Using Stomatal Resistance Index of Plants to Evaluate the Quality of Atmospheric Environment in Fuzhou

This paper deals with studies on the stomatal resistance of plants in different polluted environment in the Fuzhou region and their use in evaluating the quality of atmospheric environment. The results show that among the seven function areas under investigation, the plants in Mawei, Guantou and Fuzhou have larger stomatal resistance, the average value is 6–7s cm. In Mawei function area, half of the plants have normal stomatal resistance of 2–4s/cm, only in a few industrial-mining and heavy-traffic areas, the stomatal resistance of plants is 6–12s/cm, which is of grade Ⅲ to Ⅱ and exceeds the normal level, indicating that these areas have been lightly polluted. In the other four function areas (Gushan, Tingjiang, Changle, Minhou), the average value of stomatal resistance is 3s/cm, which is of grade Ⅳ or normal. The average value of stomatal resistance in the sixty observation sites is 4.14s/cm, which is a little higher than the normal level. From the stomataJ resistance values we can infer that the stomatal openings of most plants in the Fnzhou region are normal, but the transpiration rate of plants is comparatively low, which is 5.19μgH20 cm-2·s-1 in average. This is due to the moist subtropics climate where the precipitation and vapourization is similar in amount. The stomatal resistance value not only correlates positively with the pollutant contents in leaves, but also conforms to the polluted states of SO2 and TSP. From what we have mentioned above we can conclude that the Fuzhon region is not polluted except for a few industrial-mining, heavy traffic and crowded sightseeing areas which are only lightly polluted. This conclusion is in agreement with that of the local environmental monitoring department, that is, "the present environmental quality of the Fuzhou Economic-Technological Development Region is fine". We believe that it is an ideal means to use stomatal resistance index of plants in evaluating the quality of atmospheric environment.     

Growth responses and Hyoscyamine content ofDatura innoxia under the influence of coal-smoke pollution

This study evaluated the impact of pollution on growth responses inDatura innoxia. Coal-smoke emissions were produced by the Badarpur Thermal Power Plant in Delhi, India. At the polluted site, the size of roots and leaves as well as the number of branches and leaves per plant increased, but shoot lengths and leaf areas were lower, compared with control plants. The net photosynthesis rate, stomatal resistance, and the amount of pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were less in pollution-affected plants, while stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration were higher in these plants. Explants from both sites (polluted and non-polluted), grown in vitro on various combinations of auxin (2,4-D, NAA) and cytokinin (BAP, KN), showed the maximum response on a medium containing NAA (0.1 mg L^-1) with BAP (5.0 mg L^-1). Hyoscyamine content was higher in all parts (root, stem, leaf, and regener-ants) of the polluted plants.     

Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthetic Rate, and Pigment Content in Ruellia Tuberosa Leaves as Affected by Coal-Smoke Pollution

Study of the effects of air pollution caused by thermal power plant emissions on some foliar traits of Ruellia tuberosa L. has shown that length and width of stomata, length of stomatal pore, stomatal density, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and chlerophyll content were reduced in the polluted plants in pre-flowering, flowering as well as post-flowering phases of plant growth. Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the palisade tissue was increased at each stage of plant development. Stomatal index remained almost unchanged at the polluted site, except on the adaxial surface during the preflowering stage where it was higher as compared to the non-polluted plants.     

Environmental Pollution and Leaf Cuticular Variation in Kudzu (Pueraria lobata Willd.)

Four populations of kudzu (Puerarta lobata Willd.) were studiedin rural, relatively unpolluted areas and in habitats characterizedby heavy industrial pollution in north-west Tennessee, U.S.A.Leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, flower size and podsize showed a decrease in growth in heavily polluted areas.Trichome frequency and length on the leaf surfaces increasedwith an increase in environmental pollution while the stomatalfrequency values showed a slight decrease in polluted habitats.The length of the largest and the smallest stomata and the numberof undulations in the epidermal cells in kudzu plant populationswere not affected by environmental pollution. Subsidiary cellcomplex consisting of two cells also remained the same in allthe plant populations sampled in polluted and relatively unpollutedhabitats. Puerarialobata Willd., kudzu, environmental pollution, cuticular features, stomatal frequency, trichome frequency     

Foliar responses ofPeristrophe bicalyculata to coal smoke pollution

Study of the foliar responses ofPeristrophe bicalyculata (Reth) Nees to the pollution caused by thermal power plant emissions revealed that the stomatal size, pore length, density, and index, as well as the photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll content were reduced inP. bicalyculata plants at the polluted site in pre-flowering, flowering as well as post-flowering stage of plant growth. Contrary to this, stomatal conductance increased at each stage. The intercellular level of carbon dioxide was raised in the pre-flowering and flowering stages but decreased later at the polluted site.     

木本植物气孔对不同污染类型的反应

植物气孔扩散阻力与环境中颗粒物的污染有密切关系,由此得出的生理指标可用以指示大气中飘尘污染的程度,并筛选对污染物抗性大和消耗水分少的植物种。测定结果表明：不同污染类型区的植物气孔扩散阻力的大小顺序因地区而不同,在天津为冶炼厂(重工业污染区)>水上公园(游览区)>劝业场(商业集中区)>化工厂外(化工污染区) >盘山(清洁区);而在北京是卧佛寺一樱桃沟(游览区)>东单(交通频繁区)>首钢(重工业污染区)。之所以产生上述差异的原因除了京津两市的工业污染外,还与某些人为活动有关,如重工业污染区飘尘污染严重,植物气孔扩散阻力增大,但首钢经常用水冲洗叶子,其阻力值反小;公园和商业交通区是游人熙攘地点,极易引起地面扬尘,其气孔阻力反映了相似的结果。 研究结果还阐明：随着飘尘的增加,植物气孔扩散阻力增大,蒸腾率速相应的变小。     

两种木本植物光合作用对油页岩废渣污染的响应

比较油页岩污染点(茂名石化公司废渣场)和相对清洁点(茂名市林科所)生长的灌木翅荚决明(CassiaalataL.)和乔木乌墨(Syzygiumcumini(Linn.)Skeels)的光合生理指标的变化。在两个试验点,翅荚决明的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的绝对值在一天的多数时段均高于乌墨,但与对照点相比,在污染点翅荚决明的净光合速率和水分利用效率的下降幅度却大于乌墨,气孔导度则相反,可能与土壤含水量有关。结果表明乌墨的抗油页岩废渣污染能力强于翅荚决明。     

三种相思植物对短期大气污染的响应

3种2－3年生相思盆栽于代表不同污染程度的交通繁忙区、工业生产区和相对清洁区,4个月后进行植物叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光特征参数的测定。结果表明,生长在污染区的相思植物的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（gs）和光系统Ⅱ原初光化学效率（Fv／Fm）均出现不同程度的下降,下降幅度因植物种类和污染类型的不同而有差异,不同实验点上大腺相思叶片蒸腾速率（E）和水分利用效率（WUE）则维持相对稳定,多花和流苏相思的WUE均以污染环境下较低,根据Pn、gs和Fv/Fm的变化以及实验点上其它植物对应测定值比,推测3种相思植物对大气污染都表现出中等强度的抗性,且多花相思和流苏相思相对好于大腺相思。     

Histological examination of spruce needles from a long-term gas exchange experiment in pure and polluted air in the field

Summary At the end of a 4-year period of gas exchange measurements in a natural stand in the Lower Bavarian Forest, needles of an adult spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were harvested from two chambers, one with pure air and the other with ambient air. The needles were examined as to their histological properties in the stomatal apparatus and in the bundle sheath. In needles from the polluted air UV absorbance at 280 nm was decreased in the walls of the stomatal apparatus. Simultaneously, the deposition of compounds with an absorption maximum at 310 nm increased within the encrusted plate-like thickenings of the subsidiary cells. The contents of the lumina of hypodermal cells and of the bundle sheath exhibited a greater degree of autofluorescence in ambient-air material than in pure-air leaf organs. Differences between needles exposed to pure and polluted air are gradual. The damaged condition is rare in pure air, common in polluted air. The needles from outside the chambers occupied an intermediate position between pure-air and ambient-air needles. This fact is traced to an unnaturally high pollutant load in the liquid phase of the needle surfaces within the ambient-air chamber because in order to compensate pollutant losses within the system, SO₂ and O₃ were added even during periods of irrigation. The reduction of absorption capacity at 280 nm in the walls of the stomatal apparatus is attributed to destruction of lignin due to the high reactivity of the pollutants in the liquid phase on the damp needle surface. The importance of delignification with regard to hydroregulation is discussed.     

Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species

Five diploidy wheat species were chosen as research materials to determine the differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. The results of the study showed that species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis) had the largest values in stomatal length, girth and area, and the lowest values in stomatal width, density and index. On the contrary, the species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) had the highest values in stomatal width, density and index, and the lowest values in stomatal length, girth and area. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were higher in species with D genomes (Ae. Tauschii) and lower in species with S genomes (Ae. Sect. Sitopsis), respectively. The net photosynthetic rate showed significant correlation with stomatal conductivity, and the changes in intercellular CO₂ content showed the opposite trend to the changes in stomatal limitation, indicating that the stomatal conductivity is the main factor limiting the photosynthetic rate. T. urartu with higher net photosynthetic ability showed higher values in stomatal conductivity and stomatal limitation, and lower values in intercellular CO₂ content. However, T. boeoticum showed the opposite trend. T. urartu had higher values of chlorophyll content in flag leaf area, while T. boeoticum had lower values, indicating that there might be higher chlorophyll content.     

二倍体小麦种间气孔与光合特征差异

选取5个二倍体小麦种为实验材料,利用数码图像显微镜处理系统、气体交换参数测定系统和叶绿素荧光动力学参数测定系统,研究了二倍体小麦种间气孔特征与光合特性的差异.结果表明,二倍体小麦种间气孔和光合特征存在较大的差异:其中S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的气孔长度、周长和面积最大,而其宽度、密度和气孔指数却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的气孔宽度、密度和气孔指数最大,而其长度、周长和面积却是最小的;D基因型(Ae.Tauschii)的净光合速率最大,而S基因型(Ae.Sect.Sitopsis)的净光合速率最小.气孔周长与气孔面积呈显著正相关关系,而气孔密度与气孔面积呈显著负相关关系.二倍体小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度呈显著正相关关系,同时气孔限制值的变化趋势与细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势相反,说明二倍体小麦的光合能力主要受气孔限制.在几个种中,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)具有较高的净光合速率和气孔导度,同时细胞间隙CO2浓度最低,气孔限制值最大,在光合能力和耐光抑制方面有较明显的优势;而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)则在光合能力和耐光抑制方面不存在优势.同时,乌拉尔图小麦(T.urartu)的叶绿素含量最高,而野生一粒小麦(T.boeoticum)最低,叶绿素含量可能也是造成二倍体种间光合能力差异的原因之一.     

青藏高原和内蒙古高原典型草地植物叶片肾型和哑铃型气孔器气孔特征及其与环境的关系

该研究利用植物制片技术,以中国青藏高原和内蒙古高原典型草地常见种或优势种植物的叶片为研究对象,通过比较分析叶片哑铃型气孔器和肾型气孔器的特征及其与环境因子的关系,揭示植物叶片两类气孔器对环境因子的响应策略。结果表明:(1)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔指标的变异系数小于肾型气孔器。(2)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔指标与环境气候指标的关系弱于肾型气孔器。(3)叶片哑铃型气孔器气孔特征与环境关系在叶片上下表面之间存在显著差异,而肾型气孔器气孔特征与环境因子的关系在叶片上下表面之间无显著差异。(4)叶片哑铃型气孔器的气孔特征与降水关系密切,而肾型气孔器气孔特征与温度关系密切。(5)同一种气孔器的气孔特征在两个地区(青藏高原和内蒙古高原)间存在显著差异。研究认为,肾型气孔器和哑铃型气孔器的气孔特征及其与环境之间的关系存在差异,在分析气孔特征时有必要将肾形与哑铃形保卫细胞形成的气孔器加以区分,该研究结果有助于进一步理解中国草地植物叶气孔特征对气候变化的响应与适应策略。     

Foliar characteristics,cambial activity and wood formation in Azadirachta indica A. Juss. as affected by coal–smoke pollution

This study, aimed at elucidating changes in the foliar and cambial behavior in Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) due to coal-smoke pollution, has revealed inhibitory effects of pollution stress on leaf pigments concentrations, nitrate reductase activity and the contents of reducing sugars and total N content, whereas stimulatory effects were given on stomatal index and nitrate and sulphur contents. Under smoke effects, stomatal conductance was low, leading to a drop in the net photosynthetic rate and a rise in the internal CO₂ concentration of leaf. Cambial reactivation in the stem was delayed at the polluted site. Although the total span of the cambial activity was reduced, greater amount of wood was observed to accumulate in the stem axis under heavy pollution stress. Vessel proportion in the wood increased, whereas size of vessel elements and xylem fibers decreased. “Vulnerability factor” (ratio between mean vessel diameter and mean vessel abundance) and “mesomorphic ratio” (multiplication product of vulnerability factor and mean length of vessel element) of the stem–wood, both declined with increase in the pollution stress, thus indicating a tendency of the species for shifting towards xeromorphy when grown under stress. Given the opposite trends of photosynthetic rate and wood increment, the carbon-partitioning pattern rather than the photosynthetic rate seems to have influenced the accumulation of new wood. The Neem tree proves to be suitable for growing in the polluted areas.     

遮阴和干旱对白桦幼苗光诱导的气孔动力学影响

以黄土丘陵区演替早期种白桦的幼龄实生苗为材料,采用全光照和遮阴(光照为全光照的30%)以及正常水分(田间持水量的75%～80%)和干旱(田间持水量的40%～45%)处理,研究了遮阴和干旱下白桦幼苗光诱导的气孔动力学参数、气孔解剖特征、整株植物生长和水分利用的变化。结果表明: 遮阴使气孔开放过程的滞后时间和响应时间显著增加0.8和1.8倍,气孔开放和关闭过程的响应速度显著降低82.2%和65.0%,气孔开放和关闭过程的响应幅度显著降低43.3%和56.9%;干旱使气孔开放过程的响应幅度显著降低43.9%、气孔关闭过程的响应速度显著降低33.0%;二者仅对气孔开放过程的滞后时间存在交互作用。白桦幼苗气孔关闭过程的响应速度与气孔密度和气孔指数呈显著正相关,其他气孔动力学参数与气孔解剖结构间无显著相关性。白桦气孔关闭过程中的响应速度与整株生物量、耗水量呈显著正相关,所有气孔动力学参数和整株水分利用效率间无显著相关性。遮阴和干旱对白桦光诱导的气孔动力学参数的影响与其对气孔解剖结构的影响有关,动态光下的气孔动力学参数可在一定程度上阐释白桦不同生境下生长的差异。     

浙东南杨梅叶片气孔观察与相似性研究

对浙江省东南部台州、温州、宁波及绍兴4个地区25份杨梅地方品种材料叶片的气孔特性进行研究,测定了气孔密度、气孔面积、气孔长、短轴和气孔器长、短轴。结果表明:所有材料气孔均属于平行型;气孔密度在500～1200个/mm2之间,主栽品种东魁、荸荠和丁岙梅气孔密度偏小;气孔面积从40～80μm2不等,以50μm2较为集中;气孔器长、短轴以变异1号最大,温州土梅最小;气孔长、短轴的变化规律为长轴>短轴。利用重心距离法对气孔密度、气孔面积、气孔大小和气孔器大小进行聚类分析,从距离0.5处进行分类,可分为5类。聚类分析表明:气孔的相似度在某种程度上可以作为区别品种的依据,但要精确地研究它们之间的遗传关系,还需与分子生物学、形态学等综合手段相结合予以鉴定。     

Evolutional trends of leaf stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics in wheat evolutions

According to the evolutional relationships among wheat varieties, 21 wheat varieties were chosen as research materials in this experiment to determine the evolutional trends of stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics. The results showed that as ploidy increased, the stomatal length, width, perimeter and area were found to increase. The stomatal density was found to decrease in A, B, D genomes, while no differences were found in stomatal indices among ploidies, indicating that the stomata became larger, but were still less in evolution progress. The Diploidy had the highest Pn, which was less in Tetraploidy, and the least in Hexaploidy. On the contrary, the Hexaploidy had the highest value in Fv/Fm, and the Diploidy had the highest chlorophyll content. The net photosynthetic rate had significant correlation with stomatal conductivity, while no significant relationship was found between stomatal conductivity and any stomatal characteristics, indicating that the stomatal conductivity is one of the factors limiting the photosynthetic rate, while the single stomatal characteristics is not the reason inducing the change in photosynthetic rate. The stomatal density showed significant differences among ploidy materials in A, B, D genomes, and the trend of genotype was in order of 2n > 4n > 6n; the stomatal length, width, perimeter and area showed significant differences among ploidy materials, and the trend of genotype was in order of 6n > 4n > 2n. The results indicated that the low density might induce low conductivity and low photosynthetic ability in Hexaploidy. Furthermore, the Diploidy had higher value in chlorophyll content of flag leaf area among ploidy materials in A, B and D genomes, indicating that higher chlorophyll content might be the reason for higher photosynthetic ability in Diploid wheat species.     

大花美人蕉花发育过程中气孔密度和气孔指数的动态变化

对大花美人蕉(Canna generalis Bailey)不同发育时期花瓣、苞片和花萼上气孔的分布情况、气孔密度和气孔指数的变化进行了研究。结果表明,花瓣、苞片和花萼上、下表皮均有气孔分布。花瓣、苞片和花萼上表皮的气孔密度和气孔指数均小于下表皮的。随着花的发育,花瓣、苞片和花萼上的气孔密度和气孔指数一般呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势。     

小麦进化过程中叶片气孔和光合特征演变趋势

根据小麦属内种间的进化关系选取21种小麦品种为实验材料,研究了小麦进化过程中气孔特征和光合特征的演变趋势。结果表明,无论是A,B,D染色体组还是A,G染色体组,气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积均随倍性水平的升高而呈增大趋势,而气孔指数无显著变化;A,B,D染色体组气孔密度随倍性升高呈减少趋势。二倍体小麦的Pn值最高,六倍体小麦的Fv/Fm值较高,二倍体小麦叶片叶绿素含量显著高于四倍体和六倍体小麦。不同倍性小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度间均存在极显著相关关系,表明气孔传导力是小麦光合能力的主要限制因素之一。气孔导度与单一气孔特征之间无显著相关关系。A,B,D染色体组不同倍性小麦叶片气孔密度差异显著,其大小顺序为二倍体〉四倍体〉六倍体;A,B,D染色体组不同倍体小麦叶片的气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积差异显著,顺序均为六倍体〉四倍体〉二倍体,气孔密度降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体小麦光合能力降低的原因。随着倍性的升高,小麦的抵抗光抑制能力越强,因此光化学能转换效率可能不是小麦进化过程中光合能力变化的原因。A,B,D染色体组中二倍体的叶绿素含量显著大于四倍体和六倍体,而A,G染色体组中倍体间叶绿素含量差异不显著,说明叶绿素的降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体光合能力降低的原因之一。     

一氧化氮是脱落酸诱导杨树叶片气孔关闭的信号分子

研究了外源NO和ABA对杨树气孔运动调节作用．结果表明,外源NO和ABA都能诱导杨树离体叶片气孔关闭,且具有剂量效应,NO可加强ABA诱导气孔关闭的作用．NO清除剂(c—PTIO)可大大减弱NO和ABA对气孔关闭的诱导作用．证实了NO参与ABA调控气孔开闭运动过程,不同浓度NO供体SNP和ABA处理杨树离体叶片,SOD活性变化不明显,POD活性受到显著抑制．杨树叶片粗酶液的体外实验表明,不同浓度SNP对POD活性的抑制呈明显的浓度及时间效应;而ABA对POD活性则几乎没有影响．本研究证明,NO调节ABA诱导的树木气孔关闭作用,是ABA诱导树木气孔关闭的一种重要信号分子．     

High yields in advanced lines of Pima cotton are associated with higher stomatal conductance, reduced leaf area and lower leaf temperature

Advanced lines of Pima cotton ( Gossypium barbadense L.) bred for higher yield potential and heat resistance have higher stomata conductance and smaller leaf areas than those of obsolete lines. In controlled experiments, five commercial lines of Pima cotton having increasing lint yield and heat resistance showed a gradient of increasing stomatal conductance and decreasing leaf size. In field experiments, heat-sensitive, low yield Pima lines showed a lower stomatal conductance than high yielding, advanced lines. This indicates that selection for high yield potential and heat resistance has imposed a selection pressure for higher stomatal conductance and smaller leaf areas. The higher stomatal conductance and smaller leaf area in the advanced lines resulted in a lower leaf temperature in both controlled environments and in the field. The largest leaf temperature differences between obsolete and advanced lines were observed in the afternoon. These differences coincided with the largest differences in stomatal conductance and the highest air temperatures. Measurements of stomatal conductance and leaf temperature in field-grown progeny from a cross between the advanced line, Pima S-6. and the obsolete line, Pima 32, showed that genetically determined differences in stomatal conductance resulted in corresponding differences in leaf temperature. None of the altered physiological traits were selected for in the breeding program, indicating that selection for the desired agronomic traits imposed selection pressures on the altered physiological traits. The increases in stomatal conductance and decreases in leaf area could represent an integrated response to selection pressures on enhanced evaporative cooling, ensuing from selection for heat resistance.