siRNA沉默socs3对红系发育的影响

为了研究细胞因子信号转导分子3(suppressor of cytokine signals-3,SOCS-3)对造血发育的影响,构建了SOCS-3慢病毒siRNA干涉载体,并转染人红白血病细胞株K562.根据绿色荧光蛋白的表达进行流式分选后,获得了高表达慢病毒干涉载体的细胞.实时荧光定量PCR和Western-blot检测了转染细胞中SOCS-3基因的干涉效率,结果显示,与对照组相比,siRNA干涉后K562细胞SOCS-3基因的表达量仅为其相对表达量的22.1%,干涉效率77.9%;Western-blot结果显示,SOCS-3在蛋白质水平表达也明显受抑制.进一步对SOCS-3基因沉默后的K562细胞进行了诱导分化,并采用联苯胺染色法检测K562细胞向红系分化比例变化,免疫荧光染色检测细胞表面抗原的变化,RT-PCR检测造血相关基因的变化.结果发现,SOCS-3沉默后K562细胞向红系的发育能力显著提高.研究结果证明,SOCS-3在造血发育中有重要调控作用,而对其表达进行干涉或沉默将在规模化的红细胞诱导研究中发挥重要作用.     

DLK1基因在急性白血病细胞系中的表达及其意义

目的:研究急性白血病细胞系DLK1基因的表达水平在红系分化中的作用.方法:采用RT-PCR、Western bitting时白血病细胞系K562、HL-60进行DLK1水平的检测.培养K562细胞,用氯化高铁血红素(hemin)诱导其分化,观察DLK1在红系分化中的变化.结果:K562细胞DLK1mRNA、蛋白水平存在明显表达,HL-60细胞DLK1则不表达.通过RT-PCR检测了hemin诱导K562细胞向红系分化过程中各时间点DLK1mRNA的变化,显示随着K562向红系分化,DLK1mRNA的水平逐渐下降.结论:K562细胞表达DLK1,HL-60不表达DLK1.DLK1基因可能参与K562细胞向红系分化的过程,可能抑制其分化.     

PESV 对K562 细胞BCR/ABL 融合基因及凋亡调控因子Bcl-2、Bad 表达的影响

目的:探讨PESV对K562细胞BCR/ABL融合基因及凋亡调控因子bcl-2和bad表达的影响.方法:将体外培养K562细胞,经PESV处理不同时间后,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,荧光定量RT-PCR检测BCR/ABL、Bcl-2、Bad mRNA水平变化.结果:与对照组相比,PESV处理后K562细胞,凋亡率增加,BCR/ABL融合基因表达降低,抗凋亡相关基因Bcl-2 mRNA表达降低,促凋亡基因Bad mRNA表达增加.结论:PESV能降低降低K562细胞BCR/ABL融合基因的表达,可能通过调节Bcl-2和Bad表达,抑制K562细胞增殖,促进其凋亡.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的GATA-1基因敲除K562细胞系的构建

GATA-1(GATA binding protein-1)在造血分化过程是最重要的转录调控因子,在红细胞和巨核细胞中特异性高表达,并通过调节相关基因的转录在红系和巨核系造血细胞的分化发育过程中发挥重要作用。该研究采用CRISPR/Cas9技术将K562细胞中的GATA-1基因敲除,建立了GATA-1基因敲除K562细胞株。首先,设计了4个CRISPR的靶向位点,利用p GL3-U6-sg RNA-PGKpuromycin质粒构建了4个导向RNA(single guide RNA,sg RNA)载体。利用电穿孔的方法将sg RNA载体与Cas9载体p ST1374-NLS-fl ag-linker-Cas9共转K562细胞。转染48 h,经定点PCR和T7EN1内切酶酶切鉴定后,采用细胞有限稀释法嘌呤霉素筛选,定点测序和Western blot检测结果显示,成功构建了GATA-1基因敲除K562细胞株,命名为K562-KO GATA-1。使用联苯胺染色和流式细胞术的方法检测血型糖蛋白A(glycophorin A,CD235a)发现,与正常K562细胞相比,K562-KO GATA-1细胞株经Hemin诱导红系分化明显受到抑制。综上,该研究建立了敲除GATA-1的K562细胞系,可用于后续的造血分化相关研究。     

miR-24通过靶基因Sp1调控β-类珠蛋白表达

为了研究miR-24对于珠蛋白表达的调控作用,并明确其作用机制.首先采用定量PCR的方法确定miR-24在红系分化过程中的表达变化情况,以及miR-24过表达后珠蛋白的表达变化情况.进而通过报告基因实验以及Western blotting的方法确定miR-24的靶基因.通过表型回复实验证明miR-24是否通过靶基因调控珠蛋白的表达.结果发现在hemin诱导的K562细胞以及EPO诱导的造血干/祖细胞向红系分化过程中,miR-24表达上调,在K562细胞中过表达miR-24可以促进红系分化过程中ε-和γ-珠蛋白的表达上调,进一步的研究表明miR-24是通过靶基因Sp1来行使对珠蛋白的调控作用的.以上结果表明miR-24通过负调节其靶基因Sp1促进红系分化过程中珠蛋白的表达上调.     

过表达SERPINB2上调RB1水平抑制白血病K562细胞的生长

慢性粒细胞白血病(慢粒)急变期的治疗是目前的重要问题,临床上亟需要找到新的分子治疗靶点。本研究使用基因集群富集分析软件(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)分析基因表达综合数据库(gene expression omnibus,GEO)中慢粒临床样本及小鼠细胞模型的基因表达谱数据,获得与慢粒急变期相关的基因集群,然后从中选择丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族成员B2(SERPINB2)作为研究对象。应用分子克隆技术在空载质粒p Adtrack-CMV的基础上构建p Adtrack-CMV-SERPINB2重组质粒,使用电穿孔方法将上述质粒分别转入慢粒细胞系K562细胞,运用细胞免疫荧光技术检测SERPINB2在细胞内的表达与分布,采用CCK-8实验和克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖和克隆形成能力,使用流式细胞术检测细胞周期,通过Western blotting实验检测SERPINB2、BCR/ABL以及RB1的表达。结果表明,成功构建了p Adtrack-CMV-SERPINB2并转入K562细胞,细胞免疫荧光实验显示SERPINB2主要在细胞浆中分布。与对照组相比,在K562细胞中过表达SERPINB2可轻微抑制K562细胞的增殖(p0.001),明显降低K562细胞的克隆形成能力(p0.01)并导致G0/G1期的细胞比例增多(p0.001)。Western blotting显示BCR/ABL表达无明显变化,SERPINB2、RB1表达水平增高。综上所述,SERPINB2可通过上调细胞内RB1的水平,使细胞周期更多的停留在G1期,从而对K562细胞的增殖与克隆形成能力产生抑制作用。     

遗传性红细胞增多症相关HIF2α基因点突变对人CD34+造血干祖细胞体外红系分化的影响

该文旨在研究与遗传性红细胞增多症相关的低氧诱导因子HIF2α基因点突变对人造血干祖细胞红系分化的影响。通过构建人HIF2α基因编码区、携带疾病相关的两个点突变体(M535V和G537R)以及文献中报道的HIF2α基因阳性对照突变(P531A)慢病毒表达载体,分别包装病毒并感染人脐血来源的CD34+造血干祖细胞,并进行常氧及5%低氧条件下的红系定向诱导分化培养。利用FACS流式分析比较红系分化进程特征分子CD71和CD235a的表达变化,结合荧光定量PCR检测HIF2α调控的红系分化相关的靶基因表达水平。结果显示,构建的HIF2α及突变体的慢病毒载体经病毒包装后感染K562细胞可在RNA和蛋白水平实现过表达;与对照组相比,感染表达HIF2α基因或其突变体病毒后的脐血CD34+HSPC在常氧及5%O_2条件下诱导红系分化培养的细胞CD71和CD235a的表达动态均无明显改变,但HIF调控的红系分化相关基因EPOR和VEGFA的表达水平有一定升高。综上,在体外红系分化培养体系中,慢病毒介导的HIF2α及突变体的过表达不直接影响造血干祖细胞的红系分化进程,提示疾病相关的HIF2α基因突变造成的红系分化异常增多的细胞内外调控机制需要更进一步的深入研究。     

VentX促进人类造血干细胞向红系分化

GATA-2作为GATA家族成员,其通过与靶基因的GATA结合位点结合,在造血系统发育中起关键性的调节作用。VentX是非洲爪蟾蜍xvent基因同源的哺乳动物基因,最近研究发现,其参与了中胚层的分化定型及造血干细胞的维持,并且在细胞衰老、增殖、分化及炎症反应等的调节中发挥功能。为探索VentX基因与GATA-2的关系及其对造血干细胞红系分化的调节功能,首先在K562细胞株中进行了VentX启动子分析,发现GATA-2可以通过结合到VentX启动子区两个GATA结合位点来顺式调控Vent X;继而在人骨髓(造血)干细胞中的实验显示,过表达GATA-2或过表达VentX,均可抑制CD34~+细胞的增殖,促进CD34~+细胞向红系分化。以上实验结果为临床红细胞来源提供了有价值的研究线索。     

SOCS-3过表达对红系基因表达的影响

目的:建立能稳定、高效表达细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-3(SOCS-3)的细胞株SOCS-3-K562,为探讨SOCS-3在造血发育中的作用奠定基础。方法:通过重组慢病毒系统感染人红白血病细胞K562,采用流式细胞分选术,根据绿色荧光蛋白表达情况,获得稳定高表达SOCS-3的K562细胞;利用实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质印迹实验,比较分选获得的细胞与对照细胞的SOCS-3表达差异;利用半定量PCR检测SOCS-3表达升高对K562红系发育相关基因GATA-1、β-globin表达水平的影响。结果:构建了人SOCS-3慢病毒表达载体;与对照组相比,通过流式细胞分选获得的K562细胞的SOCS-3基因表达水平升高8.05倍,蛋白表达水平升高3倍;SOCS-3表达升高后,K562细胞的GATA-1、β-globin基因表达受到明显抑制。结论:SOCS-3在造血发育中有重要的调控作用,而对其表达进行改变将在规模化的造血细胞定向诱导研究中发挥重要作用。     

CD19蛋白截短体慢病毒表达载体的构建及其在K562细胞中的表达

目的:构建胞内段缺失的CD19蛋白截短体(CD19t)慢病毒表达载体pLVX-EF1α-CD19t-IRES-Puro,并建立稳定表达CD19t的人红白血病细胞系K562/CD19t。方法:合成CD19t基因全长,酶切产物插入慢病毒载体pLVXEF1α-IRES-Puro,将重组质粒转染293FT细胞包装病毒后感染人红白血病细胞系K562,采用Western印迹和免疫荧光技术检测CD19t在K562细胞中的表达,并通过ELISA检测K562/CD19t与CD19 CAR-Jurkat共培养上清中的IL-2浓度。结果:酶切鉴定与测序结果表明成功构建慢病毒表达载体p LVX-EF1α-CD19t-IRES-Puro;Western印迹和免疫荧光检测到K562/CD19t细胞中CD19t的表达;ELISA结果显示表达的CD19t能够刺激识别CD19的CAR-Jurkat细胞分泌IL-2。结论:构建了CD19蛋白截短体慢病毒表达载体,并在K562细胞中表达,有助于进一步构建B细胞白血病动物模型和验证CAR-T效能。     

Imatinib mesylate (STI571) abrogates the resistance to doxorubicin in human K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells by inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase-mediated DNA repair

Imatinib mesylate (STI571), a specific inhibitor of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase, exhibits potent antileukemic effects in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). However, the precise mechanism by which inhibition of BCR/ABL activity results in pharmacological responses remains unknown. BCR/ABL-positive human K562 CML cells resistant to doxorubicin (K562DoxR) and their sensitive counterparts (K562DoxS) were used to determine the mechanism by which the STI571 inhibitor may overcome drug resistance. K562 wild type cells and CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia cells without BCR/ABL were used as controls. The STI571 specificity was examined by use of murine pro-B lymphoid Baf3 cells with or without BCR/ABL kinase expression. We examined kinetics of DNA repair after cell treatment with doxorubicin in the presence or absence of STI571 by the alkaline comet assay. The MTT assay was used to estimate resistance against doxorubicin and Western blot analysis with Crk-L antibody was performed to evaluate BCR/ABL kinase inhibition by STI571. We provide evidence that treatment of CML-derived BCR/ABL-expressing leukemia K562 cells with STI571 results in the inhibition of DNA repair and abrogation of the resistance of these cells to doxorubicin. We found that doxorubicin-resistant K562DoxR cells exhibited accelerated kinetics of DNA repair compared with doxorubicin-sensitive K562DoxS cells. Inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase in K562DoxR cells with 1 microM STI571 decreased the kinetics of DNA repair and abrogated drug resistance. The results suggest that STI571-mediated inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase activity can affect the effectiveness of the DNA-repair pathways, which in turn may enhance drug sensitivity of leukemia cells.     

Negative Regulation of Erythroid Differentiation via the CBX8-TRIM28 Axis

Although the mechanism of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) initiation through BCR/ABL oncogene has been well characterized, CML cell differentiation into erythroid lineage cells remains poorly understood. Using CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we identify Chromobox 8 (CBX8) as a negative regulator of K562 cell differentiation into erythrocytes. CBX8 is degraded via proteasomal pathway during K562 cell differentiation, which activates the expression of erythroid differentiation-related genes that are repressed by CBX8 in the complex of PRC1. During the differentiation process, the serine/threonine-protein kinase PIM1 phosphorylates serine 196 on CBX8, which contributes to CBX8 reduction. When CD235A expression levels are analyzed, the result reveals that the knockdown of PIM1 inhibits K562 cell differentiation. We also identify TRIM28 as another interaction partner of CBX8 by proteomic analysis. Intriguingly, TRIM28 maintains protein stability of CBX8 and TRIM28 loss significantly induces proteasomal degradation of CBX8, resulting in an acceleration of erythroid differentiation. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of the CBX8-TRIM28 axis during CML cell differentiation, suggesting that CBX8 and TRIM28 are promising novel targets for CML research.     

Bortezomib and sphingosine kinase inhibitor interact synergistically to induces apoptosis in BCR/ABl cells sensitive and resistant to STI571 through down-regulation Mcl-1

Interactions between the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and the sphingosine kinase (SPK1) inhibitor, SKI, were examined in BCR/ABL human leukemia cells. Coexposure of K562 or chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells from patients to subtoxic concentrations of SKI (10 μM) and bortezomib (100 nM) resulted in a synergistic increase in caspase-3 cleavage and apoptosis. These events were associated with the downregulation of BCR–ABL and Mcl-1, and a marked reduction in SPK1 expression. In imatinib mesylate-resistant K562 cells that displayed decreased BCR–ABL expression, bortezomib/SKI treatment markedly increased apoptosis and inhibited colony-formation in association with the downregulation of Mcl-1. Finally, the bortezomib/SKI regimen also potently induced the downregulation of BCR/ABL and Mcl-1 in human leukemia cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that combining SKI and bortezomib may represent a novel strategy in leukemia, including apoptosis-resistant BCR–ABL⁺ hematologic malignancies.     

Imatinib (STI571) inhibits DNA repair in human leukemia oncogenic tyrosine kinase-expressing cells

BCR/ABL oncogene, as a result of chromosome aberration t(9;22), is the pathogenic principle of almost 95% of human chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib (STI571) is a highly selective inhibitor of BCR/ABL oncogenic tyrosine kinase used in leukemia treatment. It has been suggested that BCR/ABL may contribute to the resistance of leukemic cells to drug and radiation through stimulation of DNA repair in these cells. To evaluate further the influence of STI571 on DNA repair we studied the efficacy of this process in BCR/ABL-positive and -negative cells using single cell electrophoresis (comet assay). In our experiments, K562 human chronic myeloid leukemia cells expressing BCR/ABL and CCRF-CEM human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells without BCR/ABL expression were employed. The cells were exposed for 1 h at 37 degrees C to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at 5 microM, mitomycin C (MMC) at 50 microM or to gamma-radiation at 15 Gy with or without a 24 h preincubation at 1 microM of STI571. The MTT cells survival after 4 days of culture showed that STI571 enhanced the cytotoxity of the examined compounds in the K562 line. Further it was found, that the inhibitor decreased the efficacy of DNA repair challenged by each agent, but only in the K562 expressing BCR/ABL. Due to the variety of DNA damage induced by the employed agents in this study we can speculate, that BCR/ABL may stimulate multiple pathways of DNA repair. These results extend our previous studies performed on BCR/ABL-transformed mouse cells onto human cells. It is shown that BCR/ABL stimulated DNA repair in human leukemia cells. In conclusion we report that STI571 was found to inhibit DNA repair and abrogate BCR/ABL-positive human leukemia cells therapeutic resistance.     

Annexin1 regulates the erythroid differentiation through ERK signaling pathway

K562 cells can be used as a model of erythroid differentiation on being induced by hemin. We found that the level of annexin1 gene expression was notably increased during this indicated process. To test the hypothesis that annexin1 can regulate erythropoiesis, K562 cell clones in which annexin1 was stably increased and was knocked down by RNAi were established, respectively. With analysis by hemoglobin quantification, benzidine staining, and marker gene expression profile determination, we confirmed that hemin-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells was modestly stimulated by overexpression of annexin1 while it was significantly blocked by knock down of annexin1. Further studies revealed that the mechanisms of annexin1 regulation of the erythroid differentiation was partially related to the increased ERK phosphorylation and expression of p21(cip/waf), since specific inhibitor of MEK blocked the function of annexin1 in erythroid differentiation. We concluded that annexin1 exerted its erythropoiesis regulating effect by ERK pathway.     

Differentiation of Mouse and Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells Induced by an Antitumor Antibiotic,Ascofuranone

Mouse myeloid leukemia cells, M1, were induced to differentiate into phagocytes by treatment with ascofuranone (AF). AF also induced differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells and human erythroid leukemia K562 cells into granulocytes and erythrocytes, as detected by nitroblue tetrazolium reducing activity and benzidine staining, respectively.

The antibiotic enhanced acetate incorporation of K562 cells. The increase was not observed with the cells of HL60 and two human B lymphoma lines, Daudi and Raji. The increase was diminished by the addition of a glycolysis inhibitor, deoxyglucose. Inhibitors of respiration, antimycin and sodium azide, also enhanced acetate incorporation of K562 cells specifically, which was diminished by the addition of deoxyglucose. Furthermore, antimycin induced differentiation of K562 and HL60 cells. These results suggest a possible relationship between cell differentiation and inhibition of respiration.     

Overexpression of transglutaminase 2 accelerates the erythroid differentiation of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a GTP-binding protein with transglutaminase activity. Despite advances in the characterization of TG2 functions and their impact on cellular processes, the role of TG2 in Human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cell line is still poorly understood. To understand the biological significance of TG2 during the differentiation of K562 cells, we established and characterized K562 cells that specifically express TG2. Non-transfected K562 cells showed the increase of membrane-bound-TG2 level after 3 days in the response to Hemin and all trans-retinoic acid (tRA), indicating that membrane recruitment of TG2 is occurred during the erythroid differentiation. However, membrane recruitment of TG2 in TG2-transfected cells revealed within earlier time period, compared with that in vector-transfected cells. The ability of membrane-bound-TG2 to be photoaffinity-labeled with [alpha-32P]GTP was also increased in TG2-transfected cells. TG2-transfected cells activated Akt phosphorylation and inactivated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, compared with vector-transfected cells. Furthermore, phosphorylation of CREB, one of the Akt substrates, was increased in TG2-transfected cells and this phenomenon was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of several marker genes related with erythroid lineage in the absence of PI3K specific inhibitor, Wortmannin, indicating that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway also involved in the differentiation of the cell. Finally, as results of benzidine positive staining as well as hemoglobinization analysis, overexpression of TG2 revealed acceleration of the erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Taken together, there was no increased TG2 expression level in the response of Hemin/tRA and delayed differentiation in vector transfected cells than in TG2-transfected cells, suggesting that suppression of TG2 expression may retard the erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Therefore, our study may give a new insight for another aspect of the development of this disease.