Ecotypic differences in the C3 and C4 photosynthetic activity in Mollugo verticillata,a C3−C4 intermediate

Four populations of Mollugo verticillata L. were compared on the basis of their photosynthetic products, photosynthetic rates, enhancement under low oxygen concentration, and CO₂ compensation points. In addition, pulse-chase labeling experiments were conducted using one of the four populations. Depending on the plant population, C₄ acids ranged from 40% to 11% of the primary products under short-term exposure to ¹⁴CO₂. These compounds were also metabolized during pulse-chase experiments. All four populations had significantly different photosynthetic rates and those rates were correlated with the amounts of labelled C₄ acids produced and C₄-acid turnover. Three populations of M. verticillata had similar compensation points (40 l/l) and degrees of photosynthetic enhancement under low [O₂] (20%), the fourth population was much lower in both characteristics (CO₂ compensation, 25 l/l; low-O₂ enhancement, 12%). The results verify the intermediate nature of photosynthesis in this species, and illustrate populational differences in its photosynthetic and photorespiratory carbon metabolism.Abbreviations PGA 3-phosphoglyceric acid - Kan Kansas - Mass Massachusetts - Mex Mexico     

In-situ immunofluorescent localization of phosphoenolpyruvate and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylases in leaves of C3, C4, and C3−C4 intermediatePanicum species

The in-situ inter- and intracellular localization patterns of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylases in green leaves of severalPanicum species were investigated using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Four species were examined and compared:P. miliaceum (C₄),P. bisulcatum (C₃), andP. decipiens andP. milioides (C₃–C₄ intermediates which have Kranz-like leaf anatomy and reduced photorespiration). In the C₄ Panicum, PEP carboxylase was located in the cytosol of the mesophyll cells and RuBP carboxylase was restricted to the bundle-sheath chloroplasts. In contrast, in the C₃ Panicum species, PEP carboxylase was found throughout the leaf chlorenchyma, in both the cytosol and chloroplasts, and RuBP carboxylase was located in the chloroplasts. For the C₃–C₄ intermediate plants, the patterns depended on the species examined. ForP. decipiens, the in-situ localization of both carboxylases was similar to that described forP. bisulcatum and other C₃ plants. However, inP. milioides, PEP carboxylase was found exclusively in the cytosol of the mesophyll cells, as inP. miliaceum and other C₄ species, whereas RuBP carboxylase was distributed in both the mesophyll and bundle-sheath chloroplasts.Abbreviations PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - RuBP ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate     

C3、C4和C3-C4中间型植物的进化

介绍了有关C3、C4和C3-C4中间型植物进化的形态学、生理学、分子生物学、遗传学等方面的证据;推断地球上首先出现C3植物,然后是C3-C4中间类型植物,最后出现C4植物.     

Effects of low atmospheric CO2 and elevated temperature during growth on the gas exchange responses of C3, C3–C4 intermediate, and C4 species from three evolutionary lineages of C4 photosynthesis

This study evaluates acclimation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in three evolutionary lineages of C(3), C(3)-C(4) intermediate, and C(4) species grown in the low CO(2) and hot conditions proposed to favo r the evolution of C(4) photosynthesis. Closely related C(3), C(3)-C(4), and C(4) species in the genera Flaveria, Heliotropium, and Alternanthera were grown near 380 and 180 μmol CO(2) mol(-1) air and day/night temperatures of 37/29°C. Growth CO(2) had no effect on photosynthetic capacity or nitrogen allocation to Rubisco and electron transport in any of the species. There was also no effect of growth CO(2) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses to intercellular CO(2) concentration. These results demonstrate little ability to acclimate to low CO(2) growth conditions in closely related C(3) and C(3)-C(4) species, indicating that, during past episodes of low CO(2), individual C(3) plants had little ability to adjust their photosynthetic physiology to compensate for carbon starvation. This deficiency could have favored selection for more efficient modes of carbon assimilation, such as C(3)-C(4) intermediacy. The C(3)-C(4) species had approximately 50% greater rates of net CO(2) assimilation than the C(3) species when measured at the growth conditions of 180 μmol mol(-1) and 37°C, demonstrating the superiority of the C(3)-C(4) pathway in low atmospheric CO(2) and hot climates of recent geological time.     

C3植物中C4途径的研究进展

综述了C3植物中C4途径的发现及研究现状;阐述了C3植物中C4途径的几种作用机理;根据C3植物中C4途径的存在,探讨了改造C3植物的遗传特性;并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

C3植物中C4途径的研究进展

综述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的发现及研究现状：阐述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的几种作用机理;根据Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的存在,探讨了改造Ｃ３植物的遗传特性;并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

如何快速鉴别C3与C4植物

在农业实践和科学研究中经常需要知道某种植物是C_3植物还是C_4植物,例如在干旱少雨的地区种植C_4作物就易获得较高的产量;用甲醇喷洒植物能使植物增产,但这种技术只适用于C_3植物而不适用于C_4植物等。从理论上讲,C_3植物光合作用固定CO_2的最初产物是三碳的3—磷酸甘油酸,C_4植物光合作用固定CO_2的最初产物是四碳的苹果酸或天冬氨酸。我们在研究农田杂草光合碳同化途径时,摸索了一些快速区分C_3植物与C_4植物的经验,介绍如下。 从植物进化方面区分 我们知道,C_3植物较原始,C_4植物较进化,实际上较原始的蕨类植物和裸子植物就没有C_4植物,只有较进化     

C3和C4植物的氮素利用效率

Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４植物的氮素利用效率何新华,ＡｎｎＯａｋｓ,李明启（云南师范大学生物系,昆明６５００９２）（圭尔夫大学植物系,加拿大ＮＩＧ２Ｗ１）（华南农业大学农业生物系,广州５１０６４２）关键词Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４植物,ＮＯ吸收与积累,硝酸还原酶酶蛋白,硝酸...     

东北草原区的C3,C4牧草及其生态分布的初步研究

本文用RuBPCase活性/PEPCase活性的比值,鉴定东北草原区牧草资源中C_3、C_4植物。供测定45种中35种为首次鉴定。辅助观察禾草类Kranz结构。在此基础上,对其中11种C_3、C_4优势牧草的地理分布、物候谱及其相对优势度与土壤pH值和含盐量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,C_3植物30种,隶属于10科24属,C_4植物15种,隶属于5科9属。与C_3植物相比,在高温、强光照和降水量大的季节,C_4植物显示其更高的相对生长优势,在纬度较低和盐碱化区域,C_4植物具有相对分布优势。C.4草相对优势度与土壤pH值和含盐量的相关系数分别为0.826和0.760,而C_3植物均为负值。     

Interspecific variation in assimilation of 14CO2 into C4 acids by leaves of C3, C4 and C3−C4 intermediate Flaveria species near the CO2 compensation concentration

The assimilation of ¹⁴CO₂ into the C₄ acids malate and aspartate by leaves of C₃, C₄ and C₃–C₄ intermediate Flaveria species was investigated near the CO₂ compensation concentration ^* in order to determine the potential role of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) in reducing photorespiration in the intermediates. Relative to air concentrations of CO₂, the proportion of CO₂ fixed by PEP carboxylase at ^* increased in all six C₃–C₄ intermediate species examined. However, F. floridana J.R. Johnston and F. ramosissima Klatt were shown to be markedly less responsive to reduced external CO₂, with only about a 1.6-fold enhancement of CO₂ assimilation by PEP carboxylase, as compared to a 3.0- to 3.7-fold increase for the other C₃–C₄ species examined, namely, F. linearis Lag., F. anomala B.L. Robinson, F. chloraefolia A. Gray and F. pubescens Rydb. The C₃ species F. pringlei Gandoger and F. cronquistii A.M. Powell exhibited a 1.5- and 2.9-fold increase in labeled malate and aspartate, respectively, at ^*. Assimilation of CO₂ by PEP carboxylase in the C₄ species F. trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr, F. australasica Hook., and the C₄-like species F. brownii A.M. Powell was relatively insensitive to subatmospheric levels of CO₂. The interspecific variation among the intermediate Flaverias may signify that F. floridana and F. ramosissima possess a more C₄-like compartmentation of PEP carboxylase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) between the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. Chasing recently labeled malate and aspartate with ¹²CO₂ for 5 min at ^* resulted in an apparent turnover of 25% and 30% of the radiocarbon in these C₄ acids for F. ramosissima and F. floridana, respectively. No substantial turnover was detected for F. linearis, F. anomala, F. chloraefolia or F. pubescens. With the exception of F. floridana and F. ramosissima, it is unlikely that enhanced CO₂ fixation by PEP carboxylase at the CO₂ compensation concentration is a major mechanism for reducing photorespiration in the intermediate Flaveria species. Moreover, these findings support previous related ¹⁴CO₂-labeling studies at air-levels of CO₂ which indicated that F. floridana and F. ramosissima were more C₄-like intermediate species. This is further substantiated by the demonstration that F. floridana PEP carboxylase, like the enzyme in C₄ plants, undergoes a substantial activation (2.2-fold) upon illuminating dark-adapted green leaves. In contrast, light activation was not observed for the enzyme in F. linearis or F. chloraefolia.Abbreviations and symbols PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - Rubisco ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - CO₂ compensation concentration - ^* a subatmospheric level of CO₂ approximating Published as Paper No. 8832, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division     

Immunofluorescent localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase proteins in leaves of C3, C4 and C3−C4 intermediate Flaveria species

The concentrations of 17 nucleotides and three nucleosides have been determined in a batch suspension culture of Datura innoxia using a new procedure for extraction, purification and high-performance liquid chromatography separation of these compounds. The nucleotide pools change appreciably in the different phases of growth. These changes indicate the preparation for and initiation of cell proliferation, and reflect metabolic events during cell division, cell elongation and starvation. The main components of the nucleotide pool are uracil nucleotides, with uridine 5-diphosphate sugars as the predominant fraction, and the adenine nucleotides. Although their concentrations vary by a factor of more than 6 the ratio of the uracil to adenine nucleotides is kept fairly constant during growth. The energy charge is maintained at a rather high value. The correlation of these events with nutrient uptake and macromolecular synthesis by the batch culture is presented in the following paper.Abbreviations Glc glucose - GlcNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - UDP uridine 5-diphosphate     

C3-C4中间型植物

针对目前植物生理学教材中很少提及的C3-C4中间型植物,从概念、主要特征及研究价值方面作基本介绍,为课程讲解提供参考.     

C3和C4禾本科作物的氮素利用效率

Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４禾本科作物的氮素利用效率何新华安·奥克斯（云南师范大学生命科学系,昆明６５００９２）（加拿大圭尔夫大学植物系圭尔夫ＮｌＧ．ＺＡ１）李明启（华南农业大学农业生物系广州５１０６４２）ＴＨＥＥＦＦＣＩＥＮＣＹＯＦＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＵＴＩＬＩＺＡ...     

C3和C4植物的氮素利用机制

提高植物的氮素利用效率(NUE)不仅有利于保障全球粮食安全, 也是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。近半个世纪以来, 植物氮素利用机理研究已取得重要进展, 但NUE的调控机制仍不明确, NUE的提高仍然十分有限。高等植物集光合碳素同化和氮素同化于一体, 只有碳氮代谢相互协调, 才能维持植物体内的碳氮平衡, 保证植物正常生长发育。由于C₃和C₄植物的光合氮素利用率(PNUE)存在差异, 对氮素的利用效率也会存在差异。为了更有效地提高作物的NUE, 须更全面地了解C₃和C₄植物对氮素吸收、转运、同化和信号转导等关键因子的功能和调控机制。此外, 面对大气CO₂浓度增高和全球气候变暖条件下的植物碳氮同化及其机理的研究也不容忽视。该文综述了C₃和C₄植物氮素利用关键因素的差异及其调控机制, 并对提高C₃禾本科作物氮素利用效率的遗传改良途径进行了展望。     

C4光合关键酶基因转化C3植物

文章介绍C4光合关键酶和转运蛋白基因转化C3植物的研究进展。     

Short-term carbon-isotope discrimination in C3−C4 intermediate species

Short-term discrimination in assimilation of stable isotopes of carbon was measured for leaves of the C₃ speciesPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Hawkesbury Wonder andFlaveria pringlei Gandoger, the C₄ speciesAmaranthus edulis Speg., and the C₃–C₄ intermediate speciesPanicum milioides Nees ex. Trin,Flaveria floridana Johnson, andFlaveria anomala B.L. Robinson. Discriminations in the C₃ and C₄ species were similar to those expected from theoretical considerations. When ambient CO₂ pressure was 330 bar the mean discriminations in the C₃ species andPanicum milioides were similar, whereas the mean discriminations inF. floridana andF. anomala were less than discrimination in C₃ species andPanicum milioides. When ambient CO₂ pressure was 100 bar the mean discriminations inPanicum milioides andF. anomala were greater, and that inF. floridana was less, than that inPhaseolus vulgaris. We conclude that the pattern of discrimination inPanicum milioides is consistent with the presence of a glycine shuttle; inF. floridana andF. anomala, discrimination is consistent with the presence of a C₄ pathway coupled with the operation of a glycine shuttle.Abbreviations and symbols PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - Rubisco ribulose, 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) - p _a ambient CO₂ pressure - p _i intercellular CO₂ pressure - carbon-isotope discrimination - carbonisotope composition relative to PeeDee Belemnite     

海南具C4、C3解剖特征的禾本科植物

为了充分认识海南地区现有禾本科植物的光合途径类型,为该地区禾本科植物的种质资源学、生理生态学研究提供可靠的资料,通过调查并收集整理海南禾本科牧草种质资源,以C3、C4植物在解剖结构上的差异为基础,利用石蜡制片技术鉴定海南禾本科植物光合途径的类型。结果表明,在224份研究材料中,有189种禾草属于C4光合类型,35种禾草属于C3光合类型,分别占禾草种数的84%和16%,说明该区域禾草以高光效的C4类型为主。