红树族植物次生木质部附物纹孔的电镜观测

应用扫描电子显微镜详细观察了红树族4属、10种、1变种植物次生木质部管状分子附物纹孔的分布和形态, 应用Carnoy 2.0软件和扫描电镜下采集的照片, 测定了管间梯状附物纹孔丰富度指标和管间梯状纹孔数量特征指标。结果显示, 红树族植物次生木质部管状分子侧壁具附物纹孔。所观察的植物附物纹孔的分布和形态变化大。附物纹孔丰富度指标与管间梯状纹孔数量特征指标的逐步回归分析表明, 导管侧壁附物纹孔丰富度随纹孔口面积百分比的增大而增大。据此推测, 红树族植物附物纹孔丰富度与纹孔几何构造及数量特征有关。附物纹孔是红树族植物稳定存在的一个木材解剖性状。综合生态-系统演化的观点, 红树族植物具附物纹孔可能是受系统演化关系控制的生态适应结果。     

黑龙江桦木科植物导管分子解剖学研究

利用扫描电镜,对黑龙江省桦木科(Betulaceae)植物4属(赤杨属 (Alnus) 桦木属 (Betula) 鹅耳枥属(Carpinus) 榛属 (Corylus))15种4个变种3个变型的导管分子的管腔微形态学进行了比较研究.结果表明:该科植物在导管管腔的长度,管腔宽度上都有较大的差别;纹孔为具缘纹孔;纹孔的排列方式上,除少数种外均为互列式纹孔式;管间纹孔成群分布,且绝大部分呈现出规则的形状;在成群分布的纹孔内或边缘区域,有圆形点状突出物或由大小不同的孔做成的网状突出物,在该科中普遍存在.探讨导管分子管腔的主要特征;分析了导管分子形态进化的生态适应.     

余甘子次生木质部导管分子观察研究

运用细胞图象分析系统及显微照相的方法,对余甘子次生木质部导管分子进行观察研究.结果发现,余甘子次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式,导管分子大多数具尾;其穿孔板存在着两种类型:(1)两端均为1个单穿孔板;(2)一端为1个单穿孔板另一端为2个单穿孔板;(3)极少数的导管分子具有特殊的内含物;(4)管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式;(5)导管射线间纹孔式为混合型纹孔与横列刻痕状纹孔以及梯状穿孔.     

领春木(领春木科)导管穿孔板中纹孔膜残余的观察

对领春木(Euptelea pleiospermum Hook.f．et Thoms．)次生木质导管穿孔板上穿孔中纹孔膜残留的观察表明,纹孔膜的残留非常丰富,类型多样,包括从接近具有完整的纹孔膜到基本完全消失的纹孔膜之间存在着连续的过渡类型。根据观察结果认为,领春木次生木质部中的导管可能代表了一种系统发育过程中的原始或过渡状态,因此领春木科也应该是一个比较原始的木本双子叶类群。     

润楠属植物叶片和枝条水力特征的协同关系

以润楠属(Machilus) 7种植物成年个体为材料,对其进行生理指标测定,并对它们的叶片水分供需关系以及木质部纹孔特征和导水效率之间的关联进行分析。结果显示,润楠属7种植物相比原始被子植物具有更高的叶脉密度(VD),叶脉密度为9.8～14.1 mm/mm~2;气孔密度(SD)与叶脉密度呈显著正相关,说明叶片水分供需存在协同关系;气孔密度与气孔大小(GLC)呈负相关;气孔越大的叶片其膨压丧失点(TLP)的绝对值越低。枝条边材比导率(Ks)较低,为0.13～1.87 kg·m~(-1)·s~(-1)·MPa~(-1),且种间差异较大。叶脉和气孔密度均与边材比导率呈正相关。边材比导率与纹孔膜面积、纹孔口面积以及纹孔口长短轴比例相关性不显著。研究结果表明润楠属植物虽然叶脉密度较高,且木质部水分供应和叶片结构具有协同关系,但木质部解剖结构较为原始,导管多具梯形穿孔板,导水效率低,只能适应比较湿润的生境。     

木通科4属植物导管穿孔板的比较研究

运用扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)对木通科(Lardizabalaceae)4属植物茎的次生木质部导管分子进行观察,结果表明:(1)端壁均具有单穿孔板;(2)串果藤属的导管分子具有丰富的穿孔板类型,包括网状、梯状、单穿孔及过渡类型,穿孔具有网状、丝状、片状的纹孔膜残余;大血藤属和八月瓜属的导管分子具有相似的特征,端壁具有梯状、单穿孔及梯—单混合穿孔板;野木瓜属只具有单穿孔板;(3)侧壁上具有穿孔板,多为梯状或梯—网混合类型(除了野木瓜属);(4)野木瓜属的导管侧壁具有独特的螺旋状加厚。各属导管的不同特征为木通科的系统演化提供比较可靠的依据。     

豆科7种沙生植物次生木质部的生态解剖

对我国西北沙漠地区的７种豆科植物的次生木质部进行了比较研究,除紫穗槐的导管直径相对较大,壁较薄和纤维壁薄之外,其余植物的共同特点是：导管平均直径小,管壁厚,导管分频率及复孔率高,导管分子很短,端壁几乎水平,具单穿孔;管间纹孔为互列的具缘纹孔,并有附物纹孔;韧型纤维短、壁较厚,壁上有较少的单纹孔;射线平均高度很低,具单列及多列射线。然而,它们的导管分布式样、单孔率,以及导管壁上有无螺旋加厚,轴向薄壁     

海桑属红树植物次生木质部解剖特征极其对潮间带生境的适应

通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜详细观察了相似生境条件下生长的海桑属(Sonneratia)植物以及低、高潮位生长的海桑(S. caseolaris)和杯萼海桑(S. alba)次生木质部的形态特征,应用Lasersharp软件测量了其次生木质部的数量特征.结果表明:海桑属植物次生木质部形态特征的特化是与潮间带生境相适应的,能在水分胁迫的生境中,有效地协调水分输导的有效性和安全性.其特化结构主要包括:1)宽、窄导管并存,2)管孔密度较大,复孔率高,3)存在纤维状导管、形状不规则的导管和少量环管管胞,4)螺旋雕纹、附物纹孔、管壁具疣等许多导管壁的微观结构,有利于水分输导的安全性,5)射线细胞和分隔木纤维内的淀粉粒是渗透调节的物质基础,有利于促进水分上升,6)薄的纤维壁厚和宽的纤维腔径有利于水分的贮存,7)具胶质纤维.相似生境条件下生长的海桑属植物次生木质部数量特征的测量结果表明海桑和拟海桑水分输导效率高,但水分输导安全性差,而杯萼海桑水分输导效率低,但其输导安全性高.与高潮位生长的海桑和杯萼海桑相比,低潮位生长的海桑和杯萼海桑次生木质部导管分子更加"小型化"(有更小的导管分子长度、管孔弦向直径、管孔面积),有更高的导管聚合度和管孔密度,数量特征随生境不同的种内变动有利于海桑和杯萼海桑提高水分输导的安全性,但海桑和杯萼海桑输导安全性的获得是以牺牲水分输导的有效性为前提的.与生长在高潮位生境的海桑和杯萼海桑相比,低潮位生境生长的海桑和杯萼海桑的木材结构有更小的管孔面积,更厚的纤维壁,更低的导管比率和射线比率,更高的纤维比率,胶质纤维分布均匀且数量增加,这些特征有利于低潮位生境生长的海桑和杯萼海桑提高木材的韧性和强度,增强抗风浪冲击的能力.     

领春木茎次生木质部中导管穿孔板的变异

领春木Euptelea pleiosperma Hook. f. &; Thoms.隶属领春木科Eupteleaceae。该科为东亚特有的单型科,其系统位置一直颇有争议。本文对中国产领春木茎次生木质部中导管穿孔板的变异进行了观察,以期为它的系统位置提供进一步的解剖学证据。结果表明,领春木茎次生木质部中包括无明显穿孔板的管胞状导管和典型的导管两种类型。在无明显穿孔板的导管中,穿孔中的纹孔膜全部或部分消失,但穿孔无规则排列或聚集,不形成具典型的形态特征的穿孔板;在典型的导管中,穿孔板形态变异较大,包括几个类型:网状穿孔板(含麻黄式穿孔板)、网状和梯状混合型穿孔板、梯状穿孔板、梯状穿孔板向单穿孔板的过渡。在上述导管穿孔板类型中,只有梯状穿孔板的穿孔中可以观察到纹孔膜的残余。在领春木次生木质部中也观察到了端壁多穿孔板及侧壁穿孔板。根据观察结果,我们认为领春木次生木质部导管穿孔板的许多特征说明该科可能处于毛茛目中比较原始的系统位置。     

秋茄次生木质部的生态解剖学研究

为了探讨秋茄(Kandelia obovata Sheue et al.)次生木质部的形态解剖和数量解剖特征变化对不同红树林生境的生态适应意义,采用光学显微镜(LM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和激光共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对深圳福田红树林自然保护区内7个秋茄种群的次生木质部解剖特征进行观测,并对种群样地的土壤盐分含量、pH值和土壤养分含量进行测定。结果显示,(1)7个秋茄种群的次生木质部具有一些共同形态解剖特征:具纤维状导管和环管管胞;许多导管壁的微观结构(如管壁附物、穿孔板附物和螺旋雕纹等)有利于提高水分输导的高效性和安全性,以适应潮间带生境;(2)应用逐步回归分析法对秋茄次生木质部数量解剖特征和土壤理化因子的关系进行分析发现,随着土壤Na+、土壤全盐量增高,秋茄次生木质部导管分子趋向于"大型化"。"大型化"导管有利于水分输导,但降低了安全性。在土壤盐离子含量越高、秋茄导管分子越大其水分输导安全性越低的情况下,推测可能有其它机制保证秋茄导管水分输导的安全性。     

Vestured pits and vestured vessel member walls in some Indian dicotyledonous woods

NAIR, M. N. B. AND MOHAN RAM, H. Y., 1989. Vestured pits and vestured vessel member walls in some Indian dicotyledonous woods. The woods of 144 taxa belonging to 38 families of angiosperms were examined for vestured pits and vestured vessel member walls using scanning electron microscopy. Vestured pits are present in 66 taxa (belonging to ten families) and vestured vessel member walls occur in only six taxa (belonging to three families). In Ehretiaceae and Euphorbiaceae vestures are present only in certain vessel members. In Wrighlia tinctoria , perforation plates containing vestures have been observed in addition to the presence of vestured pits. A classification of vestured pits based on their morphology and distribution is proposed by us. In all the types of vestured pits, vestures are present on the margin of the outer pit aperture or on the pit chamber wall. Occasionally, they are present in the pit canal, on the margin and in the vicinity of the inner pit aperture and rarely over the inner walls of the vessel members. The functions of vestured pits are not clear, although several suggestions are made. Whether or not these structures affect wood processing is not presently understood. It appears that vestured pits and vestured vessel member walls have diagnostic rather than phylogenetic value.     

The Secondary Xylem Anatomy of 6 Desert Plants of Caragana

The structures of secondary xylem of 6 species of Caragana, which grow in desert regions of Northwest of China, are described in details. The main quantitative characters are compared with species. And a key to the identification of wood structures of 6 species is given. The main similarities of secondary xylem of these 6 species are as follows: vessels per mm2 very numerous, percentage of multiple vessels high; vessel elements very short, perforations simple and in almost horizontal end walls; intervessel bordered pits alternate and vestured, and vessels with spiral thickenings. Libriform fibres are very short, and usually with thick end walls, and with simple pits. Rays are heigh to very low, and with multiseriate and uniseriate, and with heterogeneous type Ⅰ and Ⅱ. In addition, there are differences in other characters, e.g. vessel distribution, amount of axial parenchyma and distribution, ray frequency, crystals present or absent, and crystal distribution, if present. These differences can be used as the anatomical characters to identify the wood structures of the 6 species. In this article we also discuss the relation between the structure of xylem elements and the environmental influences.     

Transferzellen im Xylem derValerianaceae

Stems, incl. rhizomes, and roots of 42 species ofValerianaceae were investigated in order to reveal the occurrence, structure and distribution of xylem transfer cells. Within nodes and internodes their frequency, distribution and gradients of development are similar to other families. — Within the secondary xylem of some species transfer cells can develop from cambial derivates, inValeriana tuberosa andPatrinia villosa even from pith cells. Within the turnip ofV. tuberosa transfer cells are very frequent and well developed. Here, after degradation of the cell-wall ingrowths they can be redifferentiated into storage cells which usually contain starch grains (Hüllenstärkekörner). In the transitional zone between stem and root of some predominantly herbaceous taxa transfer cells are often very frequent and form large protuberances before they degrade and lignify. SEM observations inValeriana decussata show that the cell-wall ingrowths are degradated at the beginning of lignification with the exception of brush-like protuberances remaining in the half-bordered pit-pairs. During the subsequent process of lignification the simple pits of a wall adjacent to a vessel can be transformed into corresponding pit-pairs. In this case the residues of the protuberances within the pit chamber can be transformed into incrustations similar to the vestures of bordered pits described byBailey (1933). Structural similarities between the brush-like protuberances in the half-bordered pits of theValeriana transfer cells and the ingrowths found inLauraceae (Castro 1982, 1985) are evident. Supposedly, all the cambial derivatives inValerianaceae can develop protuberances at least within their pits. Thus, it appears possible to interpret the vestures of the bordered pits as rudimentary protuberances, and to suggest that they have a specific function in the selective transport of solutes.

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Transferzellen im Xylem derValerianaceae

     

Wood anatomy of Elaeagnaceae, with comments on vestured pits, helical thickenings, and systematic relationships

The secondary xylem of Elaeagnus, Hippophae, and Shepherdia is described and illustrated in detail. Shrubs and small trees of Elaeagnaceae have ring-porous or semi-ring-porous wood with simple perforation plates, vascular tracheids, fiber-tracheids, diffuse or rarely paratracheal axial parenchyma, and uni- or biseriate rays in Hippophae and Shepherdia, but wider rays in Elaeagnus. Walls of vessel elements, especially narrow ones, tracheids, or fiber-tracheids sometimes show helical thickenings; in a few instances these intergrade with small bud-like protrusions associated with pits. Scanning electron microscopy illustrates that small to vestigial vestures are present in all species studied, although nonvestured pits are also common. The analogous nature of vestures and helical thickenings is considered. Comparative wood anatomy suggests a rather isolated position of the family Elaeagnaceae; affinities with Rhamnaceae, Proteaceae, and Thymelaeaceae are discussed.     

The Ecological Secondary Xylem Anatomy of 7 Desert Species of Leguminosae

The wood anatomy of 7 species (Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, Amorpha fruticosa, Halimodendron halodendron, Hedysarum mongolicum. Hedysarum scoparium, Lespedeza bicolor and Robinia pseudoacacia)of Leguminosae, which grow in desert regions of Northern China, is described in details. A comparative study on the quantitative wood anatomical characters among the species is made. Except some anatomical characters in A. fruticosa were larger in vessel diameter, thin walled in vessels and libriform fibres, all the rest six species showed a general similarities:vessel frequency/sq, mm very numerous and percentage of multiple vessels high; vessel elements very short, perforations simple and in almost horizontal end walls, intervessel bordered pits alternate and vestured; libriform fibres very short, and usually with thickened walls, and with simple pits; average ray height very low, and with multiseriate as well as uniseriate. However, there are differences in other characters, e. g. vessel distribution, percentage of solitary vessels; spiral thickenings present or absent; amount of axial parenchyma and distribution; ray frequency and type; crystals present or absent, and crystal distribution, if present. According to these anatomical diversities, a key to the identification of the 7 species is given. In this article, the relation between the structure of wood and the environmental influences has been discussed.     

TRACHEID BAR AND VESTURED PITS IN LEGUME SEEDS (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEAE)

The tracheid bar, a strip composed of vertically oriented large tracheid-like cells (tracheoids), occurs only in the hilum of seeds of papilionoid legumes. An anatomical survey of the bar was made from seeds representing 232 species of 97 genera from 29 of the 31 tribes recognized by Polhill. Seeds were sectioned freehand, coated, then viewed by SEM. The tracheid bar is quite uniform in its general features throughout the subfamily, although differences in size and shape of both the bar and the tracheoids were found. Eight species from tribes considered to be among the primitive elements of the subfamily exhibited three variant forms: horizontal tracheary elements instead of the usual bar (2 species), tracheid bar with subtending but separate vascular bundle (1 species), and the tracheid bar with fused horizontal tracheary elements (5 species). Bordered pits of individual cells in the tracheid bar virtually always lacked a membrane and had smooth, warty, or variously elaborate vestures on the border. This appears to be the first report of vestured pits other than in secondary xylem. With some exceptions, bordered pits tended to be vestured in primitive tribes, warty in intermediate tribes, and smooth or only slightly warty in the most advanced tribes.     

Wood anatomy of Gentianaceae, tribe Helieae, in relation to ecology, habit, systematics, and sample diameter

Twenty collections representing one species each ofSymbolanthus andTachia, and 17 species ofMacrocarpaea were studied by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wood details show that the three genera form a coherent group;Tachia differs from the others in only a few minor characters. Because the species studied form a natural group, wood variations within Helieae offer the basis for correlations and interpretations with respect to habit and ecology. Diameter of stems studied proves to be an important variable that must be taken into account. Correlations with stem diameter include wider vessels in outer wood of wider samples. This would correspond to deeper penetration of reliable water tables by roots of helioid trees or large shrubs. Ray height decreases with increase in stem diameter, an indication of paedomorphosis. Rays of all species are paedomorphic in histology by virtue of relative paucity or even absence of procumbent cells in multiseriate rays. Pseusoscalariform lateral wall pitting of vessels is also a feature characteristic of paedomorphosis. The assemblage of paedomorphic features correlates well with the conclusion, reached by authors who used cladistic methods, that Gentianaceae other than Gentianeae are derived from suffrutescent prennials. The Mesomorphy Ratio, which incorporates three vessel features, correlates with leaf length and with stem diameter. All Helieae are mesophytic, but to various degrees. Septate fiber-tracheids, where present, are typically near vessels and form a substitute for or an addendum to vasicentric axial parenchyma as a mechanism for photosynthate storage. Vestured pits occur on lateral wall pits of vessels of all Helieae, but not on the fibertracheids. Vestured pits show diversity withinMacrocarpaea, a feature of possible systematic significance.     

A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of microfilaments

The cortical microfilament (MF) component of the cytoskeleton within axial elements of the secondary vascular system of the angiosperm tree, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) was studied using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of actin in thick sections. As seen by electron microscopy, MF bundles have a net axial orientation within fusiform cambial cells and their secondary vascular derivatives (i.e. in the axial xylem and phloem parenchyma, xylem fibres, vessel and sieve elements, and companion cells). Immunofluorescence studies, however, reveal that this axial orientation can be more accurately described as a helix of extremely high pitch; it is a persistent feature of all axial secondary vascular elements during their development. Helical MF arrays are the only arrangement seen in secondary phloem cells. However, in addition to helices, other MF arrays are seen in secondary xylem cells. For example, fibres possess ellipses of MFs associated with simple-pit formation, and vessel elements possess circular arrays of MFs that associate with the developing inter-vessel bordered pits, ray–vessel contact pits, and with the perforation plate. Linear MF arrays are seen co-oriented with the developing tertiary wall-thickenings in vessel elements. The possible roles of MFs during the cytodifferentiation of secondary vascular cells is discussed, and compared with that of microtubules. Received: 7 June 1999 / Accepted: 23 December 1999