investigated. Microscopic imaging, culture-dependant method and molecular
phylogeny were used to estimate their entity and diversity. Totally, there were 172 isolates, at least 14 fungal genera and
33 different morphospecies recovered from 288 samples. Ascomycetes, coelomycetes and hyphomycetes were three major fungal
groups. There were higher overall colonization and isolation rates of endophytic fungi from leaves than from other tissues.
Guignardia mangiferae was the dominant fungal species within leaves; while the endophytic Xylariaceae were frequently observed in all plant tissues; Colletotrichum, Phomopsis and Fusarium were also frequently observed. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS gene revealed the high diversity of Xylariacea fungi and relatively diverse of non-Xylariacea fungi. Some potentially promising beneficial fungi such as Clonostachys rosea and Trichoderma chlorosporum were found in roots. This is the first report concerning above-ground and below-ground endophytic fungi community of an epiphytic
medicinal orchid, suggesting the ubiquitous distribution of non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes in orchid plants together with
heterogeneity and tissue specificity of the endophyte assemblage. Possible physiological functions played by these fungal
endophytes and their potential applications are also discussed briefly.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
8.
The endophytic fungal communities in the hemi-parasitic epiphyte Viscum album and in its phorophyte Pinus sylvestris were compared to reveal the fungal distribution patterns in their hosts. The ITS nrDNA of 208 multiple-isolated fungal strains was sequenced and a newly designed process was applied for assigning taxon names to the obtained sequences. Furthermore, the isolates were grouped as clusters, by subjecting a sequence similarity matrix to various cluster analyses, the results of which were compared and verified by data from phylogenetic reconstructions. In contrast to a previously reported dominance of Leotiomycetes among Pinus inhabiting fungi, the endophytic communities of the two host plant species studied here were dominated by Xylariaceae (Sordariomycetes). This is in accordance with the finding that host selectivity was only a minor factor in explaining the distribution patterns of the endophytic fungi in Viscum and Pinus. Organ and, probably, tissue selectivity had a more pronounced effect. The composition and condition of the woods in the surrounding, however, are concluded to be the major determinants, due to the following circumstantial evidence: The highest similarities in fungal community compositions were found for the leaves of the two host plant species, especially when considering only the older leaves. The finding that the inhabitants of matured or senescent organs are less host-selective is in accordance with decreasing defence capabilities of ageing host plant tissue and an increased nutrient supply for saprobic taxa. Therefore, the composition of the fungal communities in ageing leaves seems to be predominantly ascribed to contagious spread and to depend on the spectrum of nearby sporulating fungal taxa. We suggest that because a broad range of suitable substrates for Xylariaceae was present in immediate vicinity of the study sites, these fungi also dominated among the recorded endophytic taxa. 相似文献
9.
10.
Juan Chen Ke-Xing Hu Xiao-Qiang Hou Shun-Xing Guo 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(5):1009-1016
Dendrobium is the largest genus of tropical epiphytic orchid, some of which are traditional Chinese medicinal plants. The therapeutic
components varied significantly among species. Endophytic microbes (fungi) hidden in medicinal plants may play an important
effect on the overall quality of herb. Investigation of fungal composition in host plants is the first step toward elucidating
the relationship endophyte-therapeutic content of herbal medicine. In this study, 401 culturable fungal endophytes were isolated
and identified from 10 species of medicinal Dendrobium based on morphological and molecular techniques. The results showed that endophytic fungi from Dendrobium plants exhibited high biodiversity (37 genera, about 80 species). Acremonium, Alternaria, Ampelomyces, Bionectria, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Verticillium and Xylaria were the dominant fungal endophytes. Tropical epiphytic orchids appear to vary in degree of host specificity in their endophytic
fungi. 相似文献
11.
Community composition and diversity of Neotropical root‐associated fungi in common and rare trees
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John W. Schroeder Jessica T. Martin Diego F. Angulo Jomar M. Barbosa Ramón Perea Itzel Arias‐Del Razo Esther Sebastián‐González Rodolfo Dirzo 《Biotropica》2018,50(4):694-703
Interactions between plants and root‐associated fungi can affect the assembly, diversity, and relative abundances of tropical plant species. Host–symbiont compatibility and some degree of host specificity are prerequisites for these processes to occur, and these prerequisites may vary with host abundance. However, direct assessments of whether specificity of root‐associated fungi varies with host abundance are lacking. Here, in a diverse tropical forest in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, we couple DNA metabarcoding with a sampling design that controls for host phylogeny, host age, and habitat variation, to characterize fungal communities associated with the roots of three confamilial pairs of host species that exhibit contrasting (high and low) relative abundances. We uncovered a functionally and phylogenetically diverse fungal community composed of 1,038 OTUs (operational taxonomic units with 97% genetic similarity), only 14 of which exhibited host specificity. Host species was a significant predictor of fungal community composition only for the subset of OTUs composed of putatively pathogenic fungi. We found no significant difference in the number of specialists associating with common versus rare trees, but we found that host abundance was negatively correlated with the diversity of root fungal communities. This latter result was significant for symbiotrophs (mostly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and, to a lesser extent, for pathotrophs (mostly plant pathogens). Thus, root fungal communities differ between common and rare trees, which may impact the strength of conspecific negative density dependence. Further studies from other tropical sites and host lineages are warranted, given the role of root‐associated fungi in biodiversity maintenance. 相似文献
12.
Patrick Materatski Carla Varanda Teresa Carvalho António Bento Dias M. Doroteia Campos Fernando Rei Maria do Rosário Félix 《Fungal biology》2019,123(1):66-76
Fungal endophytes are micro-organisms that colonize healthy plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. They are described as plant growth and disease resistance promoters and have shown antimicrobial activity. The spatial-temporal distribution of endophytic communities in olive cultivars has been poorly explored. This study aims to investigate the richness and diversity of endophytic fungi in different seasons and sites, within the Alentejo region, Portugal. Additionally, and because the impact of some pathogenic fungi (e.g. Colletotrichum spp.) varies according to olive cultivars; three cultivars, Galega vulgar, Cobrançosa and Azeiteira, were sampled. 1868 fungal isolates were identified as belonging to 26 OTUs; 13 OTUs were identified to the genera level and 13 to species level. Cultivar Galega vulgar and season autumn showed significant higher values in terms of endophytic richness and diversity. At site level, Elvas showed the lowest fungal richness and diversity of fungal endophytes. This study reinforces the importance of exploring the combined spatio-temporal distribution of the endophytic biodiversity in different olive cultivars. Knowledge about endophytic communities may help to better understand their functions in plants hosts, such as their ecological dynamics with pathogenic fungi, which can be explored for their use as biocontrol agents. 相似文献
13.
Medicinal plants and their endophytes are important resources for discovery of natural products. Several previous studies
have found a positive correlation between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of many medicinal
plant extracts. However, no information is available on whether such a relationship also exists in their endophytic fungal
metabolites. We investigated the relationship between TAC and TPC for 292 morphologically distinct endophytic fungi isolated
from 29 traditional Chinese medicinal plants. The antioxidant capacities of the endophytic fungal cultures were significantly
correlated with their total phenolic contents, suggesting that phenolics were also the major antioxidant constituents of the
endophytes. Some of the endophytes were found to produce metabolites possessing strong antioxidant activities. Several bioactive
constituents from the fungal cultures and host plant extracts were identified. This investigation reveals that the metabolites
produced by a wide diversity of endophytic fungi in culture can be a potential source of novel natural antioxidants. 相似文献
14.
Plant–fungal symbiotic associations are ubiquitously distributed in natural plant communities. Besides the well-studied mycorrhizal
symbiosis and grass systemic clavicipitaceous endophytes, recently, nonsystemic and horizontally transmitted fungal endophytes
serving as plant symbionts have been increasingly recognized. Pure culture isolation and culture-independent molecular methods
indicate that all parts of healthy plant tissues potentially harbor diverse and previously unknown fungal lineages. Limited
evidence also supports a hypothesis that endophytic mycobiota dynamics may have a role in evolution of plants. High variability
or “balanced antagonism” can be generally characterized with host–endophyte interactions, which implies that the outcome of
symbiotic interactions can fall within a continuum ranging from mutualism to commensalism, and ultimately pathogenicity. Despite
this complicated system, admittedly, fungal endophytes really endow the host with an extended phenotype. Accumulating facts
illustrate that plant nutrition acquisition, metabolism, and stress tolerance may be strengthened or modulated via fungal
symbionts. Piriformospora indica, a member of the order Sebacinales, simultaneously confers host resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. The ecological relevance
of other fungal groups, including foliar endophytes, root dark septate endophytes (DSEs), some opportunistic and avirulent
microsymbionts (for example, Trichoderma and Fusarium), and even uncultured fungi structurally and physiologically integrated with host tissues, are also being deeply exploited.
Production of bioactive metabolites by fungi, overexpression of stress-related enzymes, and induced resistance in hosts upon
fungal colonization are responsible for direct or indirect beneficial effects to hosts. More knowledge of endophyte-mediated
enhancement of host performance and fitness will offer alternatively valuable strategies for plant cultivation and breeding.
Meanwhile, with unprecedented loss of biodiversity, discovery of indigenously novel symbiotic endophytes from natural habitats
is urgently needed. In addition, we present some approaches and suggestions for studying host–endophyte interactions. 相似文献
15.
Nerea Abrego Tea Huotari Ayco J. M. Tack Bjrn D. Lindahl Gleb Tikhonov Panu Somervuo Niels Martin Schmidt Otso Ovaskainen Tomas Roslin 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(16):8989-9002
How community‐level specialization differs among groups of organisms, and changes along environmental gradients, is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms influencing ecological communities. In this paper, we investigate the specialization of root‐associated fungi for plant species, asking whether the level of specialization varies with elevation. For this, we applied DNA barcoding based on the ITS region to root samples of five plant species equivalently sampled along an elevational gradient at a high arctic site. To assess whether the level of specialization changed with elevation and whether the observed patterns varied between mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi, we applied a joint species distribution modeling approach. Our results show that host plant specialization is not environmentally constrained in arctic root‐associated fungal communities, since there was no evidence for changing specialization with elevation, even if the composition of root‐associated fungal communities changed substantially. However, the level of specialization for particular plant species differed among fungal groups, root‐associated endophytic fungal communities being highly specialized on particular host species, and mycorrhizal fungi showing almost no signs of specialization. Our results suggest that plant identity affects associated mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi differently, highlighting the need of considering both endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi when studying specialization in root‐associated fungal communities. 相似文献
16.
Fungal‐host diversity among mycoheterotrophic plants increases proportionally to their fungal‐host overlap
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Sofia I. F. Gomes Vincent S. F. T. Merckx Serguei Saavedra 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(10):3623-3630
The vast majority of plants obtain an important proportion of vital resources from soil through mycorrhizal fungi. Generally, this happens in exchange of photosynthetically fixed carbon, but occasionally the interaction is mycoheterotrophic, and plants obtain carbon from mycorrhizal fungi. This process results in an antagonistic interaction between mycoheterotrophic plants and their fungal hosts. Importantly, the fungal‐host diversity available for plants is restricted as mycoheterotrophic interactions often involve narrow lineages of fungal hosts. Unfortunately, little is known whether fungal‐host diversity may be additionally modulated by plant–plant interactions through shared hosts. Yet, this may have important implications for plant competition and coexistence. Here, we use DNA sequencing data to investigate the interaction patterns between mycoheterotrophic plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We find no phylogenetic signal on the number of fungal hosts nor on the fungal hosts shared among mycoheterotrophic plants. However, we observe a potential trend toward increased phylogenetic diversity of fungal hosts among mycoheterotrophic plants with increasing overlap in their fungal hosts. While these patterns remain for groups of plants regardless of location, we do find higher levels of overlap and diversity among plants from the same location. These findings suggest that species coexistence cannot be fully understood without attention to the two sides of ecological interactions. 相似文献
17.
Madhav P. Thakur Vera Quast Nicole M. van Dam Nico Eisenhauer Christiane Roscher Arjen Biere Ainhoa Martinez‐Medina 《Oikos》2019,128(8):1136-1146
Plants form mutualistic relationship with a variety of belowground fungal species. Such a mutualistic relationship can enhance plant growth and resistance to pathogens. Yet, we know little about how interactions between functionally diverse groups of fungal mutualists affect plant performance and competition. We experimentally determined the effects of interaction between two functional groups of belowground fungi that form mutualistic relationship with plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Trichoderma, on interspecific competition between pairs of closely related plant species from four different genera. We hypothesized that the combination of two functionally diverse belowground fungal species would allow plants and fungi to partition their symbiotic relationships and relax plant–plant competition. Our results show that: 1) the AM fungal species consistently outcompeted the Trichoderma species independent of plant combinations; 2) the fungal species generally had limited effects on competitive interactions between plants; 3) however, the combination of fungal species relaxed interspecific competition in one of the four instances of plant–plant competition, despite the general competitive superiority of AM fungi over Trichoderma. We highlight that the competitive outcome between functionally diverse fungal species may show high consistency across a broad range of host plants and their combinations. However, despite this consistent competitive hierarchy, the consequences of their interaction for plant performance and competition can strongly vary among plant communities. 相似文献
18.
Jana M. U’Ren François Lutzoni Jolanta Miadlikowska A. Elizabeth Arnold 《Microbial ecology》2010,60(2):340-353
Endolichenic fungi live in close association with algal photobionts inside asymptomatic lichen thalli and resemble fungal
endophytes of plants in terms of taxonomy, diversity, transmission mode, and evolutionary history. This similarity has led
to uncertainty regarding the distinctiveness of endolichenic fungi compared with endophytes. Here, we evaluate whether these
fungi represent distinct ecological guilds or a single guild of flexible symbiotrophs capable of colonizing plants or lichens
indiscriminately. Culturable fungi were sampled exhaustively from replicate sets of phylogenetically diverse plants and lichens
in three microsites in a montane forest in southeastern Arizona (USA). Intensive sampling combined with a small spatial scale
permitted us to decouple spatial heterogeneity from host association and to sample communities from living leaves, dead leaves,
and lichen thalli to statistical completion. Characterization using data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer
and partial large subunit (ITS-LSU rDNA) provided a first estimation of host and substrate use for 960 isolates representing
five classes and approximately 16 orders, 32 families, and 65 genera of Pezizomycotina. We found that fungal communities differ
at a broad taxonomic level as a function of the phylogenetic placement of their plant or lichen hosts. Endolichenic fungal
assemblages differed as a function of lichen taxonomy, rather than substrate, growth form, or photobiont. In plants, fungal
communities were structured more by plant lineage than by the living vs. senescent status of the leaf. We found no evidence
that endolichenic fungi are saprotrophic fungi that have been “entrapped” by lichen thalli. Instead, our study reveals the
distinctiveness of endolichenic communities relative to those in living and dead plant tissues, with one notable exception:
we identify, for the first time, an ecologically flexible group of symbionts that occurs both as endolichenic fungi and as
endophytes of mosses. 相似文献
19.
Martin Unterseher Romina Gazis Priscila Chaverri Carlos Fernando García Guarniz Diógenes Humberto Zavaleta Tenorio 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2013,22(4):999-1016
Biodiversity and biogeography of leaf-inhabiting endophytic fungi have not been resolved yet. This is because host specificity, life cycles and species concepts, in this heterogeneous ecological guild of plant-associated microfungi, are far from being understood. Even though it is known that culture-based collection techniques are often biased, this has been the method of choice for studying fungal endophytes. Isolation of fungal endophytes only through culture-based methods could potentially mask slow growing species as well as species with low prevalence, preventing the capture of the communities’ real diversity and composition. This bias can be partially resolved by the use of cultivation-independent approaches such as direct sequencing of plant tissue by next generation techniques. Irrespective of the chosen sampling method, an efficient analysis of community ecology is urgently needed in order to evaluate the driving forces acting on fungal endophytic communities. In the present study, endophytic ascomyceteous fungi from three different plant genera (Vasconcellea microcarpa, Tillandsia spp., and Hevea brasiliensis) distributed in Peru, were isolated through culture-based sampling techniques and sequenced for their ITS rDNA region. These data sets were used to assess host preferences and biogeographic patterns of endophytic assemblages. This study showed that the effect of the host’s genetic background (identity) has a significant effect on the composition of the fungal endophytic community. In other words, the composition of the fungal endophytic community was significantly related to their host’s taxonomic identity. However, this was not true for all endophytic groups, since we found some endophytic groups (e.g. Xylariales and Pleosporales) occurring in more than one host genus. Findings from this study promote the formulation of hypotheses related to the effect of altitudinal changes on the endophytic communities along the Eastern Andean slopes. These hypotheses and perspectives for fungal biodiversity research and conservation in Peru are addressed and discussed. 相似文献
20.
Genotypic diversity in root‐endophytic fungi reflects efficient dispersal and environmental adaptation
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Kyriaki Glynou Tahir Ali Sevda Haghi Kia Marco Thines Jose G. Maciá‐Vicente 《Molecular ecology》2017,26(18):4618-4630
Studying community structure and dynamics of plant‐associated fungi is the basis for unravelling their interactions with hosts and ecosystem functions. A recent sampling revealed that only a few fungal groups, as defined by internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequence similarity, dominate culturable root endophytic communities of nonmycorrhizal Microthlaspi spp. plants across Europe. Strains of these fungi display a broad phenotypic and functional diversity, which suggests a genetic variability masked by ITS clustering into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The aims of this study were to identify how genetic similarity patterns of these fungi change across environments and to evaluate their ability to disperse and adapt to ecological conditions. A first ITS‐based haplotype analysis of ten widespread OTUs mostly showed a low to moderate genotypic differentiation, with the exception of a group identified as Cadophora sp. that was highly diverse. A multilocus phylogeny based on additional genetic loci (partial translation elongation factor 1α, beta‐tubulin and actin) and amplified fragment length polymorphism profiling of 185 strains representative of the five dominant OTUs revealed a weak association of genetic differences with geography and environmental conditions, including bioclimatic and soil factors. Our findings suggest that dominant culturable root endophytic fungi have efficient dispersal capabilities, and that their distribution is little affected by environmental filtering. Other processes, such as inter‐ and intraspecific biotic interactions, may be more important for the local assembly of their communities. 相似文献