用nrDNA ITS序列探讨狭蕊龙胆属及其近缘属 (龙胆科)的系统发育

运用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区ITS序列对狭蕊龙胆属Metagentiana10种及其近缘属22种植物进行了系统发育分析。ITS分析结果表明狭蕊龙胆属是一个多系群:在系统发育树上,双蝴蝶属Tripterospermum和蔓龙胆属Crawfurdia的种类位于狭蕊龙胆属各分支中,而且双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属的种类也相互交叉;这一结果不支持将3个属各自独立为属。但是,在所有分析中,3个属共同形成一单系分支,是龙胆属Gentiana的姊妹群;这一结果与形态学、花部解剖学、细胞学、孢粉学和胚胎学等证据基本一致,狭蕊龙胆属应该从龙胆属中分离出来,它与双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属有更为密切的亲缘关系。根据分支图,在狭蕊龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属组成的复合群中,现已知的染色体基数x＝17、21和23可能存在网状和平行进化。     

西藏蔓龙胆属(龙胆科)二新种

１林芝蔓龙胆新种图１：１～４ＣｒａｗｆｕｒｄｉａｎｙｉｎｇｃｈｉｅｎｓｉｓＫ．ＹａｏｅｔＷ．Ｌ．Ｃｈｅｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．ＴＹＰＥ：Ｘｉｚａｎｇ（Ｔｉｂｅｔ西藏）,Ｎｙｉｎｇｃｈｉ（林芝）,ｉｎｃｏｎｉｆｅｒｏｕｓｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ａｌｔ．２８７０ｍ,１...     

豆科黄华属植物种子表面特征的研究

在扫描电镜下观察了豆科黄华属Thermopsis 18种植物种子的表面纹饰,发现 T．alpina,T.bar- bata,T．inflata,T．lupinoides,T. licentiana,T.smithiana和T．turkestanica的种子表面为粗网状,T californica,T.divaricarpa,T. macrophylla,T．mollis的种子表面为细网状,T.gracilis,T.montana,T. fabacea的种子表面为相对平滑型纹饰,T．alterniflora的种子表面为不规则条形,T．chinensis的种子表 面为粘膜状,T.rhombifolia的种子表面为条形及 T．viuosa的种子表面为碎屑状纹饰。结果表明黄华属的种子表面特征对属下类群的划分有一定意义,对澄清某些混乱的种有一定价值。     

华南龙胆科植物拾零

本文对华南龙胆科植物做了修订和补充。将白花田草的名称更正为百金花;将美丽獐牙菜归并入狭叶獐牙菜;报道了新记录种5个,即：念珠脊龙胆、流苏龙胆、新店獐牙菜、峨嵋双蝴蝶、玉山双蝴蝶。     

中国西部高山8种龙胆属植物的染色体数目

本文报道了我国西部高山上的８种龙胆属植物的染色体数目。其中宽筒龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝４８,提钟龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２６,小齿龙胆和四数龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,南山龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１８,上述５种植物的染色体数目为首次报道,其余蓝玉簪龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４,线叶龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝４８,钻叶龙胆的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１８。     

峨眉双蝴蝶的胚胎学研究

首次报道了峨眉双蝴蝶Ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ ｃｏｒｄａｔｕｍ（Ｍａｒｑ．）Ｈ．Ｓｍｉｔｈ的胚胎学特征,研究结果用以讨论双蝴蝶属的系统演化关系。主要研究结果如下：花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层属单型起源,细胞具单核,属腺质型绒毡层,药隔处的绒毡层细胞形成类胎座,其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为一层细胞;在花药成熟时,花药的药室内壁纤维状如厚且柱状伸长,表皮细胞减缩退化,纤维状加厚不明显。成熟花     

紫金龙属花粉形态与种子表面特征研究

对罂粟科Papaveraceae国产紫金龙属Dactylicapnos Wall. 4种植物的花粉和种子进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。该属花粉粒常为近球形,6散沟,花粉粒直径为29.2－50.8。本属植物的花粉有很多共同特征,但种之间有区别。萌发沟清晰(宽果紫金龙D. roylei (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Hutch.),或不清晰(紫金龙D. scandens (D. Don) Hut ch.和丽江紫金龙D. lichiangensis (Fedde) Hand._Mazz.)至模糊     

南亚和东南亚龙胆属(龙胆科)的新名称、新组合及分类注释

本文提出了龙胆属两个种的新名称(Gentiana membranulifera T．N．Ho,G．nudicaulisKurz var. assa- mensis T．N．Ho)和5个变种的新组合[(Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl．var. uncifolia(H．J．Lam)T．N．Ho, G．sumatrana Ridl．var．humifusa(S．Moore)T．N．Ho,G. quadrifaria Bl．var．wightii(Kusnez．)T．N．Ho, G．loerzingii Ridl. var．timida(Kerr)T．N．Ho,G．membranulifera T．N．Ho var．recurvata (Kusnez．)T．N．Ho)〕。     

翼萼蔓属系统位置的研究

对翼萼蔓属进行了外部形态、花部解剖学、大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育、花粉形态和染色体 的研究,并以此为据,讨论了该属的分类等级和系统位置。翼萼蔓属的花具花冠腺体。花萼筒具16条 维管束,花冠筒具12条维管束,二者的维管束是独立发生的。每心皮具1条背维管束和2条腹维管束。 雄蕊先熟。花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层异型起源,细胞具双核,属腺质型绒毡层;一层中层 细胞;药壁表皮层宿存,细胞膨大,细胞壁纤维状加厚;药室内壁部分纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分 裂的胞质分裂为同时型;成熟花粉为3-细胞型。子房为2心皮,1室,超侧膜胎座;胚珠25～40列,倒生 胚珠,腹维管束靠近腹缝线。薄珠心,单珠被。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子呈直线式排 列,其中合点端的大孢子具功能。胚囊发育为蓼型。极核在受精前融合为次生核,反足细胞3个,具反 足吸器。胚乳发育为核型。花粉球形,极轴长约32.8μm,赤道轴长约34.2μm,外壁纹饰为网状纹 饰。体细胞染色体数为2n=26,染色体基数为x＝13,核型公式为2n＝26＝18m＋4sm+2st＋2t,属 2A型。比较翼萼蔓属、蔓龙胆属和扁蕾属的外部形态、花部解剖学、胚胎学、花粉形态和染色体特征,表 明翼萼蔓属和扁蕾属可能具较近的亲缘关系,起源于一个较早的共同祖先。在分类等级上,把翼萼蔓属作为一独立属处理较为合适。     

Molecular systematics and biogeography of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequences

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The systematic position of the genus Metagentiana and its phylogenetic relationships with Crawfurdia, Gentiana and Tripterospermum have not been explicitly addressed. These four genera belong to one of two subtribes (Gentianinae) of Gentianeae. The aim of this paper is to examine the systematic position of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum and to clarify their phylogenetic affinities more clearly using ITS and trnL intron sequences. METHODS: Nucleotide sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the plastid DNA trnL (UAA) intron were analysed phylogenetically. Ten of fourteen Metagentiana species were sampled, together with 40 species of other genera in the subtribe Gentianinae. KEY RESULTS: The data support several previously published conclusions relating to the separation of Metagentiana from Gentiana and its closer relationships to Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum based on studies of gross morphology, floral anatomy, chromosomes, palynology, embryology and previous molecular data. The molecular clock hypothesis for the tested sequences in subtribe Gentianinae was not supported by the data (P < 0.05), so the clock-independent non-parametric rate smoothing method was used to estimate divergence time. This indicates that the separation of Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum from Gentiana occurred about 11.4-21.4 Mya (million years ago), and the current species of these three genera diverged at times ranging from 0.4 to 6.2 Mya. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular analyses revealed that Crawfurdia, Metagentiana and Tripterospermum do not merit status as three separate genera, because sampled species of Crawfurdia and Tripterospermum are embedded within Metagentiana. The speciation and rapid radiation of these three genera is likely to have occurred in western China as a result of upthrust of the Himalayas during the late Miocene and the Pleistocene.     

湖北双蝴蝶小孢子发生及雄配子体发育(英文)

首次报道了湖北双蝴蝶小孢子发生和雄配子体发育。主要结果如下:花药四室;药壁发育为双子叶型;绒毡层异型起源,属腺质型绒毡层,药隔处的绒毡层细胞形成类胎座,其余部位的绒毡层细胞仍为一层细胞;花药成熟时,药室内壁纤维状加厚且柱状伸长,表皮细胞减缩退化,纤维状加厚不明显。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式主要为四面体形,少数为十字交叉形;成熟花粉多为2-细胞型,偶见3-细胞型,具三萌发孔。     

红火蚁对8种植物种子的选择性取食及其对种子萌发的影响

在室内研究了红火蚁Solenops isinvicta种群对玉米、绿豆、芥蓝、芝麻、番茄、水稻、藿香蓟及象草等8种植物种子的选择性取食及其对种子萌发的影响,结果表明红火蚁对芝麻种子最为喜好,且刮啃率最高（82．4％）,对芝麻、藿香蓟、象草及芥蓝种子具有较高的搬运率（分别为100．0％、72．0％、44．0％及41．6％）和丢弃率（分别为86．4％、50．4％、79．2％及88．9％）。通过观察回收种子的萌发,结果表明红火蚁对芝麻、藿香蓟和象草种子的破坏最为严重,导致其未能正常萌发的种子分别占总数的64．3％、56．0％及49．7％。因此,通过上述指标可以判断红火蚁入侵后对芝麻、藿香蓟和象草种子存在较大潜在威胁。     

Mustard seeds (Sinapis Alba Linn) attenuate azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis

Abstract

Mustard seeds (MS), which are consumed in considerable amounts by the Japanese people that, interestingly, have the longest life expectancy in the world, are known to contain a number of yet not fully defined but quite powerful anti-oxidants. A suspension of extracted MS was found to suppress oxidized-LDL-induced macrophage respiratory burst in vitro, to prevent growth, and to induce apoptotic death of SW480 cells (a human colon cancer cell line), while no such effects were found for normal 3T3 cells. A diet enriched with MS decreased plasma levels of the lipid peroxidation product malonaldehyde in mice exposed to the colon cancer-inducer azoxymethane (AOM). Such a diet also dose-dependently enhanced the activity of several anti-oxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and GSH-peroxidase and, moreover, reduced AOM-mediated formation of colon adenomas by about 50%. Further studies are required to detail and explore the beneficial effects of MS and their rich content of powerful anti-oxidants.