Fossile Funde von Manglietia Blume (Magnoliaceae)

Three species of the genus Manglietia Blume from the Middle European older and younger Tertiary are described. They are essential parts of rainforest-like Laurel forests under subtropical humid climatic conditions.     

History of the montane forests of the northern Andes

From the vascular plant genera of the tropical Andean montane forests about 65% have a tropical-neotropical, 15% tropical-Andean, 5% amphi-pacific (Malayo-American), 5% Austral-antarctic and 10% Holarctic distribution. The explosive evolution of Andean centred taxa probably started in the lower Tertiary from tropical Gondwana stock, when in the area of the present day Andes, locally there may have been hills up to 1 000m. With the final upheaval between the Late Miocene and Late Pliocene, extensive areas with a montane climate were created and populated from the low mountain flora by evolutionary radiation. Taxa of Austral-antarctic origin migrated along the Andean chain to the tropics. At the same time the formation of the Panama isthmus connected N. and S. America, and enabled many plants to enter the tropical Andes from the north. First to cross were tropical to subtropical and warm-temperate species from the Tertiary Laurasian flora that had migrated southward during the period of Miocene cooling, taking refuge in the montane tropics. Because the same happened in SE. Asia there is a good number of amphi-pacific taxa known as fossils from Tertiary Laurasia but largely extinct in the present-day Holarctic (e.g.,Trigonobalanus). Later to cross were cool-temperate to cold elements that still exist in the Holarctic (e.g.,Alnus andQuercus).     

苏皖种子植物地理分布新记录

报导苏皖种子植物地理分布新记录种9 个、属3 个(全部标本存华东师范大学生物系标本室)。     

Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Theaceae based on morphology

This work represents the first phylogenetic analysis of all genera belonging to the plant family Theaceae (sensu lato). The study is based on 60 morphological characters derived from herbarium specimens and an extensive literature review of 37 genera (including the outgroup). In contrast to the results from molecular data, Theaceae is here found to consist of one clade in which the recognition of two families or subfamilies would leave Theaceae s.s. paraphyletic. Within that clade, Ternstroemiaceae is supported as monophyletic and includes Adinandra, Anneslea, Archboldiodendron, Balthasaria, Cleyera, Eurya, Euryodendron, Ficalhoa, Freziera, Symplococarpon, Ternstroemia and Visnea. The paraphyletic Theaceae s.s. includes Apterosperma, Camellia, Dankia, Gordonia, Pyrenaria, Schima, and Stewartia. Tetrameristaceae (Pentamerista and Tetramerista) are supported as a monophyletic family, with Pellicieraceae (Pelliciera) as sister group, and that clade is sister to the rest of the taxa. Bonnetiaceae (Archytaea and Bonnetia) and Kielmeyeroideae of the Clusiaceae (Caraipa, Haploclathra, Kielmeyera, Mahurea, Marila, and Neotatea) are also supported as monophyletic. Given the differences between the results obtained from morphological and molecular data, we consider that there is still a need for further research, including combined analyses.     

FOSSIL WOOD OF ROBINIA AND GLEDITSIA FROM THE TERTIARY OF MONTANA

Prakash , U., E. S. Barghoorn , and R. A. Scott . (Harvard U., Cambridge, Mass.) Fossil wood of Robinia and Gleditsia from the Tertiary of Montana . Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(7): 692–696. Illus. 1962.—Fossil woods representing 2 genera of the Leguminosae, Robinia Linnaeus and Gleditsia Clayton, have been identified from Tertiary beds in southern Montana. These woods are noteworthy owing to their exceptionally fine structural preservation and from the standpoint of their paleogeographical distribution. Neither genus now lives in the region of Montana.     

Past and present diversity and distribution in the parasitic wasp family Megalyridae (Hymenoptera)

The phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct Megalyridae are analysed at the genus level. The dataset comprises seven outgroup taxa, all eight extant genera and a number of extinct taxa that have been associated with Megalyridae, including two genera from Maimetshidae, whose affinity with Megalyridae is uncertain. Analytical results are unstable because some of the fossil taxa have many missing entries. The most stable results are produced when the maimetshid taxa and Cretodinapsis are excluded. When included, these taxa fall outside crown‐group Megalyridae, the maimetshid taxa being the sister of Orthogonalys (Trigonalidae). Based on the results of our analyses, we synonymize the fossil genera Rubes Perrichot n.syn . and Ukrainosa Perrichot & Perkovsky n.syn . with Prodinapsis, creating the new combinations Prodinapsis bruesi n.comb . and Prodinapsis prolata n.comb . When comparing past and present distributions of Megalyridae with the results of the phylogenetic analyses, it is evident that the genera radiated in the Mesozoic, and that the family as a whole was much more widespread then. The present‐day distribution is essentially relictual, with range contraction since the early Tertiary probably being the result of climate deterioration, which caused the disappearance of tropical forests throughout the Palaearctic.     

中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区樟科、壳斗科物种多样性及其生物地理格局分析

以中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区优势科樟科、壳斗科植物为研究对象,利用专著发表大量的样方数据和物种分布数据,分析樟科、壳斗科与群落构建的关系、它们各大属的地理分布格局,探讨影响其分布的可能历史原因。结果表明:中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区森林乔木层优势科为樟科、壳斗科、山茶科、杜鹃花科。樟科、壳斗科物种丰富度均与其所在群落的物种丰富度呈现一定的正相关,樟科对群落构建的贡献较大。樟科、壳斗科植物种的空间多样性分布中心均出现在我国亚热带中部偏南地区。樟科的厚壳桂属、琼楠属以及壳斗科的锥属物种多样性分布中心主要在南亚热带及北热带区域,以广西、云南省份的南部为主。樟科的樟属、新木姜子属、润楠属、木姜子属及壳斗科的柯属、青冈属主要分布在我国大陆北热带及亚热带中部偏南的地区,其多样性分布中心与樟科、壳斗科科水平的物种多样性分布中心极为相似。樟科的山胡椒属、楠属、黄肉楠属,壳斗科的栎属主要分布在研究区域中部以西的地区。研究结果佐证物种的生态学特性以及生物地理学历史综合作用导致目前樟科和壳斗科植物的生物多样性分布格局。     

南方红壤区3种典型森林恢复方式对植物群落多样性的影响

合理的森林恢复方式能提高植物多样性,进而提高生态系统服务功能.在我国南方红壤区研究了3种典型森林恢复方式(引进种恢复的湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林本地种恢复的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林和自然恢复的天然次生林)的植物区系构成和植物群落多样性.结果表明:(1)湿地松人工林有155种植物,隶属66科118属,马尾松人工林有137种植物,隶属59科97属;天然次生林有226种植物,隶属86科160属,3种森林恢复方式的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的优势科属明显不同,马尾松人工林的优势物种和天然次生林更相似;(2)天然次生林的植物区系基本构成、植物区系类型种类高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,并且天然次生林的温带成分比例高于湿地松人工林;(3)恢复方式对植物群落的多样性指数有显著影响,天然次生林的物种丰富度、辛普森指数明显高于马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,两种人工林之间差异不显著;(4)3种森林恢复方式的植物群落结构存在显著差异,相比湿地松人工林,马尾松人工林的植物群落组成与天然次生林更相似.总之,自然恢复的天然次生林植物群落多样性高于人工恢复的马尾松人工林和湿地松人工林,本地种马尾松人工林在维持区域植物群落结构功能上优于引进种湿地松人工林.     

New species and new data on Protrinemuridae and Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma) from Eastern Asia and Pacific islands

Four new genera and eleven new species of Zygentoma thysanurans (families Protrinemuridae and Nicoletiidae) are described and some faunistic novelties reported from Oriental and Australian Regions, viz.: Protrinemura leclerci n. sp., from northern Thailand, Protrinemurella allacrotelsoides n. gen. n. sp., from southern Thailand, and Protrinemuroides celebensis n. gen. n. sp., from the Celebes islands (Protrinemuridae), Lepidospora (L.) digitata n. sp., from northern Thailand, L. (L.) deharvengi n. sp., from the Celebes, and Pseudobrinckina anempodiata n. gen. n. sp., from northern Thailand (Nicoletiidae: Coletiniinae), Gastrotheus (G.) papuanus n. sp., from Papua-New Guinea (Nicoletiidae: Atelurinae), and Metrinura celebensis n. sp., from the Celebes, Trinemurodes anomalocoxa n. sp., from southern Thailand, T. bedosae n. sp., from northern Thailand, and Allotrinemurodes thai n.gen. n. sp., from northern Thailand (Nicoletiidae: Subnicoletiinae). Bharatatelura malabarica Mendes is reported for the first time off the Indian sub-continent (in Suva). Proatelura jacobsoni Silvestri is recorded in Macao (southern China) and in the Moluccas islands and notes are presented on its male sex. Gastrotheus (Lasiotheus) nanus (Escherich) is found for the very first time in Macao, in Cook islands and in Niue. Identification keys are provided to Protrinemuridae genera and to species of Trinemurodes, and modifications are suggested to previously presented keys to Nicoletiidae genera and to Lepidospora and Metrinura species.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir: a comparison of species richness in native western North American forests and Patagonian plantations from Argentina

The putative ectomycorrhizal fungal species registered from sporocarps associated with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forests in their natural range distribution (i.e., western Canada, USA, and Mexico) and from plantations in south Argentina and other parts of the world are listed. One hundred and fifty seven taxa are reported for native ponderosa pine forests and 514 taxa for native Douglas-fir forests based on available literature and databases. A small group of genera comprises a high proportion of the species richness for native Douglas-fir (i.e., Cortinarius, Inocybe, and Russula), whereas in native ponderosa pine, the species richness is more evenly distributed among several genera. The comparison between ectomycorrhizal species richness associated with both trees in native forests and in Patagonia (Argentina) shows far fewer species in the latter, with 18 taxa for the ponderosa pine and 15 for the Douglas-fir. Epigeous species richness is clearly dominant in native Douglas-fir, whereas a more balanced relation epigeous/hypogeous richness is observed for native ponderosa pine; a similar trend was observed for Patagonian plantations. Most fungi in Patagonian Douglas-fir plantations have not been recorded in plantations elsewhere, except Suillus lakei and Thelephora terrestris, and only 56% of the fungal taxa recorded in Douglas-fir plantations around the world are known from native forests, the other taxa being new associations for this host, suggesting that new tree + ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa associations are favored in artificial situations as plantations.     

PTEROCARYOID FRUITS (JUGLANDACEAE) IN THE PALEOGENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE

The Juglandaceae (walnut family) has an excellent fossil record of various organs extending back to the earliest Tertiary. Several genera which today are restricted to isolated geographic regions were widespread in the Northern Hemisphere during the Tertiary. This paper focuses upon the fossil record of the Pterocarya alliance of the subfamily Juglandoideae, tribe Juglandeae. The Pterocarya alliance includes only two modern genera, Pterocarya (five species) and Cyclocarya (one species), both restricted to Eurasia. Paleogene sediments of the Rocky Mountain Region have yielded three genera and four species referable to the Pterocarya alliance: Cyclocarya (two species), Pterocarya, and a new genus, Polyptera. Although three of the four Paleogene species described here are attributed to present day genera, each represents an extinct form, which cannot be accommodated by any single living species. These fossils, reviewed with other published reports, indicate that the Pterocarya alliance, like the Engelhardia alliance of the same family, was more diverse and much more widespread geographically in the Tertiary than it is today.     

Phylogeny and evolutionary divergence times in Apterosperma and Euryodendron: Evidence of a Tertiary origin in south China

Apterosperma and Euryodendron, monotypic genera in Theaceae (sensu lato), are endemic and restrictedly distributed in south China. The two genera are not included in the major classification systems. However, their systematic position and origin have been subject to intense debate in the last decade. In this study, the phylogeny and divergence times of both Apterosperma and Euryodendron were inferred using combined dataset of chloroplast DNA trnL-F and atpB-rbcL non-coding sequences and nrDNA ITS sequences. The results from Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood consistently showed that (i) Euryodendron is a valid genus, which is closer to Eurya than to Cleyera and (ii) Apterosperma is a genus of the tribe Theeae along with Tutcheria and Camellia. It was first reported that the divergence time of Apterosperma was 61.98 million years ago (mya), whereas that of Euryodendron 20.51 mya, indicating Tertiary origins in south China. The divergence of Apterosperma appears to be the result of increased ecological opportunity after Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction events and related with high temperatures and high humidity environments. By contrast, the origin of Euryodendron may be associated with historical mountain building events as well as the significant climate changes that established cooler temperatures prevailing until today.     

Zur Taxonomie und Chorologie der Gattung Scopolia Jacq.

At the present time 5 species of the genus Scopolia Jacq. are demonstrating the close relations between the distribution patterns, situations and ecology of plants. They are growing recently in broadleaved deciduous forests and mixed forests with a different part of evergreen trees, shrubs and perennial herbs. Hyoscyamus L., a genus of Hyoscyaminae has become adapted to increasing aridity and shows now a center of distribution in the mountains of the eastern Mediterranean area and Near East within a semiarid climate on the western side of Eurasia. Scopolia Jacq. may be judged as relictic genus of mixed Tertiary broadleaved forest with a special evolution center on the eastside of the Eurasian continent under humid monsoon conditions. The recent scattered and disjunct distribution with gaps in arid-semiarid areas indicates the result of a long way of plantevolution, plant dispersal and changable history of the vegetation. The important, climatical conditions for the growth of Scopolia species are sufficient rainfall and moisture in summertime. Chill and frost in winter were forcing these herbs in temperate and northern regions to survive in superficial strata of the soils.     

Evergreen swamp forest in Cambodia: floristic composition,ecological characteristics,and conservation status

As part of recent field studies, a hitherto undescribed type of evergreen freshwater swamp forest was discovered in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. The swamp forest occurs in at least six disjunct localities and is dominated by hydrophytic trees (Eugenia spp., Ficus spp., Litsea spp., Macaranga triloba, Myristica iners and Pternandra caerulescens). Although these same genera also occur in upland forests, most are represented by different species in the swamps. Livistona saribus emerges from the canopy as an indicator species of this vegetation type while dense stands of other palms (Calamus, Areca, Licuala) and sporadic, dense populations of tree ferns (Cibotium barometz) dominate the understory. Pneumatophores, stilt roots, and aerial roots characterize the hydrophytes. The floristic composition indicates that the forest type is distinct compared to other swamp forests described from the region and worthy of protection based on its rarity and ecological uniqueness.     

A Multi-Forest Comparison of Dietary Preferences and Seed Dispersal by <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Ateles</Emphasis> spp

Investigations of coevolutionary relationships between plants and the animals that disperse their seeds suggest that disperser-plant interactions are likely shaped by diffuse, rather than species-to-species, coevolution. We studied the role of dietary plasticity in shaping the potential for diffuse coevolution by comparing dietary fruit preferences and seed dispersal by 3 species of spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) in 4 moist forests in Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Surinam. In all forests, spider monkeys were highly frugivorous and preyed upon seeds of few species. We estimated dietary use of fruiting taxa based on absolute consumption and preference, which accounts for resource availability. Of the 59 genera that comprised the 20 most frequently consumed genera summed in each forest, only 3—Brosimum (Moraceae), Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) and Virola (Myristicaceae)—ranked within the top 20 at every forest. Most genera were within the 20 most frequently consumed at only 1 or 2 forests. Based on preferences, only 4 genera ranked in the 20 most-preferred in all 4 forests: Brosimum, Cecropia, Ficus (Moracae), and Virola. Patterns in fruit consumption and preference at the familial level were similar in that only 2 families—Myristicaceae and Moraceae—were in the 10 most-consumed or most-preferred in all 4 forests. Interforest variation in plant specific composition and abundances and supra-annual fruiting phenologies, combined with dietary flexibility of Ateles spp., may partly explain these patterns. Our results suggest that variation in plant community structure strongly influences dietary preferences, and hence, seed dispersal by spider monkeys. Thus, diffuse coevolution in spider monkey-plant relationships may be limited to few taxa at the generic and familial levels.     

Cytotypes within the family Umbelliferae with special reference to the genera Seseli L. and Oenanthe L. (subtribe Seselinae)

Cytotypes within the genera Seseli L. and Oenanthe L. show variation in chromosome number in pollen mother cells. A correlation of low chiasma frequency with meiotic irregularities and pollen sterility was noted. In addition to the meiotic irregularities in the two genera occurrence of polyspory and triple pollen formation during meiosis have been observed in Seseli diffusum (Roxb.) Sant. Wagh. The presence of different chromosome numbers in different populations of the same species and karyological investigation in 4 species of Oenanthe L. suggests that structural changes of chromosomes associated with numerical differences have possibly played a role in their evolution. Diminution in chromosome size and complete absence of metacentric chromosomes in Oenanthe lachenalli Gmel. suggest that probably this species is more evolved than 3 species of Oenanthe (i.e., O. benghalensis Benth., O. pimpinelloides L. and O. thomsoni Clarke). The interrelationships of the two genera are discussed.     

Shifts in trophic interactions with forest type in soil generalist predators as indicated by complementary analyses of fatty acids and stable isotopes

Human impact on structure and functioning of ecosystems is rapidly increasing. Virtually all European forests are managed with major implications for diversity and structure of food webs. Centipedes (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae) are abundant arthropod predators in European temperate forest soils with a generalistic feeding behaviour. However, little is known on the variability in the prey spectrum of centipedes with land use and the responsible factors. Combining fatty acid (FA) analysis, which allows determination of the relative contribution of different prey to predator nutrition, and stable isotope analysis, providing insight into the trophic structure of decomposer food webs, we investigated variations in trophic niches of two dominant centipede species, Lithobius mutabilis and Lithobius crassipes, in differently aged beech and spruce forests. FA composition of the two centipede species differed significantly with bacterial marker FAs being more abundant in L. crassipes as compared to L. mutabilis. Differences were most pronounced in spruce as compared to beech forests. The results suggest that dense needle litter in coniferous forests may restrict prey availability to the larger L. mutabilis and confine foraging to the litter surface whereas the smaller L. crassipes is able to also exploit prey of deeper litter layers. Lithobius crassipes was significantly more enriched in ¹⁵N and ¹³C compared to L. mutabilis suggesting that, compared to L. mutabilis, the smaller L. crassipes occupies higher trophic levels and relies more on root derived carbon. The results indicate that trophic niches of centipedes vary in a species specific way between forest types with body size and habitat structure being major determinants of the variations in the prey spectrum. Combining techniques for delineating predator–prey interactions allowed insights into variations in trophic interrelationships and their driving forces in temperate forest soil food webs.     

New mesozoic diving beetles (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae) from China

A new subfamily of predaceous diving beetles, Liadytiscinae subfam. nov., including two genera and four species, Liadytiscus gen. nov. (L. cretaceus sp. nov., L. longitibialis sp. nov., and L. latus sp. nov.) and Liadroporus gen. nov. (L. elegans sp. nov.), from the Late Tithonian-Berriasian (Huangbanjigou, Yixian Formation) of China is described. Two new genera, Mesoderus gen. nov. with two species, M. magnus sp. nov. and M. ventralis sp. nov., and Sinoporus gen. nov. with one species, S. lineatus sp. nov., are also described; their position in the system of Dytiscidae remains uncertain. Relationships of the taxa described with Recent and fossil taxa of the same rank and some presumable ecological features of the new taxa are discussed.     

Comparative anatomy of selected rhizomatous and tuberous taxa of subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) as an aid to identification

This article addresses the vegetative anatomy (leaves, stems, roots, root tubers and rhizomes) of 13 species of subfamily Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae), belonging to the genera Neottia Guettard, Cephalanthera L.C.M. Richard, Epipactis Zinn, Limodorum Boehmer, Spiranthes L.C.M. Richard, Platanthera L.C.M. Richard, Serapias L., Himantoglossum W.D. Koch and Anacamptis L.C.M. Richard, because anatomical studies have provided very useful criteria for orchid diagnosis. In the study three types of painting methods—Delafield’s hematoxylin and safranin, Alcian blue-periodic acid schiff, and alcoholic phloroglucinol?+?HCl—were employed, and identification tables were prepared. Anatomical results demonstrated the differences in the leaf anatomy of tuberous and rhizomatous orchids. In the stem anatomy, all the rhizomatous genera were found to be anatomically different, especially in regard to the collateral vascular bundles, the distribution of vascular bundles and xylem properties. In root anatomy, the central cylinder, pith, endodermis and/or pericycle properties are distinctive features in all studied taxa. For root tubers, velamen layering, wall outline mucilage cell patterns in ground tissue and arrangements of vascular arches can be used to label taxa. Regarding the rhizome anatomy of the studied taxa, vascular cylinder results in particular were very significant for the distinction of genera. Finally, we strongly emphasize the importance of this kind of detailed anatomical study to solve identification problems of orchid taxonomy.     

New trogons from the early Tertiary of Germany

A new trogon (Aves, Trogoniformes), Primotrogon? pumilio sp. nov., is described from the Middle Eocene (49 Ma) of Messel in Germany. It is the first articulated skeleton of an Eocene trogon, of which only very few fragmentary remains were hitherto known. It is also the earliest complete skeleton of a trogon, exceeding previous finds (Primotrogon wintersteini Mayr 1999) by at least 15 million years. An isolated wing of a trogon is further identified from the early Oligocene (about 30–34 Ma) of the fossil site Frauenweiler in Germany. Primotrogon? pumilio and all other sufficiently well‐preserved early Tertiary trogons appear to be stem group representatives of the Trogoniformes, corresponding with molecular clock data indicating a mid‐Tertiary origin of crown group Trogoniformes.