CPPU处理对猕猴桃果实品质的影响

以猕猴桃(Actinidia)品种‘东红’和‘金玉’为材料,在果实发育不同时期用20 mg/L的氯吡脲(CPPU)浸果处理,比较不同实验组的果重、可溶性固形物含量、糖含量、酸含量、Vc含量和花青素含量等果实品质的差异,探讨CPPU处理的最佳时期;并在‘东红’和‘金玉’的CPPU处理组和对照组中,采用实时荧光PCR技术(RT-qPCR)分析花青素相关基因的表达水平,探究CPPU调控花青素积累的分子机理。结果显示,花后14 d(14 DAF)为CPPU处理‘东红’的最佳时期,处理后单果重提高了24%,总糖含量提高了38%。相关性分析表明,果重与花青素含量成正相关。‘金玉’果实经CPPU处理后内果皮并未出现明显变化。‘东红’果实经处理后,其花青素含量显著提高,内果皮颜色更加红艳。RT-qPCR分析结果发现,CPPU处理后花青素合成相关基因AcF3GT、AcF3H、AcLDOX、AcMYB10和AcMYB110表达量上调,促进花青素的积累。研究结果表明CPPU处理能提升‘东红’和‘金玉’猕猴桃果实品质,处理‘东红’猕猴桃的最佳处理时期是花后14 d。CPPU处理导致上述5个基因表达水平提高,从...     

乙烯利对番茄及西瓜的催熟作用

乙烯利(2-氯乙基磷酸)对番茄果实有明显的催熟作用。不管是在植株上喷洒处理,或采收后浸果处理均属有效。采收后浸果处理的浓度,可以从1000—4000ppm,浸果处理时药液温度(20℃及30℃)对催熟的效果影响不大。但在浸果后,要在较高的温度(22—25℃)下,才能获得预期的催熟效果。采收前植株喷洒乙烯利,浓度从500—2000ppm可以提早红熟6—8天,增加红熟果实的早期产量,但对总产量影响不大。这种对产量的一时的增加,主要是增加红熟果实数而不是单果重。在成熟过程中,可溶性固形物变异不大。而可滴定酸度则迅速降低。乙烯利处理对这两种物质的含量只有少量的增加。西瓜在采收前用乙烯利喷果处理,浓度100—500ppm,可提早成熟5—7天,及增加果汁中可溶性固形物的含量。乙烯利处理对果肉各部位的可溶性固形物含量,都比不处理的有相应的增加。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

软枣猕猴桃控制授粉对果实和种子的影响

为了研究软枣猕猴桃授粉规律,以11年生软枣猕猴桃紫果3号为试验材料,设置剪留花柱数量为0、2、5、8、11、14、17和23(全留对照组)共8个处理。人工授粉,收获后调查测定其单果重、坐果率、果型指数、果实可溶性固形物含量和果实内含种子数量。结果表明:随着授粉柱头数的增加,单果重等主要指标相应增加;当授粉柱头数增至为8时,其果型指数和果实可溶性固形物含量与对照全留柱头23相比差异不明显;当授粉柱头数增至为11时,其单果重、坐果率和果实内含种子数量与对照全留柱头23相比差异不明显。据此软枣猕猴桃充分授粉的数量级指标为11,当授粉柱头数小于11时,产量降低、品质下降;当授粉柱头大于11时,浪费花粉。生产上可利用猕猴桃精准充分授粉技术,节约使用花粉或减少果园雄株数量,以提高生产效率。     

云南不同栽培区域油梨果实品质差异分析

以云南9个不同栽培区域‘哈斯’(Hass)油梨果实为试材,在同一条件下分别观测油梨果实主要内在与外观品质,分析云南不同栽培区域油梨果实主要品质差异,为探索云南油梨栽培适宜生态区域提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)油梨果实外观品质以单果重、种子重量、可食率变异系数较大,分别达到31.31%、38.09%和8.08%,并以LJ产区的油梨单果重和可食率最大;油梨果肉内在品质中以脂肪、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)含量变异系数较大,分别为37.57%、22.42%和17.89%,脂肪含量以BS产区最高,可溶性蛋白和Vc含量均以BN产区最高。(2)油梨果实Vc、总黄酮、脂肪含量以及单果果肉重、果实纵径等显著受到树龄和气候因子的综合影响。其中：树龄与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系,与单果果肉重呈显著负相关关系;经度与脂肪、可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关关系;纬度与可溶性固形物、果肉密度、种子长度呈正相关关系,与Vc、总黄酮含量呈显著负相关关系;海拔与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与果肉密度、单果重、单果果肉重、果实纵径呈正相关关系;年平均降雨量与...     

杧果种质资源果实主要数量性状评价指标探讨

以77～80份杧果品种(种质)资源为试材,对各品种果实的单果重、外果皮厚度、果核重、可食率、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量、可滴定酸含量和维生素C含量等8项数量性状指标进行测定。结果表明,除了可食率外,其余7个数量性状均存在10%以上的变异系数,外果皮厚度、可食率、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量呈正态分布,其余呈偏态分布。根据分析结果,提出了性状分级标准为1～5个等级,每个等级提出2个参照品种:1个国外品种、1个国内品种。该研究为我国杧果种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立或完善奠定了基础。     

杧果种质资源果实主要数量性状评价指标

以77～80份杧果品种(种质)资源为试材,对各品种果实的单果重、外果皮厚度、果核重、可食率、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性总糖含量、可滴定酸舍量和维生素C含量等8项数量性状指标进行测定.结果表明,除了可食率外,其余7个数量性状均存在10%以上的变异系数,外果皮厚度、可食率、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性总糖含量呈正态分布,其余呈偏态分布.根据分析结果,提出了性状分级标准为1～5个等级,每个等级提出2个参照品种:1个国外品种、1个国内品种.该研究为我国杧果种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立或完善奠定了基础.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对设施番茄果实发育及糖酸品质的影响北大核心CSCD

番茄果实糖酸类物质的含量及比例直接影响其风味品质,前期研究表明,适宜浓度的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)能够促进果实的成熟并提高其芳香品质。该试验为探究外源ALA对番茄果实发育及其糖酸品质的影响,以番茄‘原味1号’(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Yuanwei No.1)品种为试材,于第4穗果授粉后10 d果实表面喷施0、100和200 mg·L^(-1)的ALA溶液,分析ALA对番茄果实形态、果皮色泽及果实不同部位组织中糖、酸类物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明:(1)外源ALA溶液能显著促进番茄果实横径、纵径的增加,提高果实单果重,还显著降低果实硬度,促进果实软化,提升果实口感,并提高了果实V_(C)和可溶性固形物含量。(2)果实不同部位组织(包括果肉、小柱和隔膜)糖类物质组分含量测定结果显示,外源ALA处理能够显著提高果实可溶性总糖含量(包括果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖),并有利于糖类物质向果肉中积累。(3)在有机酸类物质中,除酒石酸含量增加外,外源ALA处理均能不同程度地降低果实各部位组织中酸类物质含量,从而显著提高番茄果实果肉部位糖酸比,提升果实糖酸品质。研究发现,在番茄果实发育过程中外源施用200 mg·L^(-1) ALA不仅能够促进果实发育及着色,提高单果重,提升果实的外观品质,还有利于果实糖酸品质的形成。     

不同光质补光对设施内桃果实品质及叶片质量的影响

研究采用蓝光、红蓝光、紫外光3种植物生长灯对设施内‘春雪’和‘中油4号’桃进行暗期延时补光,以设施内暗期光照为对照,探究不同光质补光对设施内桃果实品质及叶片质量的影响,并筛选最优补光光质。结果表明:(1)与对照(未补光)相比,3种补光处理对设施内‘春雪’和‘中油4号’桃果实品质及叶片质量均影响显著,且不同光质处理间存在显著差异。(2)蓝光补光处理桃果实单果重最大,可溶性固形物含量最高,可溶性糖含量较高,维生素C含量最高,可滴定酸含量较低,叶片叶绿素含量最高,叶面积最大,叶片及其栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度最厚,而果实酚类物质含量居中。(3)紫外光补光处理桃果实的酚酸类、黄烷醇类、黄酮醇类、花色苷类4类酚类物质含量最高,而果实品质居中,叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积以及叶片及栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度较低。(4)红蓝光补光处理桃果实的单果重、可溶性糖、维生素C含量和酚类物质含量最低,而叶片质量居中。研究认为,适宜的设施内暗期延时补光可显著提高桃叶片质量,有效改善桃果实单果重和营养品质,并以蓝光补光的效果最佳。     

Strapping and a synthetic cytokinin promote cell enlargement in ‘Hiratanenashi’ Japanese persimmon

The effects of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) with and without strapping on fruit growth of ‘Hiratanenashi’ Japanese persimmon were evaluated by measuring parenchyma cell size and the number of cell layers in mesocarp throughout fruit development. Three-year-old branches were strapped with a wire 2 weeks before full bloom, and 10 mg l⁻¹ of CPPU was applied to the fruitlet at 10 days after full bloom. CPPU alone prolonged the growth period, resulting in a larger fruit diameter at harvest than the control. Strapping promoted the fruit coloration and increased final fruit diameter. CPPU plus strapping shortened the growth period compared to CPPU alone, and the mature fruit diameter was similar to CPPU alone. The increases in fruit diameter caused by CPPU and strapping were involved with the increases in length of parenchyma cell. The number of cell layers was almost similar among the treatments. These results showed that strapping promotes the rate of parenchyma cell expansion, and CPPU with and without strapping prolong the duration of cell enlargement and promote the rate of the cell expansion.     

Strong synergistic effects of gibberellins with the synthetic cytokinin N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea on parthenocarpic fruit set and some other fruit characteristics of apple

The induction of parthenocarpic fruit set was investigated using the apple cvs. Golden Delicious and Jonagold. The gibberellins GA₃, GA₄, GA₅ and GA₇ and the synthetic phenylurea-type cytokinin CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea), were applied alone and in combination to unpollinated flowers at the end of petal fall. Gibberellins induced only a marginal final set of parthenocarpic fruits. CPPU sprays were more effective, particularly in the first year. When applied in combination, CPPU and gibberellins had a positive synergistic effect on parthenocarpic fruit set and fruit size, but a negative effect on flower induction the next year. After CPPU + GA sprays, percent fruit set was similar, or greater, compared to natural pollinated trees. The parthenocarpic fruits induced by CPPU + GA had an increased length to diameter ratio. CPPU stimulated, and GA₄ and GA₇ reduced, the russeting of the parthenocarpic fruits. The internal quality of the fruits was hardly affected, but Ca-deficiency symptoms occurred more frequently in parthenocarpic fruits.     

CPPU对猕猴桃果实组织发育及内源细胞分裂素含量的影响

对经生长调节剂ＣＰＰＵ处理的猕猴桃果帝进行了组织学及内源细胞分裂素含量变化的研究。结果表明：处理后的果帝细胞分裂时期延长,细胞的数目增多,体积增大;处理果实中,内源细胞分裂素的含量在果肉细胞分裂盛期及其之后都有所增高。     

Cell division and cell enlargement in fruit of Lagenaria leucantha as influenced by pollination and plant growth substances

The effects of NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid), GA₃ (gibberellic acid), CPPU (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea) and pollination on fruit set, cell division and enlargement were studied in Lagenaria leucantha, an important vegetable. NAA and GA₃ were ineffective in inducing parthenocarpy, whereas CPPU induced parthenocarpic fruit significantly larger than fruit that resulted from pollination. Cell division, which occurred during the first 4 days after pollination was not reactivated by NAA or GA₃, but was effectively reactivated by CPPU. The cell number of the total cross-section of CPPU-treated fruit was 117.4% of that of pollinated fruit and 154.4% of that of unpollinated at 12 DAA (days after anthesis) respectively. The CPPU-induced parthenocarpic fruit had the largest cell cross-sectional area followed, successively, by pollinated fruit, NAA-treated fruit, GA₃-treated fruit and unpollinated fruit. These results indicate that CPPU induced parthenocarpic fruit growth by directly reactivating cell division and expansion.     

Influence of timing and prey availability on fruit damage to apple by Campylomma verbasci (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Campylomma verbasci Meyer is a zoophytophagous mirid that feeds on small arthropods as well as apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen) fruits, causing economic damage to some cultivars. The influence of timing and prey availability on the amount of fruit damage was studied to determine whether either factor could be used to refine a management program. C. verbasci nymphs were caged on branches of fruiting 'Golden Delicious' apple trees during the period from bloom through early fruit set. The greatest amount of fruit damage occurred during the bloom period; little or no damage occurred after fruit reached approximately equals 13 mm in diameter. The availability of prey did not reduce the incidence of fruit damage by C. verbasci, nor did it influence the survival of nymphs. Nymphal survival was higher, however, in cages where a blossom or fruitlet was present versus a vegetative spur. These data support the hypothesis that post petal fall insecticide applications (those made after the fruit is greater than approximately equals 10-13 mm in diameter) are not useful in preventing economic levels of fruit damage in Washington State, and that petal fall applications would only prevent a fraction of the total amount of damage by this pest. The data from this study do not support the hypothesis that manipulating arthropod prey species of C. verbasci will prevent fruit damage. There was evidence to support the hypothesis that nymphs can survive a relatively short period (7 d) without arthropod prey.     

Cytokinins and fruit development in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). II. Effects of reduced pollination and CPPU application

The significance of changes in cytokinin content during early fruit growth was examined in the kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. Hayward). Fruit growth was modified by the reduction of seed number or by the application of the synthetic phenylurea cytokinin N -(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N -phenylurea (CPPU). The influence of these treatments on cell division was monitored by flow cytometry and changes in the endogenous cytokinins were measured at days 10 and 20 after anthesis, using high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Total cytokinin levels appeared not to be limiting growth since the highest total cytokinin concentration was detected in unpollinated fruit, which abscised by day 25 after anthesis. However, compared with control fruit which had the highest concentration of zeatin (Z) 10 days post anthesis, Z levels were low in unpollinated fruit. It is hypothesised that an increase in Z is the critical change in cytokinin metabolism required for the initiation of cell division and fruit growth. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU promoted fruit development, but there was a decrease in the endogenous cytokinin concentration. Zeatin was not detected in CPPU-treated fruit. Cell division was reduced in unpollinated fruitlets but there was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between the other treatments. Differences in final fruit size appeared to be due to cell expansion.     

宁夏枸杞果实与种子形态发育初探

研究了宁夏枸杞不同发育时期果实和种子形态的变化特征及种子内胚的变化.结果表明:宁夏枸杞果实的生长发育曲线为花后8d以前为其第一次快速生长期,花后8～24 d为缓慢生长期,花后24～34 d是第二次快速生长期,属于典型的双“S”型.宁夏枸杞种子的生长曲线既不属于单“S”型,也不属于双“S”型,表现为果实的第一次快速生长期同样也是种子的快速生长期,但种子完成的生长比例快于果实完成的生长比例,此期种子内的胚乳生长快;当果实进入缓慢生长期,种子也表现出缓慢生长的特性,且种子长度和宽度的增加速率均显著低于果实第一次快速生长期种子的生长速率,此期种子主要进行胚的分化;在果实的第二次快速生长期,果实体积和重量迅速增加,而种子的长度和宽度增加很少,此期种子内仅胚进一步增大,从而反映出宁夏枸杞果实的发育与种子发育有一定的相关性.     

谷氨酸和TDZ对荔枝果皮着色及果实品质的影响

为提前或延迟果实的成熟,改善果实品质,以荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)早熟品种‘三月红’和‘水东’为试验材料,在盛花后50 d用谷氨酸(Glu)和TDZ(Thidiazuron)进行处理,研究Glu和TDZ对果皮着色和果实品质的影响。结果表明,Glu能促进果皮转红,500~1500 mg L-1范围内随浓度增加果皮红色面积加大,果皮的花青苷含量增加。1500 mg L-1Glu处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷含量分别达到8.62 U g-1、11.53 U g-1,分别比对照高出1.33、1.25倍。同时,Glu处理能促进‘三月红’总糖的积累,但对两品种果实大小和质量的影响不大。TDZ显著迟滞果实着色,果实转红延后,果皮花青苷含量降低。5.0 mg L-1TDZ处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷仅为1.23和3.4 U g-1,显著低于对照。TDZ处理两品种果实的可溶性固形物、总糖含量均下降,但果实大小和质量均增加。因此,Glu能促进荔枝果实转色成熟,TDZ则抑制果实转色。     

Gibberellins Increase Cuticle Deposition in Developing Tomato Fruit

Effects of the gibberellins A₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇) and A₃(GA₃), benzyladenine (BA) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM) in developing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit were investigated. Growth regulators were applied when fruit development within trusses ranged from the flower to the mature stage. Developmental stage of fruit at the time of application was indexed by fruit diameter. Fruit were harvested at maturity, the CM isolated enzymatically on an individual fruit basis and mass of CM per unit fruit surface area calculated. In mature fruit, mass of CM per fruit increased with fruit size, but mass of CM per unit surface area was independent of fruit size, position within a truss and position of the truss on the plant. GA₄₊₇ and GA₃ increased CM mass per unit fruit surface area at concentrations up to 300 mg l⁻¹. Young fruit (5–10 mm diam. at time of application) was most responsive. Responsiveness decreased as fruit development at application progressed towards maturity. There was no consistent effect of GA₄₊₇ or GA₃ on fruit mass. BA (up to 100 mg l⁻¹) or CPPU (up to 3 mg l⁻¹) had no significant effect on CM mass per unit surface area regardless of developmental stage. Higher concentrations of BA or CPPU decreased CM mass per unit surface area. There was no effect of BA or CPPU on fruit mass. Potential mechanisms and benefits of a gibberellin induced increase in CM deposition are discussed.