不同黑莓品种的抗冻性分析

采用电导法测定了7个黑莓（Rubusspp．）品种及1个树莓品种（对照）经冷冻处理后电解质渗出率的变化,并用二项式和Logisties方程对测定数据进行了拟合。结果表明,经0℃至～35℃的冷冻处理后,7个黑莓品种枝条的电解质渗出率大多高于对照;黑莓品种‘Young’枝条的电解质渗出率相对较小。二项式的拟合度高于Logistics．方程,二项式拟合结果表明,供试黑莓品种的抗冻性均低于树莓品种‘Reveille’,其中黑莓品种‘Young’的抗冻性较强,LT50为-31．0℃;黑莓品种‘Brazos’和‘Arapaho’的LT50分别为-19．4℃和-19．9℃,抗冻性较弱。     

世界黑莓产业发展和研究现状及前景

在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,结合作者的研究成果,对国内外黑莓(Rubus spp.)产业发展及研究现状进行了综述,并分析了存在的问题,阐述了中国黑莓产业的发展优势和产业化前景.目前黑莓在全世界的种植面积约为20 035 hm2,年产量1.5×105 ～2.0×105 t,栽培区域遍及各大洲,其中塞尔维亚的黑莓种植面积位居世界第一,美国的黑莓年产量居世界第一,亚洲仅中国种植黑莓;近几年来,罗马尼亚、波兰、墨西哥、智利、匈牙利、中国以及美国的黑莓种植面积增长较快;因黑莓极不易贮存,绝大多数鲜果用于加工.国外以常规育种技术为主、分子技术为辅培育出许多黑莓品种,栽培技术已经非常成熟,成功实现了机械化采收,并逐步推广黑莓的有机生产体系和大棚栽培技术.国外黑莓生产中面临的主要问题是经济、冻害和病虫害等.黑莓于1986年引入中国,从1994年开始推广,至2010年种植面积约4 500 hm2,主要集中在江苏省的溧水县、赣榆县和溧阳市,90％以上鲜果加工成速冻果出口.在国外引种和国内野生种质资源收集的基础上,中国的研究者开展了黑莓的选种和育种研究,并培育和筛选出适宜于本地种植的黑莓优良品种;黑莓的栽培、加工技术研究也取得了显著的成果,并研制出一些加工产品.当前中国黑莓产业主要面临主栽品种单一、农药残留量超标、栽培条件差等方面的问题,制约了黑莓产业的发展.由于黑莓适于低山丘陵栽培,具有结果早、见效快、营养价值高等优势,在中国具有广阔的发展前景.     

Redberry mite, Acalitus essigi (Hassan) (Acari: Eriophyidae), an additional biological control agent for Rubus species (blackberry) (Rosaceae) in Australia

Abstract  Acalitus essigi , the eriophyoid mite that causes red berry disease in Rubus species (Rosaceae), was collected from the fruits of three species of weedy blackberry, R. anglocandicans , R. laudatus and R. ulmifolius , in south-west Australia. This is the first record for this species in Western Australia and these plants appear to be new host records for A. essigi , which causes uneven ripening of fruit. Information on the mite is reviewed in the context of determining its potential as a biological control agent for Rubus species, especially those that are not susceptible to Phragmidium violaceum (Uredinales), the rust fungus being released against species of European blackberry in Australia. Published records also show that A. essigi will attack a wide range of Rubus species including species of North American origin that currently escape biological control in Australia. It may also be useful for preventing the spread of commercial varieties of Rubus (e.g. raspberry and loganberry) that have escaped to become weedy. However, the mite may have limited dispersal ability and thus require redistribution.     

黑莓果实色素的稳定性分析

研究了光照、温度、pH值、氧化剂（H2O2）和还原剂（Na2SO3）对黑莓（Rubus spp．）果实色素水溶液稳定性的影响。结果表明,黑莓果实色素为水溶性花色苷类化合物,对光和热有较好的耐受性,对pH、H2O2和Na2SO3较敏感,且耐还原性略强于耐氧化性。在小于pH4．0、温度低于50℃及避光条件下黑莓果实色素的稳定性较好,可作为食品色素添加剂使用。     

Cellulase and polygalacturonase involvement in the abscission of leaf and fruit explants of peach

Ethylene-induced abscission in leaf and fruit explants of peach involves different enzymes. In leaves abscission is accompanied by increased occurrence of cellulase forms differing in isoelectric point (pI 6.5 and 9.5). A polypeptide with a molecular mass of 51 kDa gives in a western blot a strong cross-reaction with an antibody raised against a maturation cellulase from avocado fruit. Cellulase activity is also found in abscising fruit explants but the amount is very low compared to that of the leaf explants. A northern analysis with a cellulase clone from avocado reveals the presence of two hybridizing mRNAs with a size of 2.2 kb and 1.8 kb, respectively. The steady-state level of the 2.2 kb mRNA is significantly increased by treatment with ethylene.Polygalacturonases are not detected in abscising leaves, but are strongly induced by ethylene in fruit explants. Of the three forms found, two are exopolygalacturonases while the third is an endoenzyme. Ethylene activates preferentially the endoenzyme and the basic exoenzyme but depresses the acid exopolygalacturonases. A northern analysis carried out with a cDNA coding for tomato endopolygalacturonase shows hybridization only with one endopolygalacturonase mRNA from in the fruit abscission zone. Treatment with ethylene causes an increase in the steady-state level of this mRNA. The differences in the enzyme patterns observed in fruit and leaf abscission zones and a differential enzyme induction suggest the feasibility to regulate fruit abscission in peach with the aid of antisense RNA genes.     

Genetic relationships among wild and cultivated blackberries (Rubus caucasicus L.) based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers

Abstract

Rubus is a large genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae. The blackberries, as well as various other Rubus species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. Little information is available on the genetic diversity of wild-grown blackberries. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relationships among nine promising (high-yield capacity, free of pest and diseases, better fruit traits) wild blackberry (Rubus caucasicus L.) selections and the well-known cultivar, “Chester” by using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Genotypes were evaluated with three selective primer-enzyme combinations, producing a total of 223 AFLP fragments with 53% polymorphism ratio. Clustering of genotypes using unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average cluster analysis clearly separated groups of wild blackberry genotypes while the variety “Chester” was clustered independently. Wild selections represented a distinct germplasm source on the basis of the estimated genetic distance among them. Genetic diversity data from this study will be helpful in using and exploiting the wild genetic material for breeding purposes as well as for further research.     

Peg-mediated fusion of Rubus idaeus (raspberry) and R. fruticosus (blackberry) protoplasts,selection and characterisation of callus lines

ABSTRACT

Cell suspension-derived protoplasts of two cultivated Rubus species, Rubus idaeus-raspberry (subgenus Idaeobatus 2n=2x=14) and R. fruticosus-blackberry (a complex species aggregate within the subgenus Eubatus, 2n=4x=28) were fused using different polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion treatments. Duration of PEG treatment and choice of culture media influenced the rate of cell divisions and plating efficiency. Colony formation was initiated on solid media for the production of several callus lines. Cytological analyses were performed on selected callus lines with hexaploid chromosome number. Two hexaploid fusion callus lines, selected for their homogeneity in growth and ploidy level, were examined by molecular cytogenetic techniques of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH). GISH revealed the presence of the heterokaryon within the fusion callus lines. FISH probed with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) showed variable numbers and sizes of loci. Aberrant distribution and condensation of rDNA were common in interphase cells. FISH results suggest that large karyotype rearrangements occurred, including variation in chromosome number and rDNA loci translocations. Attempts to regenerate plants from the hexaploid callus lines following several applications of plant growth regulator combinations were unsuccessful. This may be attributed to the genomic reorganisation and instability of these long-term fusion callus cultures.     

Infectibility and sensitivity of UK raspberry, blackberry and hybrid berry cultivars to Rubus viruses

Six blackberry or hybrid berry cultivars and 19 raspberry cultivars were assessed for their infectibility with, and sensitivity to, graft inoculation with 10 distinct viruses found infecting Rubus in the UK. Cultivars were grafted with each of, two isolates of the pollen borne raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), five aphid borne viruses: black raspberry necrosis, raspberry leaf mottle (RLMV), raspberry leaf spot (RLSV), rubus yellow net and raspberry vein chlorosis (RVCV); and isolates of the nematode transmitted nepoviruses, arabis mosaic, raspberry ringspot, strawberry latent ringspot and tomato black ring. All tested cultivars were infectible with a resistance breaking isolate of RBDV but only about half of that number with the Scottish type isolate of the virus. The raspberry cvs Autumn Bliss, and occasionally Glen Garry and Glen Prosen, developed leaf yellowing symptoms following infection with RBDV, but none of the other infected cultivars showed obvious leaf symptoms when kept in a heated glasshouse during the growing season. All tested cultivars were infectible with each of the four viruses transmitted in nature by the aphid, Amphorophora idaei. Most were infected symptomlessly, but seven cultivars developed severe leaf spotting symptoms due to infection with RLMV or RLSV. All but one of the raspberry cultivars were infectible with RVCV, which is transmitted in nature by the aphid Aphis idaei, and almost all infected plants developed leaf symptoms; only one of the hybrid berry or blackberry cultivars tested was infected with RVCV. In tests with the four nepoviruses, all tested cultivars, except Tummelberry, were infectible with at least one or more of these viruses. However, cultivars responded differently to challenge inoculation with different isolates of individual nepoviruses. Several cultivars developed chlorotic leaf mottling following infection with some nepovirus isolates. The implications of these results for virus control are discussed in the light of the changing pattern of virus and virus vector incidence in the UK.     

蓬蘽果实与叶片氨基酸成分分析

通过对蓬蘽氨基酸成分分析,蓬蘽果实与叶片均含有17种氨基酸,其中7种为人体必需氨基酸。其果实不同类型氨基酸之间的配比及含量达到或接近FAO/WHO提出的理想蛋白质模式谱标准[1]。谷氨酸含量最高,蛋氨酸含量最低,其中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸居前三位。蓬蘽叶片氨基酸总含量显著高于鲜果,谷氨酸含量最高,丙氨酸含量最低,谷氨酸、赖氨酸、苏氨酸居前三位,均衡度稍逊于果实。作为对照,测定了草莓果叶、茶叶的相关数据。     

Translatable mRNA changes in ethylene induced abscission zones of Phaseolus vulgaris (Red Kidney)

Abstract The wheat germ translation system was programmed with soluble RNA extracted from foliar abscission zones of Phaseolus vulgaris, These extracts were taken at various times after the induction of abscission. A translation product with a molecular weight of 42 kilodalton (kD) was only present after this treatment, though three other species 32, 27 and 17 kD increased substantially. The isozyme of cellulase with a pi of 9.5 could not be conclusively identified amongst the products though the 32 kD protein is probably chitinase. Comparison of the abscission zone translatable RNA with that from adjacent petiole and stem tissues showed the 17 kD protein developed in all these location. The 42, 32 and 27 kD bands were found predominantly in the zone and petiole.     

Effect of ethylene on flower abscission: a survey

The effect of ethylene on flower abscission was investigated in monocotyledons and eudicotyledons, in about 300 species from 50 families. In all species studied except Cymbidium, flower abscission was highly sensitive to ethylene. Flower fall was not consistent among the species in any family studied. It also showed no relationship with petal senescence or abscission, nor with petal colour changes or flower closure. Results suggest that flower abscission is generally mediated by endogenous ethylene, but that some exceptional ethylene-insensitive abscission occurs in the Orchidaceae.     

不同品种黑莓的花期生物学特征及花粉活力观察

对黑莓(Rubusspp.)9个品种的开花物候期、花器官性状及花粉生活力进行了观察,并对其花粉的贮藏条件进行了初步研究。结果表明,黑莓开花期为4月中旬至6月初,花期长19~35 d;每株有花穗50.67~127.33个,花穗长8.30~14.95 cm,每穗有花4.95~7.63朵;花色为白色、粉红色和红色,花冠直径3.07~5.28 cm。黑莓不同品种的花期、花穗数量与大小、花色和花冠大小等均存在显著差异。不同黑莓品种的花粉萌发率可达50.29%~85.16%;随贮藏时间的延长,花粉萌发率逐渐下降;在0℃~4℃、相对湿度10%~20%条件下密封贮存,有利于保持花粉的生活力。     

黑莓杂交后代单株主要生长及结果性状的变异分析

对黑莓(Rubus spp.)6个品种9个杂交组合(‘Chester’בKiowa’、‘Kiowa’בNavaho’、‘Triple Crown’בKiowa’、‘Kiowa’בHull’、‘Triple Crown’בChester’、‘Arapaho’בHull’、‘Navaho’בKiowa’、‘Hull’בKiowa’和‘Kiowa’בKiowa’)的131株后代实生苗的主要生长性状(包括刺密度、叶绿素相对含量、分枝数量、主枝和侧枝的直径以及自然株高)和结实性状(包括结果株数、单株果穗数量、每穗果实数量和单株果实数量)进行了观测,并对这些性状的变异状况进行了比较分析.结果表明:在获得的131株杂交后代单株中,有92株具刺植株和121株结果植株,具刺和结果植株的数量分别占后代总株数的70.23％和92.37％.131株杂交后代刺密度、分枝数量、主枝直径、侧枝直径和自然株高的平均值分别为1.51 cm-1、15.43、1.31 cm、0.74 cm和61.07 cm,变异系数分别为78.81％、52.69％、25.19％、20.27％和38.91％;121株杂交后代结果单株的果穗数量、每穗果实数量和单株果实数量的平均值分别为27.05、4.92和145.98,变异系数分别为67.63％、50.83％和91.20％;在不同杂交组合间后代单株的这些指标变异均较大,且与亲本相比,杂交后代的枝蔓生长量和结果数量退化明显且分离严重.杂交后代叶片叶绿素相对含量(Spad)的平均值为45.36,变异系数仅为1.46％,变异幅度较小且与亲本的差异不明显,说明黑莓叶片叶绿素含量性状的遗传力较高且分离小.在无刺品种‘Triple Crown’与具刺品种‘Kiowa’杂交组合的40株杂交后代单株中具刺单株比例达到90％,且其他具刺亲本杂交组合的后代也多数具刺,表明黑莓的刺性状为显性遗传且具有数量遗传特征.     

Identification of chitinase mRNA in abscission zones from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Red Kidney) during ethylene-induced abscission

Abstract. Total RNA was extracted from bean leaf abscission zones at different times after the induction of abscission by ethylene. The RNA was translated in the wheat germ system and the products analysed by SDS-PAGE. Products of molecular weight (raw) 42, 32 and 17 kD were seen to accumulate substantially during the induction. An attempt was made to establish that the mRNA species which produced the 32 kD product, which was coded for the ethylene-regulated enzyme chitinase. Mature chitinase (30 kD) was purifed from ethylene-treated abscission zones and used to raise monospecific antibodies in rabbits. These antibodies recognized the 32 kD product and mature chitinase. The 2 kD difference in molecular weight was due to the presence of the signal sequence which could be removed by microsomal membranes. Chitinase was also detected by enzymatic assay and immunoblotting of crude homogenates from ethylene-treated abscission zones. Chitinase appears to be ubiquitous in bean plants and probably does not have a direct role in abscission.     

黑莓对水分、盐分和低温逆境的适应性

在南京盆栽条件下,黑莓（Rubus L.spp.)“Hull”品种1年生扦插苗在土壤相对含水量为70%以上时,地上部分和地下部分均生长良好,正常开花结实;土壤相对含水量下降到50%-60%时,地上部分生长明显减弱,地下部分生长受到一定影响,但植株都能存活;土壤相对含水量下降到45%-50%时,地上部分及地下部分均生长不良,部分植株死亡;土壤相对含水量降到30%-35%时,植株无法生存。黑莓“Hull”品种扦插苗是对盐（NaCl)敏感的植物,中度（0.2%)以上盐浓度对生长有明显的抑制作用,相对于地上部分和根系,根颈部所受的影响较小,表现为地上部无新的枝条萌出,无叶片产生;地下部无新根产生;根颈部萌芽数量减少,长度变小,随着盐浓度的增加,生长减慢甚至死亡。轻度（0.1%)盐处理未见有抑制作用。黑莓不同品种的枝条抗冻性不同,所测定的3个品种中,“HuLL”抗冻性最差,LT50为-25.5℃,“Chester”与“Navoho”的抗冻性相近,LT50均为-29℃。     

Interaction of endodormancy and paradormancy in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Bud break in protected Northern European raspberry crops is often poor and uneven with many of the sub-apical buds remaining in a dormant state. In order to improve bud break and therefore yields, the mechanism controlling bud dormancy must be determined. Canes of the biennial cultivar ‘Glen Moy’ were forced as isolated single nodes, trisections, or as intact canes after different lengths of cold storage chill unit (CU) accumulation in order to determine whether the buds were in an endodormant or paradormant state. The results showed that buds on the lower parts of the intact canes remained in a dormant state long after buds from higher up the intact cane and also the single nodes from all parts of the cane had emerged from the deepest phase of endodormancy. This would imply that these buds were being held in a paradormant state until large amounts of chilling units (>1000 CU) had been accumulated. The trisected cane portions revealed almost no significant differences in bud break levels throughout the experiment when compared with the single nodes. This suggests that removal of the apical part of the cane would be effective in improving bud break by reducing the paradormant condition. A period of secondary dormancy was also observed in the intact canes which may also exacerbate the poor bud break observed in protected crops. This was not seen in the single nodes or the trisected canes which indicates that treatments which reduce paradormancy may also minimise the risk of secondary dormancy. By identifying the phase of bud dormancy which causes poor bud break, attention can now be focused on methods which overcome paradormancy in protected crops. Such methods might include tipping (removal of the cane apex), horizontal training methods, more efficient chilling methods, and chemical treatments.     

Ethylene-promoted tomato flower abscission and the possible involvement of an inhibitor

The abscission zone in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill. flower pedicels is morphologically distinguishable prior to separation and is delineated by an indentation of the epidermis. Exposure of excised pedicels with the flower attached to ethylene results in abscission within 12 h and this can be accelerated by flower removal. Abscission of excised pedicels with the flower removed takes place in the absence of exogenous ethylene but this is delayed by pretreatment with aminoethoxyvinyl glycine, an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. The data presented support the hypothesis that flower tissue is the source of an abscission inhibitor.Abbreviations AVG aminoethoxyvinyl glycine - IAA indole-3-acetic acid     

盾叶莓的生物学性状及开发前景

盾叶莓为蔷薇科悬钩子属的多年生落叶灌木,主要分布区在我国苏、浙、皖等省,生长于海拔700 m以上到1 350 m的山区。其地上枝条为两年生,当年生枝条可生长到1～2 m高,秋季落叶经冬季休眠后,次年的5～7月份开花结果后迅速枯死。其果实大,且营养价值高,繁殖容易,是一种具有开发利用价值的野生水果资源。