超临界CO_2萃取韭菜籽油成分的GC-MS分析

以索氏提取法为对照,采用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_2)萃取韭菜籽油,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对韭菜籽油成分进行分析,NIST 02质谱数据库对其进行分析和鉴定.结果表明,SC-CO_2萃取压力为22.25 MPa、温度为40.40℃条件下萃取86.7 min时,萃取得率为17.52%,共分离鉴定出17种物质,其中,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(6.25%)为主,占脂肪酸总量的 9.05%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.71%)和油酸(19.53%),占脂肪酸总量的90.50%.采用索氏提取得率为16.50%,共鉴定出10种物质,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(7.22%)为主,占总脂肪酸量的9.84%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.34%)和油酸(20.12%),不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的90.16%.另外SC-CO_2萃取韭菜籽油还检出单不饱和脂肪酸7-棕榈烯酸、角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇.     

植物种子油合成的调控与遗传修饰

植物种子油含有多种脂肪酸,是一种重要的种子贮藏化舍物。种子油既是人类的食品,又是重要的工业原料。代谢物组学的发展加深了对种子油生物合成途径的全景式认识,应用基因工程改良种子油品质和价值的研究已取得长足的进展。本文分析了种子油及脂肪酸合成调控机制的复杂性,论述了转基因提高种子油及高营养品质脂肪酸含量和培育能大量合成积累工业用脂肪酸的油料作物的技术策略、存在问题和发展前景。     

Influence of dietary linseed oil and sunflower seed oil on some mechanical and metabolic parameters of isolated working rat hearts

The role played by membrane lipid environment on cardiac function remains poorly defined. The polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of myocardial phospholipids could be of utmost importance in the regulation of key-enzyme activities. This study was undertaken to determine whether selective incorporation of n-6 or n-3 fatty acids in membrane phospholipids might influence cardiac mechanical performances and metabolism. For 8 wk, male weaning Wistar rats were fed a semi-purified diet containing either 10% sunflower seed oil (72% C18:2 n-6) or 10% linseed oil (54% C18:3 n-3) as the sole source of lipids. The hearts were then removed and perfused according to working mode with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing glucose (11 mM) and insulin (10 Ul/l). Cardiac rate, coronary and aortic flows and ejection fraction were monitored after 30 min of perfusion. Myocardial metabolism was estimated by evaluating the intracellular fate of 1-14C palmitate. Sunflower seed oil and linseed oil feeding did not modify either coronary or aortic flow, which suggests that cardiac mechanical work was not affected by the diets. Conversely, cardiac rate was significantly decreased (-18%; P less than 0.01) when rats were fed the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich diet. Radioanalysis of the myocardial metabolism suggested that replacing n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: i) did not alter palmitate uptake; ii) prolonged palmitate incorporation into cardiac triglycerides; iii) reduced beta-oxidation of palmitic acid. These results support the assumption that dietary fatty acids, particularly n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, play an important role in the regulation of cardiac mechanical and metabolic activity.     

Characterization of seed oils from fresh Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) and wine processing waste

The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and triacylglyceride (TAG) composition of seed oils from fresh Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) fruits and traditional Bokbunja wine processing waste were determined in this study. Oil contents of the fresh seeds and the seeds from wine processing waste were similar, accounting for about 18% of dry weight. The free fatty acid (FFA) content between the two seed oils was significantly different (0.50% for fresh seed oil and 73.14% for wine seed oil). Iodine, conjugated diene, saponification values, and unsaponifiable matter were very similar in the oil samples, but the specific extinction coefficients at 232 and 270 nm of wine seed oil were higher than those of fresh seed oil. Linoleic (C18:2, 50.45-53.18%, L) and linolenic (C18:3, 29.36-33.25%, Ln) acids were the dominant FAs in the two seed oils, whereas oleic (C18:1, 7.32-8.04%, O), palmitic (C16:0, 1.55-1.65%, P), and stearic (C18:0, 0.65-0.68%, S) acids were the minor FAs. LLL, OLL, LLLn, OOL, LLnLn, and OOO were the abundant TAGs, representing >90% of the oils.     

Isolation and Identification of Fatty Acid Component from Seed Oil of Microula sikkimensis (Clarke) Hemsl

The seed oil content of Microula sikkimensis (Clarke) Hemsl. is up to 45% There is 8.1% of γ-linolenic acid which has the pharmacological action in the fatty acids composition, It has showed that this oil has a stronger effect on reducing triglyceride in serum. Fifteen different kinds of fatty acids were analysed. The unsaturated C20, C22, C24 acid, C18 triene-acid and tetraene-acid of the seed oil were separated on AgNO3-silica gel column and HPLC. and were identified by Periodata-Permanganate Oxidation, GLC, IR, UV, and MS. They are cis-11-eicosenoic, cis-13-docosenoic, cis-15-tetracosenoic, cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic and cis-6,9,12,15- octadecatetraenoic acids.     

Evaluation of some biological parameters of Opuntia ficus indica. 1. Influence of a seed oil supplemented diet on rats

Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) is native to Tunisia and the fruit is consumed exclusively as fresh fruit. The seed oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids but the nutritive value of the oil is unknown. The objective of our research was to determine the fatty acid content of cactus pear seed oil and to evaluate the effect of an oil supplemented diet on rats. The main fatty acids of prickly pear seed oil were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 with an exceptional level of linoleic acid, up to 700 g kg(-1), and a total content of unsaturated fatty acids of 884.8 g kg(-1). Feed intake and body weight of rats were measured every two days during the nine weeks of treatment. Digestibility, feed conversion efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were determined. No difference in digestibility was noted for the oil enriched diet. The results indicated a significant decrease in serum glucose concentration (22%) over the control group. However, an increase in the concentration of glycogen was noted in liver and muscle. Blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol decreased in the treated group. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration remained unaltered during the treatment. These findings support the nutritional value of cactus pear as a natural source of edible oil containing essential fatty acids and reinforce the possibility of cactus pear as a new crop for Tunisia especially in semi-arid regions, where conventional crops are difficult to establish.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Baobab Seed and Its Relationship with the Genus Adansonia Taxonomy

Baobab seed oil contains specific fatty acids. Most of the studies on baobab fatty acids have been carried out singly and in isolation from each other, making it difficult to compare results through different species. The objective of the present study is to establish the seed fatty acid composition of each Adansonia species in order to evaluate and understand the relationships between the oil chemical compositions, the baobabs’ taxonomy and, the ecological and geographical origin of each seed lot. The seed oils have been analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The oils of all baobab species contain three major fatty acids: palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. They also contain specific fatty acids such as cyclopropenic and cyclopropanic acids, which are characteristic of the Malvaceae family seed oils. It was possible to distinguish three sections through principal components analysis using the eleven fatty acids identified by GC. The Adansonia section contains high rates of oleic acid (± 35%), the Brevitubae section is rich in palmitic acid (± 42%) and the Longitubae section contains high levels of dihydrosterulic acid (± 5%). The oil fatty acid composition, however, does not enable a definitive characterization of profiles according to species. The fatty acid composition is not significantly influenced by the geographical, soil and climate conditions of the collection sites.     

不同居群无患子果实组成比较研究

无患子是一种广泛分布于我国南方的乔木,本文针对不同居群无患子全果的物理组成、种仁油脂及氨基酸组成等方面进行比较研究.福建无患子种仁含油率最高,达到42.8％;四川无患子种子含油率最高,达到13.7％.无患子油脂的脂肪酸碳链长度为C16～C24,其中C16～C20的脂肪酸均占92％以上,不饱和脂肪酸79％～85％.种仁氨...     

千年桐种子油提取工艺研究及其主要脂肪酸成分分析

本文以氯仿、石油醚和正己烷-异丙醇(3:2,v/v)三种不同溶剂对千年桐种子油进行提取,比较了不同溶剂对种子出油率的影响,结果表明以氯仿为溶剂时出油率最高,达到了35％;并考查了提取时间和提取溶剂体积对出油率的影响.最终优化的提取工艺为:以氯仿为溶剂,液料比为12:1(v/w),提取时间6h,出油率达到了37％.提取的种子油经转酯化后,GC-MS分析其主要脂肪酸组分,结果表明千年桐种子油中总脂肪酸占总油酯的90.55％,其中棕榈酸3.87％,硬脂酸4.11％,亚油酸12.15％,油酸13.31％,亚麻酸12.09％,共轭亚麻酸51.20％和EPA(二十碳五烯酸)3.30％.千年桐种子油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,是一种良好的干性油.     

猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取木通科植物猫儿屎和三叶木通种子的脂溶性成分,甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分离和鉴定其组成和含量。从猫儿屎种子油中鉴定出9种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的94.67%(其中饱和脂肪酸占12.63%,不饱和脂肪酸占82.04%),主要成分为9-十六烯酸(47.22%)、9-油酸(27.13%)、棕榈酸(10.75%)、亚油酸(7.47%)和硬脂酸(1.61%)。从三叶木通种子油中鉴定出10种脂肪酸,占检出物总质量分数的99.75%(其中饱和脂肪酸占23.39%,不饱和脂肪酸占76.36%),主要成分为11-油酸(47.63%)、亚油酸(27.05%)、棕榈酸(20.14%)、16-甲基-十七烷酸(3.03%)和8-油酸(1.07%)。结果表明,猫儿屎和三叶木通种子油中脂肪酸含量丰富,在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较高的应用潜力和综合开发前景。     

Development of marker-free transgenic Jatropha plants with increased levels of seed oleic acid

Background

Jatropha curcas is recognized as a new energy crop due to the presence of the high amount of oil in its seeds that can be converted into biodiesel. The quality and performance of the biodiesel depends on the chemical composition of the fatty acids present in the oil. The fatty acids profile of the oil has a direct impact on ignition quality, heat of combustion and oxidative stability. An ideal biodiesel composition should have more monounsaturated fatty acids and less polyunsaturated acids. Jatropha seed oil contains 30% to 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly linoleic acid) which negatively impacts the oxidative stability and causes high rate of nitrogen oxides emission.

Results

The enzyme 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine delta 12-desaturase (FAD2) is the key enzyme responsible for the production of linoleic acid in plants. We identified three putative delta 12 fatty acid desaturase genes in Jatropha (JcFAD2s) through genome-wide analysis and downregulated the expression of one of these genes, JcFAD2-1, in a seed-specific manner by RNA interference technology. The resulting JcFAD2-1 RNA interference transgenic plants showed a dramatic increase of oleic acid (> 78%) and a corresponding reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids (< 3%) in its seed oil. The control Jatropha had around 37% oleic acid and 41% polyunsaturated fatty acids. This indicates that FAD2-1 is the major enzyme responsible for converting oleic acid to linoleic acid in Jatropha. Due to the changes in the fatty acids profile, the oil of the JcFAD2-1 RNA interference seed was estimated to yield a cetane number as high as 60.2, which is similar to the required cetane number for conventional premium diesel fuels (60) in Europe. The presence of high seed oleic acid did not have a negative impact on other Jatropha agronomic traits based on our preliminary data of the original plants under greenhouse conditions. Further, we developed a marker-free system to generate the transgenic Jatropha that will help reduce public concerns for environmental issues surrounding genetically modified plants.

Conclusion

In this study we produced seed-specific JcFAD2-1 RNA interference transgenic Jatropha without a selectable marker. We successfully increased the proportion of oleic acid versus linoleic in Jatropha through genetic engineering, enhancing the quality of its oil.     

黄蜀葵种子形态及其化学成分的研究

本文报道了黄蜀葵种子的形态特征和化学成分。研究结果表明 :种子含有脂肪油 ,含量为31 16 % ,其主要成分为 :亚油酸 (82 179% )、油酸 (9 195 % )、棕榈酸 (4 75 6 % )、硬脂酸 (2 6 81% )、亚麻酸 (0 32 8% )等 ,此外 ,还含有 18种氨基酸和 2 4种矿质元素。其种子含有多种氨基酸和矿质元素 ,而且种子油含有大量人体所必需的不饱和脂肪酸 ,含量达 91 815 %。因此 ,其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和医疗保健功效 ,具有潜在开发利用的价值。     

Fatty acid compositions of seed oils of Haematostaphis barteri and Ximenia americana

The fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of Haematostaphis barteri (blood plum) and Ximenia americana (Wild olive) plants were determined by the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique. H. barteri contained six fatty acids with oleic (69.35%) and stearic (15.40%) the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, respectively. Unsaturated higher fatty acids, namely Eicosadienoic (6.92%) and Erucic acid (2.74%) were detected and the total unsaturation for the oil was 79.01%. For X. americana, 10 fatty acids were identified of which seven were unsaturated yielding a total unsaturation of 92.42%. The oil contained essential fatty acids that is, Linoleic (1.34%), Linolenic (10.31%), Arachidonic (0.60%) and varying levels of unsaturated higher fatty acids, namely, Eicosatrienoic (3.39%), Erucic (3.46%) and Nervonic (1.23%) acids. The level of Oleic acid (72.09%) in the oil was close to the value for H. barteri.     

七种植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的比较分析(英文)

为寻求新的食用油资源,发展了一种快速可靠的气相色谱-质谱联用方法,用于植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的定性鉴定和含量测定。所建立的方法成功用于葡萄籽、南瓜籽和猕猴桃籽等七种植物籽油中的棕榈酸、十八烷酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的定性定量分析。结果表明,刺葡萄籽油、普通葡萄籽油、国外葡萄籽油、南瓜籽油、枸杞籽油和西番莲籽油均具有相似的脂肪酸谱,尽管其中它们所含上述五种脂肪酸含量不同,由于均存在人体所必需的饱和与不饱和脂肪酸,故可以用作替代食用油。猕猴桃籽油因为其存在高含量的α-亚麻酸成分,可能是更好的食用油和营养油资源。本文首次对枸杞籽油、西番莲籽油和猕猴桃籽油脂肪酸成分进行绝对含量分析,为新的食用油资源的开发提供了重要的依据。     

Attenuation of mammary duct development by menhaden oil in BALB/c mice

The predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 family found in corn oil (CO) are crucial for normal mammary duct formation when fed to animals. However, as shown here, not all polyunsaturated fatty acids are equally effective in stimulating mammary gland development. The n-3 fatty acids in a 10% menhaden oil (MO) diet fed to mice effectively reduced both the diameter and the length of the growing mammary ducts. Previously, we demonstrated a similar reduction in duct growth by feeding a 10% fat diet high in those saturated fats found in hydrogenated cotton seed oil. The inhibited rate of duct maturation caused by hydrogenated cotton seed oil was reversed when the mice were allowed to mature on a diet containing n-6 fatty acids prior to feeding the saturated fat diet. The addition of 1% CO to a 9% hydrogenated cotton seed oil diet fed to immature mice was also sufficient to restore duct growth. Mice fed menhaden oil diets, on the other hand, continued to show impaired ductal growth well into adulthood. Examination of the ovaries from MO-fed mice as compared with CO-fed mice revealed significantly fewer corpora lutea. When exogenous progesterone was given to MO-fed mice, ductal growth was partially restored, but not to the extent seen in mice fed corn oil diets. Investigation of the fatty acid contents of livers of these mice revealed reduced amounts of arachidonate (20:4) in MO-fed mice when compared with CO-fed animals. The addition of 1% CO to the 9% MO diets did not alter the arachidonate content, indicating a block in the conversion of linoleate (18:2) to 20:4 by the n-3 fatty acids. Hence, dietary n-6 fatty acids are essential for normal mammary ductal development when fed prior to maturation. Although saturated rats are ineffective, n-3 fatty acids can partially substitute for the required n-6 fatty acids in both ductal and ovarian development.     

细风轮菜种子化学成分研究

对细风轮菜种子化学成分的研究表明,种子含大量脂肪油(23.25%),油中含大量不饱和脂肪酸:亚麻酸(66.929%)、亚油酸(21.813%)、油酸(4.596%),总量达93.338%。此外,种子还含18种氨基酸和18种矿质元素。因此,种子和种子油具有较高营养价值和药用保健功效。     

In-depth genome diversity,population structure and linkage disequilibrium analysis of worldwide diverse safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) accessions using NGS data generated by DArTseq technology

Molecular Biology Reports - Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops for its seed oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Precise utilization of diverse genetic...     

The natural genetic variation of the fatty-acyl composition of seed oils in different ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana

The fatty-acyl composition of the seed oil was determined for 100 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite coming from diverse geographical locations, seed fatty-acyl profiles of all ecotypes were remarkably similar. They contained identical fatty acids, including the characteristic C20 and C22 very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). The total proportions of seed VLCFA varied between 22% and 35% w/w of the total seed fatty acid content.     

Increasing erucic acid content through combination of endogenous low polyunsaturated fatty acids alleles with Ld-LPAAT + Bn-fae1 transgenes in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

High erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) oil is of interest for industrial purposes because erucic acid (22:1) and its derivatives are important renewable raw materials for the oleochemical industry. Currently available cultivars contain only about 50% erucic acid in the seed oil. A substantial increase in erucic acid content would significantly reduce processing costs and could increase market prospects of HEAR oil. It has been proposed that erucic acid content in rapeseed is limited because of insufficient fatty acid elongation, lack of insertion of erucic acid into the central sn-2 position of the triaclyglycerol backbone and due to competitive desaturation of the precursor oleic acid (18:1) to linoleic acid (18:2). The objective of the present study was to increase erucic content of HEAR winter rapeseed through over expression of the rapeseed fatty acid elongase gene (fae1) in combination with expression of the lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene from Limnanthes douglasii (Ld-LPAAT), which enables insertion of erucic acid into the sn-2 glycerol position. Furthermore, mutant alleles for low contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 + 18:3) were combined with the transgenic material. Selected transgenic lines showed up to 63% erucic acid in the seed oil in comparison to a mean of 54% erucic acid of segregating non-transgenic HEAR plants. Amongst 220 F₂ plants derived from the cross between a transgenic HEAR line and a non-transgenic HEAR line with a low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, recombinant F₂ plants were identified with an erucic acid content of up to 72% and a polyunsaturated fatty acid content as low as 6%. Regression analysis revealed that a reduction of 10% in polyunsaturated fatty acids content led to a 6.5% increase in erucic acid content. Results from selected F₂ plants were confirmed in the next generation by analysing F₄ seeds harvested from five F₃ plants per selected F₂ plant. F₃ lines contained up to 72% erucic acid and as little as 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the seed oil. The 72% erucic acid content of rapeseed oil achieved in the present study represents a major breakthrough in breeding high erucic acid rapeseed.     

Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia L.) oil

Aim: Identification of cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut oil. Method: GC/MS method was developed for the determination of eight cyclopropyl fatty acids in walnut (Juglans regia) oil. Results: Monocyclopropane acids: methyl 9-cyclopropyl-nonanoate, 6,7-methylene-, 8,9-methylene-, 9,10-methylene-, 11,12-methylene octadecanoates, and dicyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13-dimethylene octadecanoate, tricyclic acid - methyl 9,10,12,13,15,16-trimethylene octadecanoate, and unsaturated - methyl 2-octylcyclopropene-1-octanoate were detected in walnut oil by GC-MS and their mass spectra studied. Four cyclic fatty acids were identified for the fist time in seed oils. Conclusions: Eight cyclopropyl fatty acids were detected in the Mediterranean nuts for the first time.