Pseudomonas putida S1海藻糖合成酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达

利用PCR和TA克隆方法扩增和克隆得到了恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida S1的海藻糖合成酶基因treS.对其进行序列分析表明,其编码区含有2067bp,编码含688个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其核苷酸序列和蛋白质序列与来源于其它假单胞菌属细菌的海藻糖合成酶的序列表现出了较高同源性.将该基因序列与表达载体pQE30T连接,构建重组质粒pQE30T-TS,并将其转化至E.coli M15菌株中.重组菌株经诱导表达后SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示有明显的分子量约77.5kD的特异蛋白条带出现.经测定酶活力达19U/mL,约是原始菌株P.putida S1的50倍.     

玫瑰链霉菌海藻糖合成酶基因克隆、表达及功能鉴定

目的:克隆玫瑰链霉菌海藻糖合成酶基因(Srt)使其在大肠杆菌XL10-Gold中高效表达,并对重组酶的酶学特性进行研究。方法:利用PCR技术从玫瑰链霉菌中克隆到一段长1 704bp的海藻糖合成酶基因(Srt),构建重组表达质粒pSE380-Srt-treS,将其转化大肠杆菌XL10-Gold中诱导表达,对重组纯酶进行SDS-PAGE分析及酶学特性测定。结果:SDS-PAGE显示在65kDa处有明显单一蛋白条带。该酶可催化麦芽糖和海藻糖之间的可逆反应,海藻糖得率达82%,且含有很低的副产物葡萄糖(5%左右)。最适反应温度和pH分别为30℃、7.5,Cu2+、Zn2+和Tris能明显抑制酶活力。该酶还可催化蔗糖生成一种无龋齿,适合糖尿病患者食用的糖类-海藻酮糖。结论:成功克隆表达了一个海藻糖合成酶基因,该酶转化率高,副产物较少,为工业酶法生产海藻糖奠定基础。     

腾冲嗜热杆菌热稳定海藻糖磷酸化酶的基因表达与酶的分子生物学性质研究

分离克隆了腾冲嗜热杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis)海藻糖磷酸化酶(TreP)的编码基因(treP), 该酶可催化以葡萄糖和α-1-磷酸葡萄糖为底物的海藻糖合成反应及其逆向的分解反应. 反向mRNA点杂交实验表明, 腾冲嗜热杆菌中treP基因在高盐胁迫条件下表达量增加, 而在海藻糖诱导条件下表达量降低. 将该基因导入不含TreP的大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达, SDS-PAGE表明, 异源表达的TreP分子量约为90 kD, 与预期值相同. 通过葡萄糖氧化酶法测定分解产物葡萄糖的产率表明: TreP催化海藻糖分解反应的最适温度是70℃, 最适pH值为7.0; 通过HPLC检测合成产物海藻糖的产率表明: TreP催化合成反应的最适温度为70℃, 最适pH值为6.0. 在最适反应条件下, 50 μg的TreP粗酶可催化25 mmol/L α-1-磷酸葡萄糖与葡萄糖在30 min合成11.6 mmol/L海藻糖; 而同量的酶在同样时间内仅能将250 mmol/L海藻糖分解生成1.5 mmol/L葡萄糖. 以上体内胁迫和诱导表达分析及体外酶学性质分析均证明该酶的主要功能是催化海藻糖的合成反应. 热稳定性实验表明, 该酶性质比较稳定, 在50℃下温育7 h还能保持77%以上的活性, 是一个有潜在工业用途的新的热稳定海藻糖合成酶.     

麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合成酶基因在B.subtilis WB800n中的表达

运用枯草芽孢杆菌中的麦芽糖诱导型启动子调控元件,构建得到麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合成酶的安全表达系统,使其制备的海藻糖能够广泛应用于食品医疗行业。以来源于恶臭假单胞杆菌KT2440(Pseudomonas putida KT2440)的海藻糖合成酶基因Tre S为报告基因,以cre序列定点突变(CG碱基突变为AT碱基)优化后的麦芽糖诱导型的枯草芽孢杆菌操纵元启动子Pglv为调控元件、大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭质粒PHT01为载体骨架,通过Bam H I和Aat II限制酶酶切替换,构建得到高效表达载体Pglv-PHT01-Tre S,将质粒电转化到B.subtilis WB800n并验证其表达效果。成功构建了海藻糖合成酶高效表达质粒Pglv-PHT01-Tre S,并实现了该重组质粒在B.subtilis WB800n中的表达。利用基础发酵培养基优化发酵条件验证结果表明,菌体生长到发酵液吸光值OD600达到1.2时加入终质量分数4.5%的麦芽糖,37℃诱导18 h后胞内的海藻糖合成酶的粗酶活力达到18.9 U/m L。为了提高海藻糖合成酶的表达量,还构建了通过单交叉互换方法敲除了α-淀粉酶基因amy E的重组菌株B.subtilis WB800n(Δamy E),减少了胞外α-淀粉酶对麦芽糖的降解成葡萄糖,提高了麦芽糖的诱导表达效果以及减少葡萄糖的反馈抑制,表达质粒在麦芽糖诱导条件下在该重组菌中海藻糖合成酶酶活提高到了29.2 U/m L。首次成功实现了麦芽糖诱导海藻糖合酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达,为获得制备安全高效的海藻糖合成酶表达系统奠定了基础。     

海藻糖微生物酶法合成机制的研究

来源于嗜酸热古菌芝田硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus shibatae)B12的麦芽寡糖基海藻糖合酶(MTSase)和麦芽寡糖基海藻糖海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)基因在大肠杆菌中获得表达。将获得纯化的两个酶,分别以麦芽寡糖和淀粉为转化底物,在pH5.5,60℃条件下合成海藻糖。从反应产物分析结果可知,两个酶合成海藻糖时能利用的最小底物是麦芽四糖,海藻糖产率与麦芽寡糖链长正相关。同时还发现两个酶都具有轻微的α-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶活性,能在麦芽寡糖还原末端水解α-1,4糖苷键,生成葡萄糖分子,其反应最小底物分别是麦芽三糖和四糖。推测海藻糖合成酶可能有两个不同的催化活性中心。     

天蓝色链霉菌海藻糖合酶的异源表达、活性分析及重组菌全细胞转化合成海藻糖的条件优化

从天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolor克隆得到海藻糖合酶基因 (ScTreS),在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 中进行了异源表达,通过 Ni-NTA 亲和柱对表达产物进行分离纯化得到纯酶,经 SDS-PAGE 测定其分子量约为62.3 kDa。研究其酶学性质发现该酶最适温度35 ℃;最适pH 7.0,对酸性条件比较敏感。通过同源建模和序列比对分析,对该基因进行定点突变。突变酶K246A比酶活比野生酶提高了1.43倍,突变酶A165T相对提高了1.39倍,海藻糖转化率分别提高了14%和10%。利用突变体重组菌K246A进行全细胞转化优化海藻糖的合成条件并放大进行5 L罐发酵,结果表明：在麦芽糖浓度300 g/L、初始反应温度和pH分别为35 ℃和7.0的条件下,转化率最高达到71.3%,产量为213.93 g/L;当底物浓度增加到700 g/L时,海藻糖产量仍可达到465.98 g/L。     

酿酒酵母海藻糖合成酶基因的克隆和在大肠村菌中的表达

用PCR方法克隆了1．5kb的酿酒母Sacchromyces cerevisiae海藻糖合成酶基因TPSI,将该片段连接到pUC19载体,通过转化分别引入海藻糖合成酶基因缺失和缺陷的大肠杆菌Escherichia coli FF4169 和FF4050,对转化株的质粒DNA酶切分析表明均含有1．5kb PCR克隆片段,生长曲线实验证明,带有克隆片段的转化株在含0．5mol/L NaCl的高渗透压基础培养基中生长良好;用高效液相色谱（HPLC）结合蒸发散射（ELSD）技术测定细胞内海藻糖实验证明转化株能够合成海藻糖。     

海藻糖合成酶活性受固定化处理过程影响的研究*

在麦芽糖苷基海藻糖合成酶(MTSase)和麦芽糖苷基海藻糖水解酶(MTHase)双酶的作用下,淀粉可转化为海藻糖,但是其转化率较低。中采用多种固定化载体进行酶固定化研究,发现通过经戊二醛与壳聚糖交联后的载体与酶液作用,可吸附与海藻糖合成无关的杂酶和杂质,从而提高海藻糖合成酶的活性。通过比较固定化过程中与反应条件中多个因素的影响,得到了如下最佳作用条件：将酶液与经3％戊二醛交联18h后的滤纸作用18h,再与10％的淀粉溶液反应9h,与未经固定化作用比较,海藻糖的产率提高10倍,达到27．22g／L转化率从5．33％提升到54．43％。     

红色亚栖热菌TPS/TPP海藻糖合成途径中相关基因的克隆、表达及功能鉴定

通过构建红色亚栖热菌(Meiothermus ruberCBS-01)的基因组DNA文库,克隆得到该嗜热菌海藻糖合成途径中的磷酸海藻糖合成酶(TPS)和磷酸海藻糖磷酸酯酶(TPP)基因。以pET21a为表达载体,将磷酸海藻糖合成酶和磷酸海藻糖磷酸酯酶在大肠杆菌中进行表达并纯化,利用薄层层析的方法验证了这两个酶的活性。同时,本研究检测了红色亚栖热菌在各种环境压力下细胞内含物成分的变化情况,发现在高渗环境压力的诱导下,该菌会在胞内积累大量的6-磷酸海藻糖,而并非海藻糖,这为进一步研究TPS/TPP和TreS途径在细胞体内的作用奠定了基础。     

生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺

探索生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺的技术与工艺。通过分子生物学方法,克隆来源于大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli)JM109的天冬酰胺合成酶A基因asnA,并于E. coli BL21(DE3)中表达,利用构建的E.coli基因工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28a(+)-asnA全细胞高密度催化L-天冬氨酸生产L-天冬酰胺,以PITC柱前衍生-高效液相检测底物和产物。表达的蛋白质分子质量约为37kDa,与预期大小相符,比酶活力为1786.6U/g。L-天冬氨酸转化率为95.8%,L-天冬酰胺产量可达126.5g/L,生产速率为15.81g/(L·h)。结果表明,已成功构建高效表达天冬酰胺合成酶A基因工程菌株,并用于催化L-天冬氨酸转化生产L-天冬酰胺,解决了L-天冬酰胺生物转化生产工艺中ATP成本过高的难题,为L-天冬酰胺制备提供新的绿色途径。     

Characterization of a bifunctional enzyme fusion of trehalose-6-phosphate synthetase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase of Escherichia coli

To test the effect of the physical proximity of two enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions, a bifunctional fusion enzyme, TPSP, was constructed by fusing the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthetase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). TPSP catalyzes the sequential reaction in which T6P is formed and then dephosphorylated, leading to the synthesis of trehalose. The fused chimeric gene was overexpressed in E. coli and purified to near homogeneity; its molecular weight was 88,300, as expected. The K(m) values of the TPSP fusion enzyme for the sequential overall reaction from UDP-glucose and glucose 6-phosphate to trehalose were smaller than those of an equimolar mixture of TPS and TPP (TPS/TPP). However, the k(cat) values of TPSP were similar to those of TPS/TPP, resulting in a 3.5- to 4.0-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)). The K(m) and k(cat) values of TPSP and TPP for the phosphatase reaction from T6P to trehalose were quite similar. This suggests that the increased catalytic efficiency results from the proximity of TPS and TPP in the TPSP fusion enzyme. The thermal stability of the TPSP fusion enzyme was quite similar to that of the TPS/TPP mixture, suggesting that the structure of each enzyme moiety in TPSP is unperturbed by intramolecular constraint. These results clearly demonstrate that the bifunctional fusion enzyme TPSP catalyzing sequential reactions has kinetic advantages over a mixture of both enzymes (TPS and TPP). These results are also supported by the in vivo accumulation of up to 0.48 mg of trehalose per g of cells after isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside treatment of cells harboring the construct encoding TPSP.     

Genetic Transformation of Tobacco with the Trehalose Synthase Gene from Grifola frondosa Fr. Enhances the Resistance to Drought and Salt in Tobacco

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide of glucose that functions as a protectant in the stabilization of biological structures and enhances the tolerance of organisms to abiotic stress. In the present study, we report on the expression of the Grifolafrondosa Fr. trehalose synthase (TSase) gene for manipulating abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.). The expression of the transgene was under the control of two tandem copies of the CaMV35S promoter and was transferred into tobacco by Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. Compared with non-transgenic plants, transgenic plants were able to accumulate high levels of products of trehalose, which were increased up to 2.126-2.556 mg/g FW, although levels were undetectable in non-transgenic plants. This level of trehalose in transgenic plants was 400-fold higher than that of transgenic tobacco plants cotransformed with Escherichia coli TPS and TPP on independent expression cassettes, twofold higher than that of transgenic rice plants transformed with a bifunctional fusion gene (TPSP) of the trehalose-6-phosphate (T-6-P) synthase (TPS) and T-6-P phosphatase (TPP) of E. coli, and 12-fold higher than that of transgenic tobacco plants transformed the yeast TPS1 gene.It has been reported that transgenic plants with E. coli TPS and/or TPP were severely stunted and had morphological alterations of their roots. Interestingly, our transgenic plants have obvious morphological changes, including thick and deep-coloured leaves, but show no growth inhibition; moreover, these morphological changes can restore to normal type in T2 progenies. Trehalose accumulation in 35S-35S:TSase plants resulted in increased tolerance to drought and salt, as shown by the results of tests on drought, salt tolerance, and drought physiological indices, such as water content in excised leaves, malondialdehyde content, chlorophyll a and b contents, and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in excised leaves. These results suggest that transgenic plants transformed with the TSase gene can accumulate high levels of trehalose and have enhanced tolerance to drought and salt.     

Expression of a bifunctional fusion of the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in transgenic rice plants increases trehalose accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance without stunting growth

Trehalose plays an important role in stress tolerance in plants. Trehalose-producing, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants were generated by the introduction of a gene encoding a bifunctional fusion (TPSP) of the trehalose-6-phosphate (T-6-P) synthase (TPS) and T-6-P phosphatase (TPP) of Escherichia coli, under the control of the maize (Zea mays) ubiquitin promoter (Ubi1). The high catalytic efficiency (Seo et al., 2000) of the fusion enzyme and the single-gene engineering strategy make this an attractive candidate for high-level production of trehalose; it has the added advantage of reducing the accumulation of potentially deleterious T-6-P. The trehalose levels in leaf and seed extracts from Ubi1::TPSP plants were increased up to 1.076 mg g fresh weight(-1). This level was 200-fold higher than that of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants transformed independently with either TPS or TPP expression cassettes. The carbohydrate profiles were significantly altered in the seeds, but not in the leaves, of Ubi1::TPSP plants. It has been reported that transgenic plants with E. coli TPS and/or TPP were severely stunted and root morphology was altered. Interestingly, our Ubi1::TPSP plants showed no growth inhibition or visible phenotypic alterations despite the high-level production of trehalose. Moreover, trehalose accumulation in Ubi1::TPSP plants resulted in increased tolerance to drought, salt, and cold, as shown by chlorophyll fluorescence and growth inhibition analyses. Thus, our results suggest that trehalose acts as a global protectant against abiotic stress, and that rice is more tolerant to trehalose synthesis than dicots.     

Enzymatic processes for the purification of trehalose

A dual‐enzyme process aiming at facilitating the purification of trehalose from maltose is reported in this study. Enzymatic conversion of maltose to trehalose usually leads to the presence of significant amount of glucose, by‐product of the reaction, and unreacted maltose. To facilitate the separation of trehalose from glucose and unreacted maltose, sequential conversion of maltose to glucose and glucose to gluconic acid under the catalysis of glucoamylase and glucose oxidase, respectively, is studied. This study focuses on the hydrolysis of maltose with immobilized glucoamylase on Eupergit® C and CM Sepharose. CM Sepharose exhibited a higher protein adsorption capacity, 49.35 ± 1.43 mg/g, and was thus selected as carrier for the immobilization of glucoamylase. The optimal reaction temperature and reaction pH of the immobilized glucoamylase for maltose hydrolysis were identified as 40°C and 4.0, respectively. Under such conditions, the unreacted maltose in the product stream of trehalose synthase‐catalyzed reaction was completely converted to glucose within 35 min, without detectable trehalose degradation. The conversion of maltose to glucose could be maintained at 0.92 even after 80 cycles in repeated‐batch operations. It was also demonstrated that glucose thus generated could be readily oxidized into gluconic acid, which can be easily separated from trehalose. We thus believe the proposed process of maltose hydrolysis with immobilized glucoamylase, in conjunction with trehalose synthase‐catalyzed isomerization and glucose oxidase‐catalyzed oxidation, is promising for the production and purification of trehalose on industrial scales. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013     

共表达烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶和丙酮酸羧化酶对大肠杆菌NZN111产丁二酸的影响

构建了共表达烟酸转磷酸核糖激酶(NAPRTase)和丙酮酸羧化酶(PYC)的重组质粒pTrc99a-pncB-pyc,并考察了重组菌E.coli NZN111/pTrc99a-pncB-pyc生产丁二酸的能力。结果表明:重组菌NZN111/pTrc99a-pncB-pyc的NAPRTase和PYC的比酶活达到最高,分别为20.75和1.04 U/mg,同时,辅酶NADH、NAD+及NAD(H)总量达到最高。厌氧摇瓶发酵结果:48 h能够消耗17.5 g/L的葡萄糖生成14.08 g/L的丁二酸,而丙酮酸的产量大幅度降低,仅为0.11 g/L。本研究为基因工程菌大肠杆菌厌氧条件下发酵生产丁二酸提供了一定的基础。     

Gene expression and molecular characterization of a thermostable trehalose phosphorylase fromThermoanaerobacter tengcongensis

A gene encoding the trehalose phosphorylase (TreP), which reversibly catalyzes trehalose degradation and synthesis from α-glucose-1-phosphate (α-Glc-1-P) and glucose, was cloned fromThermoanaerobacter tengcongensis and successfully expressed inEscherichia coli. The overexpressed TreP, with a molecular mass of approximately 90 kDa, was determined by SDS-PAGE. It catalyzes trehalose synthesis and degradation optimally at 70°C (for 30 min), with the optimum pHs at 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. It is highly thermostable, with a 77% residual activity after incubation at 50°C for 7 h. Under the optimum reaction conditions, 50 μg crude enzyme of the TreP is able to catalyze the synthesis of trehalose up to 11.6 mmol/L from 25 mmol/L α-Glc-1-P and 125 mmol/L glucose within 30 min, while only 1.5 mmol/L out of 250 mmol/L trehalose is degraded within the same time period. Dot blotting revealed that thetreP gene inT. tengcongensis was upregulated in response to salt stress but downregulated when trehalose was supplied. Both results indicate that the dominant function of theT. tengcongensis TreP is catalyzing trehalose synthesis but not degradation. Thus it might provide a novel route for industrial production of trehalose.     

Genetic modification of photosynthesis with E. coli genes for trehalose synthesis

Improvement in photosynthesis per unit leaf area has been difficult to alter by breeding or genetic modification. We report large changes in photosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum transformed with E. coli genes for the trehalose pathway. Significantly, photosynthetic capacity (CO2 assimilation at varying light and CO2, and quantum yield of PSII electron transport) per unit leaf area and per leaf dry weight were increased in lines of N. tabacum transformed with the E. coli gene otsA, which encodes trehalose phosphate synthase. In contrast, transformation with otsB, which encodes trehalose phosphate phosphatase or Trec, encoding trehalose phosphate hydrolase, produced the opposite effect. Changes in CO2 assimilation per unit leaf area were closely related to the amount and activity of Rubisco, but not to the maximum activities of other Calvin cycle enzymes. Alterations in photosynthesis were associated with trehalose 6-phosphate content rather than trehalose. When growth parameters were determined, a greater photosynthetic capacity did not translate into greater relative growth rate or biomass. This was because photosynthetic capacity was negatively related to leaf area and leaf area ratio. In contrast, relative growth rate and biomass were positively related to leaf area. These results demonstrate a novel means of modifying Rubisco content and photosynthesis, and the complexities of regulation of photosynthesis at the whole plant level, with potential benefits to biomass production through improved leaf area.     

Gene expression and molecular characterization of a thermostable trehalose phosphorylase fromThermoanaerobacter tengcongensis

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide of glucosewidely distributed in microorganisms, plants and in-sects. It usually functions as a compatible solute in thestabilization of biological structures under several en-vironment stresses[1,2]. Trehalose has proved to be anactive stabilizer of enzymes, proteins, biomasses, pharmaceutical preparations and even organs fortransplantation. Thus much attention has been paid tothe synthesis pathway of trehalose and the develop-ment of novel and economic…     

Bench-top fermentative production of plant benzylisoquinoline alkaloids using a bacterial platform

The plant secondary metabolites benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) have diverse pharmaceutical activities, and some are used medicinally (e.g., morphine, codeine, berberine). Recently, we constructed a platform to produce BIAs using bioengineered Escherichia coli, which could be useful for bulk production. The E. coli strain used in this system produces the important intermediate (S)-reticuline from glucose or glycerol. Although the amount produced (40 mg/L) exceeded the amount that can be purified from plants, the conversion efficiency from glycerol was only 0.15%; thus, there was much room for improvement. Our production system was developed in a jar fermenter but it is difficult to work with multiple samples using this system. In contrast, many samples can be cultured in parallel using shake flask cultures, allowing optimization of production conditions. Here, we describe bench-top production of (S)-reticuline and optimization of culture conditions using shake flask cultures. The production of (S)-reticuline reached 33.9 mg/L.