青海高原矮嵩草和珍芽蓼的光合适应性比较

对生长在两个海拨地带（3200m,3980m)的矮蒿草（Kobresia humilis Serg.)和珠芽蓼（Polygonum vivparumL.)叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及其叶绿体超微结构进行了比较研究。海拔升高,矮蒿草的珠芽蓼叶片的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和Rfd值均增大,且矮蒿草的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和Rfd值大于芽蓼。叶绿体超微结构的结果显示,海拔升高,珠芽蓼和矮蒿草的叶绿体都表现出一定程度的变形,但珠芽蓼的叶绿体变形和类囊体膜肿胀现象更为显。研究表明,矮蒿草和珠芽蓼光合作用对高山胁迫环境具有很强的适应性,且矮蒿草的适应能力比珠芽蓼强。     

青海高原矮嵩草和珠芽蓼的光合适应性比较(英文)

对生长在两个海拔地带 (3 2 0 0m ,3 980m)的矮嵩草 (KobresiahumilisSerg.)和珠芽蓼 (PolygonumviviparumL .)叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及其叶绿体超微结构进行了比较研究。海拔升高 ,矮嵩草和珠芽蓼叶片的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和Rfd值均增大 ,且矮嵩草的Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm 和Rfd值均大于珠芽蓼。叶绿体超微结构的结果显示 ,海拔升高 ,珠芽蓼和矮嵩草的叶绿体都表现出一定程度的变形 ,但珠芽蓼的叶绿体变形和类囊体膜肿胀现象更为显著。研究表明 ,矮嵩草和珠芽蓼光合作用对高山胁迫环境具有很强的适应性 ,且矮嵩草的适应能力比珠芽蓼强。     

珠芽蓼叶片对海拔变化的表型可塑性

采用石蜡制片、扫描电镜和透射电镜方法,研究了祁连山植被垂直分布带海拔2300、3200和3900 m 珠芽蓼叶片组织结构、叶表皮特征和叶绿体超微结构对海拔升高的适应性变化。结果表明: 珠芽蓼为异面叶,随海拔升高,叶片表皮毛数目减少而直径增大变粗,表皮蜡质层结构更加致密。叶片厚度在海拔3200 m最大,分别比海拔2300和3900 m增加了39.6%和50.5%。从海拔2300到3200 m,栅栏组织细胞层数由2层增加为3层且细胞排列紧密,海绵组织细胞间隙逐渐增大;在海拔3900 m处,栅栏组织细胞层数减少至2层且细胞间隙增加,海绵组织细胞间隙减小,表皮细胞厚度增加,但细胞层数在3个海拔间无显著差异。随海拔升高,叶下表皮附属物和气孔下室物质的积累增加,气孔密度增加,张度降低,气孔位置由表皮拱起变为内陷。从海拔2300到3200 m,基粒片层由6～9层增至8～12层;至海拔3900 m,基粒片层降为 2～3层且片层之间变得致密,基粒数目减少且排列方向不规则,叶绿体膨大,被膜部分降解。随海拔升高,叶片部分解剖结构指标之间呈现出明显的协同进化,表现出较大的可塑性。珠芽蓼叶片解剖与超微结构在不同海拔表现出的差异显示,表型可塑性及其对高山异质环境和海拔变化的适应特征,是植物长期适应高山复杂环境的结果。     

不同海拔火绒草叶绿体超微结构的比较

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部3个不同海拔地区(2300m、2700m和3800m)的火绒草叶绿体超微结构进行了比较观察。结果发现,随着海拔的升高,叶绿体结构差异明显。海拔2300m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列整齐,片层可达32层;海拔2700m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列不规则,片层下降到十几层,类囊体出现轻微膨大;海拔3800m处,叶绿体呈圆形,位于细胞中央,基粒片层则严重扭曲,片层只有几层,类囊体膨大严重,出现脂质小球。研究表明,火绒草叶绿体结构的变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

青海高原不同海拔地带生长的珠芽蓼光合特性的比较

对生长于青海高原不同海拔的珠芽蓼（Ｐｏｌｉｇｏｎｕｍｖｉｖｉｐａｒｕｍ）叶片的光合特性进行比较研究发现：随海拔升高叶绿素含量有降低趋势,叶绿素ａ／ｂ比值及类胡萝卜素含量有增大趋势。不同海拔的珠芽蓼叶片和叶绿体的Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ、Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ和Ｒｆｄ值随海拔升高而增大,表明随海拔升高,其潜在光合活力增加。低温荧光测定显示,随海拔升高叶绿体中ＰＳＩ和ＰＳＩ的相对荧光产量比值（ＰＳＩ／ＰＳＩＩ）减小。叶绿体蛋白质ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ结果表明,在２８－３２ＫＤ附近电泳谱带的变化显著。     

几种高山植物叶绿体淀粉粒的变化特征

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部达坂山（海拔3900m）的5种高山植物叶绿体超微结构进行了观察。结果发现,在所研究的5种高山植物叶绿体中,淀粉粒数量均较多,淀粉粒呈长椭圆形或圆形,沿叶绿体长轴分布。在珠芽蓼的叶绿体中,淀粉粒的电子密度内外不均匀,外周电子密度低,中央电子密度高。在其余4种高山植物中,淀粉粒的电子密度均较低。另外,在这5种高山植物叶绿体中还出现了脂质小球。其类囊体均出现了不同程度的膨大现象。研究表明,高山植物叶绿体中淀粉粒的这种变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

海拔梯度对祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度的影响

以祁连山西水林区青海云杉典型林分为研究对象,按照青海云杉分布界限海拔2500—3300 m,采用梯度格局法,研究祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的空间分布特征,以期为准确估算祁连山青海云杉林碳储量变化影响因素提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林生物量平均值为115.83 t/hm~2,碳密度平均值为60.23 t/hm~2。生物量整体随海拔梯度增加表现为先增加后波动降低的趋势,在海拔2800 m处达到最高值(197.10 t/hm~2),海拔3300 m处达到最低值(7.66t/hm~2),且不同海拔梯度间差异显著。林分各器官生物量分配格局在各海拔处均表现为干根枝叶。(2)土壤有机碳含量平均值为54.80 g/kg,变化范围为31.49—76.96 g/kg。随着土壤层次的增加,除海拔3200 m和3300 m的土壤有机碳含量未表现出规律变化外,其他海拔梯度则均呈现出逐渐降低趋势。土壤有机碳密度在海拔2900 m最高,为245.40 t/hm~2,在海拔2700 m处最低,为130.24 t/hm~2;海拔2500—2700 m表现为平缓降低趋势,在2800 m处急剧上升,且海拔2800—3200 m呈现无显著性轻度波动变化,在海拔3300 m又急剧降低。(3)青海云杉林生态系统平均总碳密度为255.15 t/hm~2,乔木层和土壤层占总碳密度的比例分别为23.61%和76.39%,且不同海拔梯度间存在极显著差异。土壤有机碳密度与海拔、年均降水量、土壤有机碳含量、土壤全氮呈显著正相关,与年夏季平均气温呈显著负相关;乔木层碳密度与年夏季气温、林分密度、胸高断面积呈显著正相关,与海拔和土壤全氮呈显著负相关。(4)祁连山青海云杉林乔木层和土壤层碳密度均随海拔梯度变化受水热条件组合的改变而呈现规律变化,以中部海拔区段2800—3200 m碳密度较高。     

甘南亚高寒草甸坡向梯度上矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群点格局及其关联性

种群的空间分布格局及关联性可以反映种群演替方式和环境因子改变的适应策略。矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)与珠芽蓼(Polygonum vivipurum)是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查,运用Ripley K函数,分析了不同坡向的矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性。结果表明:矮嵩草和珠芽蓼在3个坡向上的分布具有明显差异,随着坡向由北坡向南坡的转变,矮嵩草种群的株数、盖度及生物量不断增加,而珠芽蓼种群则不断减少;在北坡,矮嵩草种群在0~2.2 m呈现出聚集分布,随着尺度的增加聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,珠芽蓼种群均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼种群在0~0.8 m范围呈聚集分布,在2.3 m以上范围内趋向于随机分布;在南坡,矮嵩草与珠芽蓼分布格局在研究尺度内均表现出随机分布;在北坡,这两种物种在0~1 m范围内表现为正相关,西坡为种间在0~1.3 m范围内负关联;随着尺度的增加种间关联度在这两个坡向上均趋向于不相关,而这两个物种在南坡也表现出不相关;矮嵩草和珠芽蓼种群空间格局及关联性有助于我们认识亚高寒草甸种群的种内与种间竞争过程、多样的生态策略及群落演替趋势。     

高山植物盘花垂头菊和唐古特乌头光合膜系统的超微结构研究

对生长在青藏高原东北部海拔高度为3700m处的盆花垂头（Cremanthodiumdiscoideum）和唐古特乌头（Aconitumtangutcum）叶肉细胞叶绿体光合膜系进行超微分析表明：叶绿体被膜异常,基拉片层叠垛程度小,基粒和基质类囊体肿胀严重。叶绿体超微结构上的这些特征,是青藏高原低气压、严寒和强辐射等生态条件综合作用的结果。     

青藏高原三种优势植物生物量分配的变化规律

该研究利用4个由高到低不同海拔的同质园实验,以青藏高原高寒草地优势植物垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)和珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)为对象,分析了植物个体根、茎、叶生物量分配及根冠比的变化规律及影响因素。结果表明:(1)植物个体根、茎、叶质量比和根冠比具有显著的种间差异;与垂穗披碱草和珠芽蓼相比,矮嵩草具有显著较高的根质量比而叶、茎质量比较低,所以其根冠比较高。(2)在向低海拔移栽的过程中,珠芽蓼叶质量比保持不变,茎质量比显著降低而根质量比显著升高,根冠比表现出显著上升的趋势;垂穗披碱草则相反,即叶、茎质量比显著升高而根质量比显著降低,根冠比表现出显著下降的趋势;矮嵩草根、茎、叶质量比和根冠比则无显著变化。(3)随着海拔降低,年均气温明显升高而年均降雨量明显降低,且在植物个体种源地和土壤基质保持一致的条件下,向低海拔移栽过程中温度是导致珠芽蓼根、茎、叶生物量分配及根冠比变化的重要因素,而水分是垂穗披碱草根、茎、叶生物量分配及根冠比变化的重要驱动因素;矮嵩草根、茎、叶生物量分配及根冠比受其遗传因素影响较大。因此,在将来暖干化的背景下,青藏高原高寒草地植物生物量的分配将会发生改变,导致它们对资源(光照、水分和土壤养分)获取和利用的变化而改变它们的种间关系,从而影响群落的物种多样性与组成,最终可能导致生态系统功能的变化。     

The Development of Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Hill Reaction Activity During Leaf Ontogeny in Different Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes

Changes in Hill reaction activity (HRA) and ultrastructure of mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts were studied during the ontogeny of third leaf of maize plants using polarographic oxygen evolution measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and stereology. The chloroplast ultrastructure was compared in young (actively growing), mature, and senescing leaves of two different inbreds and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Statistically significant differences in both HRA and MC chloroplast ultrastructure were observed between different stages of leaf ontogeny. Growth of plastoglobuli was the most striking characteristic of chloroplast maturation and senescence. The chloroplasts in mature and senescing leaves had a more developed system of thylakoids compared to the young leaves. Higher HRA was usually connected with higher thylakoid volume density of MC chloroplasts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同叶色水稻叶绿体密度及基粒结构的计算机图象分析

水稻叶绿体计算机图象分析表明,随着叶片色级的提高,叶绿体表面积密度、体积密度以及两者的比值都相应增加。深色稻叶基粒堆直径与高度、类囊体垛叠数与类囊体厚度、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度与净光合率均大于浅色叶片。深色叶片基粒堆密集,有些基粒类囊体出现沿叶绿体长轴方向排列整齐现象;浅色叶片基粒堆稀疏,其中较大的基粒类囊体与长轴呈倾斜排列。     

The Development of Chloroplast Ultrastructure and Hill Reaction Activity During Leaf Ontogeny in Different Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes

Changes in Hill reaction activity (HRA) and ultrastructure of mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts were studied during the ontogeny of third leaf of maize plants using polarographic oxygen evolution measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and stereology. The chloroplast ultrastructure was compared in young (actively growing), mature, and senescing leaves of two different inbreds and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Statistically significant differences in both HRA and MC chloroplast ultrastructure were observed between different stages of leaf ontogeny. Growth of plastoglobuli was the most striking characteristic of chloroplast maturation and senescence. The chloroplasts in mature and senescing leaves had a more developed system of thylakoids compared to the young leaves. Higher HRA was usually connected with higher thylakoid volume density of MC chloroplasts.     

Comparative ultrastructural properties of pallisade tissue and spongy tissue chloroplasts from normal and mutant leaves of Pisum sativum L.*

Abstract. The ultrastructure of chloroplasts from palisade and spongy tissue was studied in order to analyse the adaptation of chloroplasts to the light gradient within the bifacial leaves of pea. Chloroplasts of two nuclear gene mutants of Pisum sativum (chlorotica-29 and chlorophyll b-less 130A), grown under normal light conditions, were compared with the wild type (WT) garden-pea cv. ‘Dippes Gelbe Viktoria’. The differentiation of the thylakoid membrane system of plastids from normal pea leaves exhibited nearly the same degree of grana formation in palisade and in spongy tissue. Using morphometrical measurements, only a slight increase in grana stacking capacity was found in chloroplasts of spongy tissue. In contrast, chloroplasts of mutant leaves differed in grana development in palisade and spongy tissue, respectively. Their thylakoid systems appeared to be disorganized and not developed as much as in chloroplasts from normal pea leaves. Grana contained fewer lamellae per granum, the number of grana per chloroplast section was reduced and the length of appressed thylakoid regions was decreased. Nevertheless, chloroplasts of the mutants were always differentiated into grana and stroma thylakoids. The structural changes observed and the reduction of the total chlorophyll content correlated with alterations in the polypeptide composition of thylakoid membrane preparations from mutant chloroplasts. In sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), polypeptide bands with a relative molecular mass of 27 and 26 kilodalton (kD) were markedly reduced in mutant chloroplasts. These two polypeptides represented the major apoproteins of the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex from photosystem II (LHC-II) as inferred from a comparison with the electrophoretic mobility of polypeptides isolated from the LHC-II.     

高CO_2浓度对大豆不同叶位叶片叶绿体淀粉粒积累的效应

对高CO_2浓度下生长的大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)不同叶位的叶片进行了电镜观察,揭示出大豆不同叶位叶片的叶绿体对倍增的CO_2浓度反应不一。其显著的超微结构差异特征是:1.叶位居中的叶片叶绿体积累的淀粉粒不仅很大,而且最多,有的叶绿体中的淀粉粒可达20个,几乎充满着叶绿体的基质空间。2.下位叶叶绿体的淀粉粒积累较多,通常为2～5个;3.上位叶叶绿体所含淀粉粒既小又少,虽然有的叶绿体中也积累有3～4个淀粉粒,但大多数叶绿体中所含淀粉粒仅有1～2个。以上结果联系到大豆中位叶的光合作用速率较高及对籽粒产量起作用最大来讨论是很有意义的。     

Bizonoplast, a unique chloroplast in the epidermal cells of microphylls in the shade plant Selaginella erythropus (Selaginellaceae)

Study of the unique leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure in shade-adapted plants will aid our understanding of how plants use light efficiently in low light environments. Unusual chloroplasts in terms of size and thylakoid membrane stacking have been described previously in several deep-shade plants. In this study, a single giant cup-shaped chloroplast, termed a bizonoplast, was found in the abaxial epidermal cells of the dorsal microphylls and the adaxial epidermal cells of the ventral microphylls in the deep-shade spike moss Selaginella erythropus. Bizonoplasts are dimorphic in ultrastructure: the upper zone is occupied by numerous layers of 2-4 stacked thylakoid membranes while the lower zone contains both unstacked stromal thylakoids and thylakoid lamellae stacked in normal grana structure oriented in different directions. In contrast, other cell types in the microphylls contain chloroplasts with typical structure. This unique chloroplast has not been reported from any other species. The enlargement of epidermal cells into funnel-shaped, photosynthetic cells coupled with specific localization of a large bizonoplast in the lower part of the cells and differential modification in ultrastructure within the chloroplast may allow the plant to better adapt to low light. Further experiments are required to determine whether this shade-adapted organism derives any evolutionary or ecophysiological fitness from these unique chloroplasts.     

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3200 m, 3980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd -values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3980 m were higher than those at 3200 m. The higher ratio of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm and Rfd -values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3980 m, but few in K.　humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum.     

Effect of Doubled-CO2 Concentration on the Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts from Medicago sativa and Setaria italica

It has been reported in quite a number of literatures that doubled CO2 concentration increased the photosynthetic rate and dry matter production of C3 plants, but substantially affected C4 plants little. However, why may CO2 enrichment promote growth and either no change or decrease reproductive allocation of the C3 species, but havinag no effects on growth characteristics of the C4 plants? So far, there has been no satisfactory explanation on that mentioned above, except the differences in their CO2 compensatory points. In the past, although some studies on ultrastructure of the chloroplasts under doubled CO2 concentration were limitedly conducted. Almost all the relevant experimental materials were only from C3 plants not from C4 plants, and even though the results were of inconsistancy. Thereby, it needs to verify whether the differences in photosynthesis of C3 and C4 plants at doubled CO2 level is caused by the difference in their chloroplast deterioration. Experiments to this subject were conducted at the Botanical Garden of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica in 1993 and 1994. Both experimental materials from C3 plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and C4 plant foxtail millet (Setaria italica) were cultivated in the cylindrical open-top chambers (2.2 m in diameter × 2.4 m in height) with aluminum frames covered by polyethylene film. Natural air or air with 350× 10-6 CO2 were blown from the bottom of the chamber space with constant temperature between inside and outside of the chamber 〈0.2℃〉. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the ultrastructure of the chloroplasts from C3 plant Medicago sativa and C4 plant Seteria italica growing under the same doubled CO2 concentration were quite different from each other. The differential characteristics in ultrastructure of chloro plasts displayed mainly in the configuration of thylakoid membrances and the accumulation of starch grains. They were as follows: 1. The most striking feature was the building up of starch grains in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells (BSCs) and the mesophyll cells (MCs) at doubled CO2 concentra tion. The starch grains appeared centrifugally first in the BSCs and then in the chloroplast of the other MCs. It was worthy to note that the starch grains in the chloroplasts of C4 plant Setaria ira/ica were much more than those of the C3 plant Medicago sativa . The decline of photosynthesis in the doubled CO2-grown C4 plants might be caused by an over accumulation of starch grains, that deformed the chloroplast even demaged the stroma thylakoids and grana. There might exsist a correlation between the comformation of thylakoid system and starch grain accumulation, namely conversion and transfer of starch need energy from ATP, and coupling factor (CF) for ATP formation distributed mainly on protoplastic surface (PSu) of stroma thylakoid membranes, as well as end and margin membranes of grana thylakoids. Thereby, these results could provide a conclusive evidence for the reason of non effectiveness on growth characteristics of C4 plant. 2. Under normal condition , the mature chlolroplats of higher plants usually develop complete and regularly arranged photosynthetic membrane systems . Chloroplasts from the C4 plant Setaria italica, however, exerted significant changes on stacking degree, grana width and stroma thylakoid length under doubled CO2 concentration; In these changes, the grana stacks were smaller and more numerous, and the number of thylakoids per granum was greatly increased, and the stroma thylakoid was greatly lengthened as compared to those of the control chloroplasts. But the grana were mutually intertwined by stroma thylakoid. The integrity of some of the grana were damaged due to the augmentation of the intrathylakoid space . Similarly, the stroma thylakoids were also expanded. In case. the plant was seriously effected by doubled CO2 concentration as observed in C4 plant Setaria italica , its chloroplasts contained merely the stroma (matrix) with abundant starch grains, while grana and stroma thylakoid membranes were unrecognizable, or occasionally a few residuous pieces of thylakoid membranes could be visualized, leaving a situation which appeared likely to be chloroplast deterioration. However, under the same condition the C3 plant Medicago sativa possessed normally developed chloroplasts, with intact grana and stroma thylakoid membranes. Its chloroplasts contained grana intertwined with stroma thylakoid membranes, and increased in stacking degree and granum width, in spite of more accumulated starch grains within the chloroplasts. These configuration changes of the thylakoid system were in consistant with the results of the authors another study on chloroplast function, viz. the increased capacity of chloroplasts for light absorption and efficiency of PSⅡ.