取食不同种类糖对中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的影响

为了阐明取食糖类食物与中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的关系,本研究比较了取食葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和甘露糖对中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的影响。结果显示:与饲喂清水对照相比,取食蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖的寄生蜂寿命显著延长,雌蜂分别为17.6 d,15.6 d,14.4 d和10.3 d;雄蜂分别为7.6 d,11.0 d,11.3 d和6.6 d。取食5种糖雌蜂的寿命均显著高于雄蜂。解剖中红侧沟茧蜂的卵巢发现:初羽化的卵巢中成熟卵约占总卵量的13%,平均为7.13粒。取食不同糖类物质的雌蜂卵巢中成熟卵均呈现先显著上升后逐步下降的趋势,但取食不同糖的成熟卵形成的高峰期时间不同。研究结果为提高该蜂的繁殖潜能和繁殖效率提供依据。     

低温与植物生长调节剂预处理对小麦成熟胚培养特性的影响

为提高小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率,以3个黄淮麦区冬小麦品种(系)‘小偃22’、‘西农1013’和‘千斤早’为材料,研究了4℃低温和3种植物生长调节剂(TDZ、2,4-D、多效唑)预处理小麦种子对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织分化特性的影响。结果表明:4℃低温和植物生长调节剂预处理对小麦成熟胚出愈率无显著影响,但能够显著促进愈伤组织的分化,并表现出处理及基因型间差异。‘小偃22’、‘西农1013’、‘千斤早’感应低温预处理的最好时间节点分别为6h、12h、12h,其成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率比对照分别显著提高16.2%、14.2%、12.8%;3个材料分别在10mg/L、5 mg/L、20 mg/L TDZ预处理下成熟胚愈伤组织分化率最高,比对照分别显著提高39.1%、29.7%、16.7%;3个材料的最佳2,4-D预处理浓度均为10mg/L,其愈伤组织分化率分别比对照显著提高17.3%、11.2%、25.2%;3个材料的成熟胚愈伤组织分化率分别在10mg/L、20mg/L、20mg/L多效唑预处理时最高,分别比对照显著提高6.2%、11.6%、7.2%。研究表明,低温和植物生长调节剂预处理均可有效提高小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的分化率,但促进植物生长的调节剂(TDZ和2,4-D)对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织再分化的效应远大于抑制植物生长的调节剂(多效唑)。     

聚寄生性蝶蛹金小蜂雌蜂体型大小对产卵策略的影响

在寄生蜂行为生态学研究中; 通常将寄主体型大小作为寄主品质的主要性状来探究寄生蜂的搜寻行为机理; 而忽略寄生蜂体型大小的意义。为揭示聚寄生蜂雌蜂体型大小对其产卵决策的影响; 在严格控制寄主菜粉蝶Pieris rapae蛹体型大小（体重）的情况下; 于室内观察了不同体型大小的蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromalus puparum雌蜂的产卵行为; 并调查了子代蜂数量（窝卵数）、 性比和体型大小的变化。结果表明: 雌蜂在寄主上的驻留时间随其自身体型增大而缩短; 但随寄主体重增大而延长。窝卵数和余卵量受到雌蜂体型大小的显著影响; 均随雌蜂体型增大而显著增加（P<0.05）; 但子代蜂性比不受雌蜂体型大小的显著影响 (P>0.05)。子代雌、 雄性体型大小均与雌蜂体型大小无关; 但子代雌蜂体型随寄主体重增大而增大。结果证实; 雌性蝶蛹金小蜂体型大小影响其部分产卵决策。因此; 在建立聚寄生蜂产卵决策模型中应考虑雌蜂体型大小这一重要变量因素。     

低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响

将金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu的卵、蛹分别在5℃和8℃下处理1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d后,放在25℃下培养,研究低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵和蛹的影响。结果表明,低温处理对金银花尺蠖卵的发育历期和孵化率、蛹的发育历期和羽化率均有显著的影响。低温处理后,卵、蛹的发育历期比对照显著缩短,并且随着低温处理天数的增加,发育历期逐渐缩短,差异达显著水平;卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率比对照也显著下降。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短286 d、473 d;孵化率分别比对照下降了4234%和4967%;处理5 d、7 d的卵均不能孵化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d卵的发育历期分别比对照缩短125 d、300 d;卵的孵化率分别比对照下降了3035%和4500%,处理5 d、7 d的卵也均不能孵化。经过5℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了249 d、454 d和701 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了5777%、6784%和7810%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。经过8℃低温处理1 d、3 d、5 d的金银花尺蠖蛹的发育历期分别比对照缩短了133 d、354 d和549 d;羽化率分别比对照下降了3945%、5873%和7441%;处理7 d的蛹均不能羽化。     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

温度对稻飞虱卵寄生蜂—缨小蜂实验种群的影响

本根据稻飞虱卵寄生蜂——缨小蜂(稻虱缨小蜂．长管稻虱缨小蜂,担稻虱缨小蜂)实验种群的室内饲养资料,分析了温度对3种缨小蜂实验种群的影响．中测定了缨小蜂实验种群的发育起点温度和有效积温;组建了缨小蜂实验种群发育速度模型：分析了温度对缨小蜂成虫寿命．寄生量和产卵天数的作用．     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0.小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时间的延长而增高.就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱.不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大.小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少.     

小鼠年龄及卵丘—卵母细胞间联接的解离对卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

实验研究了小鼠卵母细胞体外过程中卵丘－卵母细胞间的相互作用。实验小鼠为雌性Ｂ６Ｄ２杂交一代。激素处理４８小时后分离出卵后天和卵母细胞复合体,并培养在含有次黄嘌呤的培养液中。２４小时后检查卵母细胞核成熟情况。     

中华真地鳖雌虫产卵习性及其卵的发育

在室内饲养条件下,通过对不同月龄的中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker雌成虫产卵量调查,并对卵块的质量品级和发育进度进行划分。结果表明1月龄至3月龄中华真地鳖的产卵能力较强;饱满、无破损、形状规则的卵块孵化较好;在卵的各发育阶段,卵块和卵粒的形态变化较明显,以此确立了卵发育的分级标准。     

菜粉蝶蛹体型大小对蝶蛹金小蜂后代数量、性比及体型大小的影响

为检验“寄主体型大小-质量假说”,采取饥饿方法处理菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)高龄幼虫,以获得体型大小(用体质量表示)差异大于同一自然地理种群内个体间差异的寄主蛹,然后供聚寄生蜂-蝶蛹金小蜂(Pteromalus puparum)寄生,观察寄生蜂在不同大小寄主蛹内的后代数量、性比以及体型大小。结果表明,蝶蛹金小蜂1次攻击产出的后代蜂数随寄主蛹体质量增加而显著增多,蛹中平均出蜂314.97头·g^-1。蝶蛹金小蜂后代的雌性比例随寄主蛹质量的增大而显著提高,后代雌蜂和雄蜂的体型大小(后足胫节长度)均随寄主蛹质量的增大而显著增大。可见,蝶蛹金小蜂母蜂能够根据寄主蛹质量来调整后代数量和性比,以使后代适应度最大化。最后,就蝶蛹金小蜂产卵策略及其影响因素进行了讨论。     

Laboratory studies on the direct effect of temperature on the freshwater vector snail,Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshyes)

The present study includes the effect of temperature on the survival of young and adult snails, embryonic development, embryonic growth and egg laying of Indoplanorbis exustus. In Indoplanorbis exustus the bottom lethal temperature was 7.0°C and 7.5°C for young and adults respectively. while the upper lethal temperature was 34.0°C and 32.0°C for young and adult snails respectively. Between the temperatures 12.5°C and 36.5°C the embryonic development was accelerated and the incubation period was shortened. The growth of embryos was found to be faster at 25.0°C. The optimum temperature for egg laying was observed at 25.0°C.     

Effect of host deprivation on egg quality,egg load,and oviposition in a solitary parasitoid,Chetogena edwardsii (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Solitary parasitoids are limited to laying one egg per host because larvae compete within hosts. If host encounter rate is low, females should not increase the number of eggs/host in response. The tachinid fly, Chetogena edwardsii,was used to evaluate the effect of host deprivation on egg accumulation, oviposition behavior, and egg quality in a solitary parasitoid. Females deprived of hosts for 2– 7 days accumulate about 1 day's supply of eggs. Egg output of deprived females once hosts are restored does not differ from that of control females. Deprived females retain one egg in the uterus where it undergoes embryogenesis. Maggots emerging from retained eggs are more likely to survive in hosts molting in 40 h or less after receipt of an egg than are maggots emerging from eggs fertilized shortly before oviposition. Egg retention is a consequence of host deprivation that permits females to broaden the range of hosts they can exploit to include soon-to-molt hosts and possibly multiply parasitized hosts.     

Comparison of oviposition behavior of a solitary and a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Anaphes victus Huber andAnaphes listronoti Huber (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are respectively solitary and gregarious egg parasitoids of the carrot weevil,Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). We made detailed ethograms of the oviposition behavior on unparasitized and parasitized hosts for the two species. We then compared the behavior of virgin and mated females for the oviposition of male and female progenies. The two species did not always oviposit after insertion of the ovipositor, but these punctures without oviposition could be readily differentiated from oviposition.A. victus oviposited only once by puncture, whileA. listronoti deposited one to three eggs during the same sequence. The variability of the duration of the various components was generally lower for a given female than between females. Two components, the abdominal vibrations and the pause, were significantly shorter in ovipositions that resulted in male progency for the two species. However, an important overlap in duration prevents using these differences to sex the progeny at oviposition. Virgin females of both species, although capable of producing only males, exhibited both behaviors. Parasitized hosts were recognized through internal and external markings that were used in host discrimination.     

Effects of storage at low-temperature of various heteropteran host eggs on the egg parasitoid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trissolcus semistriatus</Emphasis>

Various heteropteran host eggs stored under two low-temperatures were tested in the laboratory for their usability in the production of sunn pest egg parasitoid, Trissolcus semistriatus. Parasitism, adult emergence rate and development time were assesed on stored and fresh eggs of Eurygaster integriceps, Dolycoris baccarum, Graphosoma lineatum and Eurydema ornatum. Masses of fresh host eggs in microcentrifuge tubes were maintained at +6 °C and −20 °C. Every 30 days, 50 eggs of host species were exposed to parasitism by T. semistriatus. The host eggs stored at 6 °C remained viable to parasitism by T. semistriatus up to 2 months, while those of stored at −20 °C were parasitized at high rates up to 4 months, alhough succesful parasitism rates decrease with time. However, it was indicated that both fresh or stored E. ornatum eggs were not preferred to parasitism by the parasitoid. A longer development time from egg to adult was observed in stored eggs under two tested storage techniques when compared with fresh eggs.     

Factors affecting egg maturation in the bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus

Abstract. This paper concerns the effects of mate and seed availability on the rate of egg maturation in the bean weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Egg maturation starts before emergence from the seed and, provided that both oviposition sites and mates are available, eggs are laid at a rate determined by the number of oviposition sites, and mature at a similar rate. If seeds or mates are absent then a small number of eggs are laid, but oocytes continue to mature until the oviduct-capacity is approached. The number of eggs that a female can store is dependent on her body weight and does not correlate with the number of ovarioles. If, after a period in which oocyte development has been halted, conditions for egg-laying become suitable, then egg maturation can be re-started, but only after the oviducts have been emptied of eggs. The rate of egg maturation is then similar to that for females of the same age which have been maturing eggs since emergence.