Alpha声学指数效应的meta分析

通过声学指数量化声音的特征反映生物的组成和生境信息,是一种高效率、低干扰的监测方式。该研究领域在近十多年来得到了快速的发展,不断有新的声学指数被提出,同时也有大量的实证研究。声学指数可分为反映录音内信息的alpha声学指数和比较不同录音之间差异的beta声学指数,其中alpha声学指数的实证研究较多。本文在汇总已有研究数据的基础上进行meta分析,关注alpha声学指数与动物多样性、生境质量、动物活跃性之间关联的方向和程度。基于文献调研,本文对8个常用的声学指数进行了总结分析:声学复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index,ACI)、声学熵指数(acoustic entropy index,H)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index,BI)、标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index,NDSI)、声学多样性指数(acoustic diversity index,ADI)、声学均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index,AEI)、声学丰富度指数(acoustic richness ind...     

An automated multispecies bioacoustics sound classification method based on a nonlinear pattern: Twine-pat

Categorizing the bioacoustic and ecoacoustic properties of animals is great interest to biologists and ecologists. Also, multidisciplinary studies in engineering have significantly contributed to the development of acoustic analysis. Observing the animals living in the ecological environment provides information in many areas such as global warming, climate changes, monitoring of endangered animals, agricultural activities. However, the classification of bioacoustics sounds by manually is very hard. Therefore, automated bioacoustics sound classification is crucial for ecological science. This work presents a new multispecies bioacoustics sound dataset and novel machine learning model to classify bird and anuran species with sounds automatically. In this model, a new nonlinear textural feature generation function is presented by using twine cipher substitution box(S-box), and this feature generation function is named twine-pat. By using twine-pat and tunable Q-factor wavelet transform, a multilevel feature generation network is presented. Iterative ReliefF(IRF) is employed to select the most effective/valuable features. Two shallow classifiers are used to calculate results. Our presented model reached 98.75% accuracy by using k-nearest neighbor(kNN) classifier. The results obviously demonstrated the success of the presented model.     

BOOK REVIEWS

ABSTRACT

This paper provides our views on the areas of cetacean bioacoustics that are in the greatest need of study over the next several years. In doing this, we ask a number of questions we see as important to developing a better understanding of cetacean bioacoustics. The topics we will cover are: Auditory Capabilities, including hearing sensitivity, pathways of sound to the ear, intraspecific variation in hearing capabilities, and the effects of intense sound on hearing capabilities; Echolocation, including the information-bearing parameters exploited by dolphin sonar systems to discriminate and identify objects, and the functional characteristics of the internal representation generated by reflections from ensonified objects; and Acoustic Communication, including the nature of the cetacean sound generation mechanism, the behaviors associated with mysticete communication sounds, and the range over which mysticetes communicate. While other investigators may not fully agree with our suggestions as to which questions are most important for future studies of cetacean bioacoustics, it is clear that a considerable effort must still be made in order that we can better understand the bioacoustics and general behavior of these animals.     

Acoustic localization of terrestrial wildlife: Current practices and future opportunities

Autonomous acoustic recorders are an increasingly popular method for low‐disturbance, large‐scale monitoring of sound‐producing animals, such as birds, anurans, bats, and other mammals. A specialized use of autonomous recording units (ARUs) is acoustic localization, in which a vocalizing animal is located spatially, usually by quantifying the time delay of arrival of its sound at an array of time‐synchronized microphones. To describe trends in the literature, identify considerations for field biologists who wish to use these systems, and suggest advancements that will improve the field of acoustic localization, we comprehensively review published applications of wildlife localization in terrestrial environments. We describe the wide variety of methods used to complete the five steps of acoustic localization: (1) define the research question, (2) obtain or build a time‐synchronizing microphone array, (3) deploy the array to record sounds in the field, (4) process recordings captured in the field, and (5) determine animal location using position estimation algorithms. We find eight general purposes in ecology and animal behavior for localization systems: assessing individual animals' positions or movements, localizing multiple individuals simultaneously to study their interactions, determining animals' individual identities, quantifying sound amplitude or directionality, selecting subsets of sounds for further acoustic analysis, calculating species abundance, inferring territory boundaries or habitat use, and separating animal sounds from background noise to improve species classification. We find that the labor‐intensive steps of processing recordings and estimating animal positions have not yet been automated. In the near future, we expect that increased availability of recording hardware, development of automated and open‐source localization software, and improvement of automated sound classification algorithms will broaden the use of acoustic localization. With these three advances, ecologists will be better able to embrace acoustic localization, enabling low‐disturbance, large‐scale collection of animal position data.     

An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in providing information, often from great distances, from all around these animals. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of other senses such as vision, touch, taste and smell. Sound is used for communication between fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of prey and predators, orientation and migration and habitat selection. Thus, anything that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and respond to biologically relevant sounds can decrease survival and fitness of individuals and populations. Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing increase in the noise that humans put into the water. These anthropogenic sounds are from a wide range of sources that include shipping, sonars, construction activities (e.g., wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and exploration for oil and gas. Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently intense to result in death or mortal injury. However, anthropogenic sounds at lower levels may result in temporary hearing impairment, physiological changes including stress effects, changes in behaviour or the masking of biologically important sounds. The intent of this paper is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic sounds upon fishes, the potential consequences for populations and ecosystems and the need to develop sound exposure criteria and relevant regulations. However, assuming that many readers may not have a background in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides information on underwater acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very important concept of particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all fishes, including elasmobranchs. The paper then provides background material on fish hearing, sound production and acoustic behaviour. This is followed by an overview of what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and considers the current guidelines and criteria being used world-wide to assess potential effects on fishes. Most importantly, the paper provides the most complete summary of the effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes to date. It is also made clear that there are currently so many information gaps that it is almost impossible to reach clear conclusions on the nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds that have potential to cause changes in animal behaviour, or even result in physical harm. Further research is required on the responses of a range of fish species to different sound sources, under different conditions. There is a need both to examine the immediate effects of sound exposure and the longer-term effects, in terms of fitness and likely impacts upon populations.     

Six steps towards operationalising freshwater ecoacoustic monitoring

1. Applications in bioacoustics and its sister discipline ecoacoustics have increased exponentially over the last decade. However, despite knowledge about aquatic bioacoustics dating back to the times of Aristotle and a vast amount of background literature to draw upon, freshwater applications of ecoacoustics have been lagging to date.
2. In this special issue, we present nine studies that deal with underwater acoustics, plus three acoustic studies on water-dependent birds and frogs. Topics include automatic detection of freshwater organisms by their calls, quantifying habitat change by analysing entire soundscapes, and detecting change in behaviour when organisms are exposed to noise.
3. We identify six major challenges and review progress through this special issue. Challenges include characterisation of sounds, accessibility of archived sounds as well as improving automated analysis methods. Study design considerations include characterisation analysis challenges of spatial and temporal variation. The final key challenge is the so far largely understudied link between ecological condition and underwater sound.
4. We hope that this special issue will raise awareness about underwater soundscapes as a survey tool. With a diverse array of field and analysis tools, this issue can act as a manual for future monitoring applications that will hopefully foster further advances in the field.

     

Movement,impacts and management of plant distributions in response to climate change: insights from invasions

Synthesis Prediction and management of species responses to climate change is an urgent but relatively young research field. Therefore, climate change ecology must by necessity borrow from other fields. Invasion ecology is particularly well‐suited to informing climate change ecology because both invasion ecology and climate change ecology address the trajectories of rapidly changing novel systems. Here we outline the broad range of active research questions in climate change ecology where research from invasion ecology can stimulate advances. We present ideas for how concepts, case‐studies and methodology from invasion ecology can be adapted to improve prediction and management of species responses to climate change. A major challenge in this era of rapid climate change is to predict changes in species distributions and their impacts on ecosystems, and, if necessary, to recommend management strategies for maintenance of biodiversity or ecosystem services. Biological invasions, studied in most biomes of the world, can provide useful analogs for some of the ecological consequences of species distribution shifts in response to climate change. Invasions illustrate the adaptive and interactive responses that can occur when species are confronted with new environmental conditions. Invasion ecology complements climate change research and provides insights into the following questions: 1) how will species distributions respond to climate change? 2) how will species movement affect recipient ecosystems? And 3) should we, and if so how can we, manage species and ecosystems in the face of climate change? Invasion ecology demonstrates that a trait‐based approach can help to predict spread speeds and impacts on ecosystems, and has the potential to predict climate change impacts on species ranges and recipient ecosystems. However, there is a need to analyse traits in the context of life‐history and demography, the stage in the colonisation process (e.g. spread, establishment or impact), the distribution of suitable habitats in the landscape, and the novel abiotic and biotic conditions under which those traits are expressed. As is the case with climate change, invasion ecology is embedded within complex societal goals. Both disciplines converge on similar questions of ‘when to intervene?‘ and ‘what to do?‘ which call for a better understanding of the ecological processes and social values associated with changing ecosystems.     

FishSounds Version 1.0: A website for the compilation of fish sound production information and recordings

Many fish species use active sound production for communication in numerous behaviors. Additionally, likely all fish can make passive or incidental sounds that may also serve some signal functions. Despite the ecological importance of fish sounds, their evident passive acoustic monitoring applications, and extensive endeavors to document soniferous fish diversity, the fields of bioacoustics and ichthyology have historically lacked an easily accessible, global inventory of known fish sound production. To alleviate this limitation, we developed http://FishSounds.net, a website that compiles and disseminates fish sound production information and recordings. FishSounds Version 1.0 launched in 2021, cataloging documented examinations for active and passive sound production for 1185 fish species from 837 references as well as 239 exemplary audio recordings. FishSounds allows users to search by taxa (e.g., family or common name), geographical distribution (e.g., region or water body), sound type, or reference. We have also made available the code used to create the website, so that it may be used in other data-sharing efforts—acoustic or otherwise. Subsequent versions of the website will update the data and improve the website functionality. FishSounds will advance research into fish behavior, passive acoustic monitoring, and human impacts on underwater soundscapes; serve as a resource for public outreach; and provide the foundation needed to investigate more of the 96% of fish species that lack published examinations of sound production. We further hope the FishSounds design, implementation, and engagement strategies will serve as a model for future data management and sharing efforts.     

Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community‐level responses

Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through increasing greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in ocean warming and acidification. The first response by animals to environmental change is predominantly through modification of their behaviour, which in turn affects species interactions and ecological processes. Yet, many climate change studies ignore animal behaviour. Furthermore, our current knowledge of how global change alters animal behaviour is mostly restricted to single species, life phases and stressors, leading to an incomplete view of how coinciding climate stressors can affect the ecological interactions that structure biological communities. Here, we first review studies on the effects of warming and acidification on the behaviour of marine animals. We demonstrate how pervasive the effects of global change are on a wide range of critical behaviours that determine the persistence of species and their success in ecological communities. We then evaluate several approaches to studying the ecological effects of warming and acidification, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled, to better understand how global change will affect marine populations and communities through altered animal behaviours. Our review provides a synthesis of the far‐reaching consequences that behavioural changes could have for marine ecosystems in a rapidly changing environment. Without considering the pervasive effects of climate change on animal behaviour we will limit our ability to forecast the impacts of ocean change and provide insights that can aid management strategies.     

Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges

Global positioning system (GPS) telemetry technology allows us to monitor and to map the details of animal movement, securing vast quantities of such data even for highly cryptic organisms. We envision an exciting synergy between animal ecology and GPS-based radiotelemetry, as for other examples of new technologies stimulating rapid conceptual advances, where research opportunities have been paralleled by technical and analytical challenges. Animal positions provide the elemental unit of movement paths and show where individuals interact with the ecosystems around them. We discuss how knowing where animals go can help scientists in their search for a mechanistic understanding of key concepts of animal ecology, including resource use, home range and dispersal, and population dynamics. It is probable that in the not-so-distant future, intense sampling of movements coupled with detailed information on habitat features at a variety of scales will allow us to represent an animal''s cognitive map of its environment, and the intimate relationship between behaviour and fitness. An extended use of these data over long periods of time and over large spatial scales can provide robust inferences for complex, multi-factorial phenomena, such as meta-analyses of the effects of climate change on animal behaviour and distribution.     

Monitoring and Mining Animal Sounds in Visual Space

Monitoring animals by the sounds they produce is an important and challenging task, whether the application is outdoors in a natural habitat, or in the controlled environment of a laboratory setting. In the former case, the density and diversity of animal sounds can act as a measure of biodiversity. In the latter case, researchers often create control and treatment groups of animals, expose them to different interventions, and test for different outcomes. One possible manifestation of different outcomes may be changes in the bioacoustics of the animals. With such a plethora of important applications, there have been significant efforts to build bioacoustic classification tools. However, we argue that most current tools are severely limited. They often require the careful tuning of many parameters (and thus huge amounts of training data), are either too computationally expensive for deployment in resource-limited sensors, specialized for a very small group of species, or are simply not accurate enough to be useful. In this work we introduce a novel bioacoustic recognition/classification framework that mitigates or solves all of the above problems. We propose to classify animal sounds in the visual space, by treating the texture of their sonograms as an acoustic fingerprint using a recently introduced parameter-free texture measure as a distance measure. We further show that by searching for the most representative acoustic fingerprint, we can significantly outperform other techniques in terms of speed and accuracy.     

Acoustic signaling in fish

The paper lists basic data on the role of sounds in fish behavior. The involvement of acoustic signaling in the control of reproductive, territorial, agonistic, aggressive, social, and feeding behavior in fish that differ in the systematics and mode of life is considered. Species and population specifics and individual sound variation in fish, diurnal and seasonal cyclicity of sound activity, and behavior that accompany acoustic signaling and the effects upon it of different environmental factors are considered. Evidence on the formation of acoustic signaling in ontogenesis of fish is provided; the range of sound signaling and correspondence between sound spectra and auditory sensitivity are discussed. Possible applied aspects of results of study of fish bioacoustics are analyzed.     

Comparative bioacoustics: a roadmap for quantifying and comparing animal sounds across diverse taxa

Animals produce a wide array of sounds with highly variable acoustic structures. It is possible to understand the causes and consequences of this variation across taxa with phylogenetic comparative analyses. Acoustic and evolutionary analyses are rapidly increasing in sophistication such that choosing appropriate acoustic and evolutionary approaches is increasingly difficult. However, the correct choice of analysis can have profound effects on output and evolutionary inferences. Here, we identify and address some of the challenges for this growing field by providing a roadmap for quantifying and comparing sound in a phylogenetic context for researchers with a broad range of scientific backgrounds. Sound, as a continuous, multidimensional trait can be particularly challenging to measure because it can be hard to identify variables that can be compared across taxa and it is also no small feat to process and analyse the resulting high-dimensional acoustic data using approaches that are appropriate for subsequent evolutionary analysis. Additionally, terminological inconsistencies and the role of learning in the development of acoustic traits need to be considered. Phylogenetic comparative analyses also have their own sets of caveats to consider. We provide a set of recommendations for delimiting acoustic signals into discrete, comparable acoustic units. We also present a three-stage workflow for extracting relevant acoustic data, including options for multivariate analyses and dimensionality reduction that is compatible with phylogenetic comparative analysis. We then summarize available phylogenetic comparative approaches and how they have been used in comparative bioacoustics, and address the limitations of comparative analyses with behavioural data. Lastly, we recommend how to apply these methods to acoustic data across a range of study systems. In this way, we provide an integrated framework to aid in quantitative analysis of cross-taxa variation in animal sounds for comparative phylogenetic analysis. In addition, we advocate the standardization of acoustic terminology across disciplines and taxa, adoption of automated methods for acoustic feature extraction, and establishment of strong data archival practices for acoustic recordings and data analyses. Combining such practices with our proposed workflow will greatly advance the reproducibility, biological interpretation, and longevity of comparative bioacoustic studies.     

Hearing in laboratory animals: strain differences and nonauditory effects of noise

Hearing in laboratory animals is a topic that traditionally has been the domain of the auditory researcher. However, hearing loss and exposure to various environmental sounds can lead to changes in multiple organ systems, making what laboratory animals hear of consequence for researchers beyond those solely interested in hearing. For example, several inbred mouse strains commonly used in biomedical research (e.g., C57BL/6, DBA/2, and BALB/c) experience a genetically determined, progressive hearing loss that can lead to secondary changes in systems ranging from brain neurochemistry to social behavior. Both researchers and laboratory animal facility personnel should be aware of both strain and species differences in hearing in order to minimize potentially confounding variables in their research and to aid in the interpretation of data. Independent of genetic differences, acoustic noise levels in laboratory animal facilities can have considerable effects on the inhabitants. A large body of literature describes the nonauditory impact of noise on the biology and behavior of various strains and species of laboratory animals. The broad systemic effects of noise exposure include changes in endocrine and cardiovascular function, sleep-wake cycle disturbances, seizure susceptibility, and an array of behavioral changes. These changes are determined partly by species and strain; partly by noise intensity level, duration, predictability, and other characteristics of the sound; and partly by animal history and exposure context. This article reviews some of the basic strain and species differences in hearing and outlines how the acoustic environment affects different mammals.     

Invited review: The evolution of cattle bioacoustics and application for advanced dairy systems

Vocalisations are commonly expressed by gregarious animals, including cattle, as a form of short- and long-distance communication. They can provide conspecifics with meaningful information about the physiology, affective state and physical attributes of the caller. In cattle, calls are individually distinct meaning they assist animals to identify specific individuals in the herd. Consequently, there is potential for these vocalisations to be acoustically analysed to make inferences about how individual animals or herds are coping with their external surroundings, and then act on these signals to improve feed conversion efficiency, reproductive efficiency and welfare. In the case of dairy farming, where herd sizes are expanding and farmers are becoming more reliant on technologies to assist in the monitoring of cattle, the study of vocal behaviour could provide an objective, cost effective and non-invasive alternative to traditional measures of welfare. The vocalisations of cattle in response to calf separation, social isolation and painful husbandry procedures, alongside changes to feeding and oestrous activity are here reviewed. For future application of sound technology, research is first necessary to analyse the acoustic structure of cattle vocalisations and determine the specific information they encode. This review draws together the latest research in field of cattle bioacoustics highlighting how the source–filter theory and affective state dimensional approach can be adopted to decode this information and improve on-farm management.     

生物声音监测研究在生物多样性领域的应用

声音是生物之间交流的重要手段,对生物声音的监测与分析是描述和评估生物多样性的新兴方法.这种方法不侵入和破坏自然环境,通过声音记录生态信息,并有效反映生物多样性的相关特征,是一种重要的生态工具.从声音角度探讨生物多样性的变化拓宽了多学科交叉的新思路,因此近年来被越来越多地应用于生态学研究中.本文阐述了利用声音监测评估生物...     

The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni uses acoustic communication for reproduction: sound production, hearing, and behavioral significance

Sexual reproduction in all animals depends on effective communication between signalers and receivers. Many fish species, especially the African cichlids, are well known for their bright coloration and the importance of visual signaling during courtship and mate choice, but little is known about what role acoustic communication plays during mating and how it contributes to sexual selection in this phenotypically diverse group of vertebrates. Here we examined acoustic communication during reproduction in the social cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. We characterized the sounds and associated behaviors produced by dominant males during courtship, tested for differences in hearing ability associated with female reproductive state and male social status, and then tested the hypothesis that female mate preference is influenced by male sound production. We show that dominant males produce intentional courtship sounds in close proximity to females, and that sounds are spectrally similar to their hearing abilities. Females were 2-5-fold more sensitive to low frequency sounds in the spectral range of male courtship sounds when they were sexually-receptive compared to during the mouthbrooding parental phase. Hearing thresholds were also negatively correlated with circulating sex-steroid levels in females but positively correlated in males, suggesting a potential role for steroids in reproductive-state auditory plasticity. Behavioral experiments showed that receptive females preferred to affiliate with males that were associated with playback of courtship sounds compared to noise controls, indicating that acoustic information is likely important for female mate choice. These data show for the first time in a Tanganyikan cichlid that acoustic communication is important during reproduction as part of a multimodal signaling repertoire, and that perception of auditory information changes depending on the animal's internal physiological state. Our results highlight the importance of examining non-visual sensory modalities as potential substrates for sexual selection contributing to the incredible phenotypic diversity of African cichlid fishes.     

Feedback loops between 3D vegetation structure and ecological functions of animals

Ecosystems function in a series of feedback loops that can change or maintain vegetation structure. Vegetation structure influences the ecological niche space available to animals, shaping many aspects of behaviour and reproduction. In turn, animals perform ecological functions that shape vegetation structure. However, most studies concerning three-dimensional vegetation structure and animal ecology consider only a single direction of this relationship. Here, we review these separate lines of research and integrate them into a unified concept that describes a feedback mechanism. We also show how remote sensing and animal tracking technologies are now available at the global scale to describe feedback loops and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. An improved understanding of how animals interact with vegetation structure in feedback loops is needed to conserve ecosystems that face major disruptions in response to climate and land-use change.     

Neural representation of the acoustic biotope

Cats were stimulated with tones and with natural sounds selected from the normal acoustic environment of the animal. Neural activity evoked by the natural sounds and tones was recorded in the cochlear nucleus and in the medial geniculate body. The set of biological sounds proved to be effective in influencing neural activity of single cells at both levels in the auditory system. At the level of the cochlear nucleus the response of a neuron evoked by a natural sound stimulus could be understood reasonably well on the basis of the structure of the spectrograms of the natural sounds and the unit's responses to tones. At the level of the medial geniculate body analysis with tones did not provide sufficient information to explain the responses to natural sounds. At this level the use of an ensemble of natural sound stimuli allows the investigation of neural properties, which are not seen by analysis with simple artificial stimuli. Guidelines for the construction of an ensemble of complex natural sound stimuli, based on the ecology and ethology of the animal under investigation are discussed. This stimulus ensemble is defined as the Acoustic Biotope.     

Acoustical expression of arousal in conflict situations in tree shrews (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tupaia belangeri)</Emphasis>

Empirical research on human and non-human primates suggests that communication sounds express the intensity of an emotional state of a signaller. In the present study, we have examined communication sounds during induced social interactions of a monogamous mammal, the tree shrew. To signal their unwillingness to mate, female tree shrews show defensive threat displays towards unfamiliar males paralleled by acoustically variable squeaks. We assumed that the distance between interacting partners as well as the behavior of the male towards the female indicates the intensity of perceived social threat and thereby the arousal state of a female. To explore this hypothesis we analyzed dynamic changes in communication sounds uttered during induced social interactions between a female and an unfamiliar male. Detailed videographic and sound analyzes revealed that the arousal state predicted variations in communication sound structure reliably. Both, a decrease of distance and a male approaching the female led to an increase in fundamental frequency and repetition rate of syllables. These findings support comparable results in human and non-human primates and suggest that common coding rules in communication sounds govern acoustic conflict regulation in mammals.