Evaluation of different models to describe egg and pupal development of Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh, （Coleoptera： Scolytidae）, the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka

Development data of eggs and pupae ofXyleborusfornicatus Eichh. （Coleoptera： Scolytidae）, the shot-hole borer of tea in Sri Lanka, at constant temperatures were used to evaluate a linear and seven nonlinear models for insect development. Model evaluation was based on fit to data （residual sum of squares and coefficient of determination or coefficient of nonlinear regression）, number of measurable parameters, the biological value of the fitted coefficients and accuracy in the estimation of thresholds. Of the nonlinear models, the Lactin model fitted experimental data well and along with the linear model, can be used to describe the temperature-dependent development of this species.     

Circadian rhythms of feeding, oviposition, and emergence of the boll weevil （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

Circadian rhythm of feeding, oviposition, and emergence of boll weevil adults were determined at five different photophases （24, 14, 12, 10, and 0 hours） and a constant 27℃ temperature, 65% RH in the laboratory. Squares from Petri dishes, where they were exposed to boll weevil females, were removed and examined for feeding and oviposition punctures every 4 hours during daylight （0700-1900 h） and every 12 h at night （1900-0700 h） over eight consecutive days. Cohorts of randomly selected egg-punctured squares were sampled from ovipositing females at 0700, 1100, 1500, and 1900 during 24 hours and under different photophase treatments, and maintained in Petri dishes at 27 ＋ I℃, 65% RH. Dishes were observed twice daily （1900 and 0700 h） for adults emerging at day or night. Circadian rhythm of oviposition was not affected by the length of the photophase. The boll weevil has round-the-clock circadian rhythm of oviposition, with a daytime preference. We observed that 82.4%-86.0% of the boll weevil eggs were deposited between 0700 and 1900 h, and 14.0%-17.6% between 1900 and 0700 h during a 24-h period. Feeding of boll weevil females in photoperiods 24：0 h （complete light） and 0：24 h （complete darkness） did not significantly change between 0700-1900 h versus 1900-0700 h, while the d .ally cycle of light and darkness in other photoperiods significantly increased the feeding punctures from 0700-1900 compared with 1900-0700 h. The circadian rhythm of emergence depended significantly on the time of oviposition and the length of the photophase. Investigation of boll weevil circadian rhythm provides a better understanding of boll weevil ecology and reveals potential weak links for improving control technologies targeting their reproductive strategies.     

Host plant mediation of diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringiBaly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin （Brassica chinesis var communis） than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin （Brassica chinesis var communis）, radish （Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus） and stem mustard （Brassicajuncea vat tumida） at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures ≤20℃ or photoperiods of 16：8 （L： D） h combined with 25℃, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods.     

Incidence and management of white grub, Schizonycha ruficollis on seedlings of teak （Tectona grandis Linn, f,）

In investigation was conducted annually from 2002 to 2005 between the second week of May and the end of September on the incidence of scarab beetle, Schizonycha ruficollis （Fabricius） in a teak （Tectona grandis L.f.） nursery at Ramdongari, Nagpur, India. The immature stages, that is white grubs of the scarab beetle damaged 14%-52% of teak seedlings in the nursery beds, whereas the adult of the species, that is scarab beetles, were recorded on three new host trees （ Ziziphus xylopyra, Acacia catechu and A. leucophloea） in addition to the reported hosts such as ziziphus （Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana）. Beetles of the S. ruficollis started emerging from the nursery beds just after the pre-monsoon showers and continued for 10-18 days. While beetle of S. ruficollis defoliated tree hosts available in the surroundings, the immature stages of the beetle caused major damage by feeding on root systerfls of teak seedlings with symptoms of wilting and mortality in forest nursery beds. The result of chemical and biological treatments for the management of grubs of S. ruficollis in nursery beds indicated phorate 10% granular at the rate of 20 g/m^2 and chlorpyriphos 20% emulsifiable concentrate at the rate of 5.0 mL/m^2 to be effective. Grubs of S. ruficollis have not been recorded previously as a major pest of teak （T. grandis）. This is also the first report on occurrence of S. ruficollis adults on tree hosts such as Z. xylopyra, A. catechu and A. leucophloea. White grubs being pests of economic importance and the toughest insects to manage, information given in this paper on incidence, pest status and management of Schizonycha ruficollis is of importance to researchers and forest nursery managers.     

Population dynamics of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis （Diptera： Tephritidae） in the Kunming area,southwestern China

Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel （Diptera： Tephritidae） were studied through pheromone trapping over 4 years （1997, 1999, 2000, 2003） in the Kunming region, a high plateau area in southwestern China. B. dorsalis immigrates from southern Yunnan to Kunming each year, and occurs during early May through November. Annual trap captures recorded an increase in the B. dorsalis populations from May to July, when they peaked in abundance, and a decline until November. No flies were detected from November to April. The fruit flies had two generations. There was considerable overlapping due to the continuous arrival of immigrating flies during the summer months. Annual capture rates were significantly related to numbers of flies caught in July when peak captures were recorded; whereas the peak captures, in turn, positively depended on numbers of flies recorded in May, the first month of fly appearance in the current year. It suggested that the annual population abundance was mainly dependent on the size of the initial emigrating population. A daily average temperature of 18℃ was probably the threshold temperature required for the flies to undertake long-range dispersal, which partially explained the start of the fly in May each year on this high plateau. Under field conditions, the fruit flies can withstand 13℃ as a daily average temperature. No flies were recorded in any of the study years at a daily temperature colder than 10 ℃.     

Effect of Seasonality on Distribution of Macroalgae in a Stream System （Xin＇an Spring）in Shanxi Province, North China

A survey of the seasonal distribution of macroalgae in a stream system in Shanxi Province, north China, was undertaken from July 2004 to April 2005. The relative abundance and percentage cover of macroalgae, and several environmental factors were monitored along a 20-m stretch at each of four sites, at intervals of approximately three months （one sampling per season）. Several stream conditions were relatively constant over the sampling period （pH, maximum width and maximum depth）, whereas others exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern （water temperature and specific conductance）, and some fluctuated with no discernable seasonal pattern （current velocity and dissolved oxygen）. Forty-two species of macroalgae were found, with a predominance of Chlorophyta （26 species, 61.9%）. Rhodophyts and Charophyta represented the smallest proportion （1 species each, 2.38%）. Six macroalgae species were the most widespread, occurring in all four sampling sites. Twelve species were found at only one site each. In terms of seasonality, eight species occurred throughout the year, whereas 16 species were found in only one season each. The macroalgal community at Xin＇an Spring was species rich relative to other streams. Species richness per sampling site was negatively correlated with pH. Principal component analysis revealed that no single variable had much influence on the macroalgal seasonal dynamics. We calculated Sorensen similarity indices to compare our study with other continent-wide surveys of stream macroalgae, but the similarity indices were all very low. This study also shows that macroalgae in different locations have significant reproductive isolation.     

Climate sensitivity of conifer growth doesn’t reveal distinct low–high dipole along the elevation gradient in the Wolong National Natural Reserve,SW China

Recent climate warming is usually hypothesized to cause tree growth decline in the semi-arid regions where forests are particularly vulnerable to warming induced increases of water deficit. But there is still a large knowledge gap of climate warming effects on tree growth of cold temperate forest in the sub-humid region. Here we assess how climate warming has affected tree growth in the Wolong National Natural Reserve, Southwestern China, where recent warming might not cause tree growth decline because of the cold-humid climatic conditions. Tree-ring data from four co-dominant coniferous species (Larix potaninii var. macrocarpa, Tsuga chinensis, Abies faxoniana and Juniperus saltuaria) along an elevation gradient (from 2700 m to 3700 m) all imprinted temperature signals, and were both positively and significantly correlated with instrumental record of temperature data during the analyzed period of 1954–2010. Furthermore, the rising temperature since 1980 induced pervasive tree growth increases and stronger temperature signals for the coniferous species along the elevation gradient. The tree-ring chronology recorded a strong coherence with instrumental temperature since 1980 and was successful to keep up with the pace of climate warming rate. If climate warming continues, further increases in forest growth could be expected, and the terrestrial carbon sink will be strengthened for the local forest ecosystem in the future.     

Genetic Diversity： Geographical Distribution and Toxin Profiles of Microcystis Strains （Cyanobacteria） in China

Twenty strains of Microcystis Kütz were isolated from different freshwater bodies in China to analyze the diversity, geographical distribution and toxin profiles. Based on whole-cell polymerase chain reaction of cpcBA-IGS nucleotlde sequence, the derived neighbor-joining （NJ） and maximum parsimony （MP） trees Indicate that these strains of Microcystis can be divided into four clusters. The strains from south, middle and north region of China formed distinct lineages, suggesting high diversity and a geographical distribution from south to north locations. Moreover, the results being indicating high variable genotypes of the strains of the Microcystis strains from the same lake show that there Is high diversity of Microcystis within a water bloom population. Comparing the results of the present study with those reported for compared with 43 strains of Microcystis from other locations, also reveals Chinese strains have high similarity with those from regions in the North Hemispherical. This suggests that the Microcystis strains In the world might have a geographical distribution. Analysis of 30 strains using the primers MCF/TER and TOX2P/TOX2M showed that there was no correlation between the gene of cpcBA-IGS and the presence of racy. Toxic strains were founded to be predominant in different water bodies throughout China.     

Effect of Verticillium lecanfi on biological characteristics and life table of Serangium japonicum （Coleoptera： Coccinellidae）, a predator of whiteflies under laboratory conditions

Effects of entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on biological characteristics and life table of Serangiumjaponicum, a predator of whiteflies against five different conidial concentrations （1 × 10^4, 1 × 10^5, 1 × 10^6, 1 × 10^7, and 1 × 10^8 conidia/mL） were studied under laboratory conditions. The developmental periods for all immature stages （from eggs, 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th instar nymph and pupae up to emergence） among the treatments were significantly different when compared to that of control, and the longest development period was observed as treated with 1 × 10^8 spore/mL. However, no significant difference on the percent survival of all immature stages was observed among the treatments and control. Also, there were no significantly different effects of V. lecanii on mean generation time, intrinsic rate, the finite rate of increase and longevity of S. japonicum among the treatments and control.     

苜蓿-荒漠草地交错带步甲昆虫多样性

选取宁夏东部盐池县苜蓿-荒漠草地交错带为研究样地,以距离梯度形式,利用巴氏诱罐法对步甲科昆虫群落多样性进行了调查,共采集步甲昆虫1944头,分属11属22种。结果表明,直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri个体数量占总个体数的67.90%,为该地区的优势种类。物种多样性和均匀度沿苜蓿草地、边缘到荒漠草地依次升高,步甲个体数量沿苜蓿草地、边缘到荒漠草地则依次降低,且显著差异。主成分PCo A排序表明边缘与苜蓿草地和荒漠草地都有部分相似,苜蓿草地内部和荒漠草地间的步甲群落组成差异较大,反映了苜蓿草地内部与荒漠草地内部的群落组成开始明显分化。从季节动态看,苜蓿草地和边缘物种多样性、均匀度季节变化相似,荒漠草地和苜蓿草地的优势度季节变化相似,3种生境步甲物种丰富度、活动密度季节变化相似。边缘效应强度分析呈现边缘正效应。多元回归分析说明植被密度是影响步甲的Shannon-Wiener多样性和优势度,植被密度和植被盖度是影响整个群落步甲和优势种直角通缘步甲活动密度的决定因素。     

天然阔叶混交林-人工红松幼龄林交错区地表甲虫多样性

为明确天然林及其毗邻退耕还林地的地表甲虫群落结构及多样性特征,验证交错区边缘效应是否存在及其强弱,确定人工林在保护生物多样性方面的作用,为森林近自然经营提供指导。在2017—2018年的4—9月,以天然阔叶混交林(简称“阔叶混交林”)及其毗邻人工红松幼龄林(简称“红松人工林”)交界处为中心,向两侧延伸120m,并每隔30m设置1个样点,交错区为中心处样点及30m处样点,共设置3条样带,采用巴氏罐诱捕法持续诱捕地表甲虫。共采集地表甲虫6990头,隶属于30科124属178种,其中,阔叶混交林113种,交错区125种,红松人工林134种,3种生境共有物种79种。Hill多样性指数表明,3种生境的物种数、常见物种数和优势物种数均表现为红松人工林>交错区>阔叶混交林。步甲科Carabidae和花金龟科Cetoniidae个体数与物种数在不同生境中均差异显著(P<0.05),埋葬甲科Silphidae个体数在不同生境中差异显著(P<0.05),在同一生境内不同优势科个体数与物种数均差异显著(P<0.05)。达乌里干葬甲Aclypea daurica、沟步甲Carabus canaliculatus、黑圆嗡蜣螂Onthophagus ater、黑斑锥胸叩甲Ampedus sanguinolentus、圆角梨须步甲Synuchus orbicollis个体数在不同生境中差异显著(P<0.05)。Margalef指数和Shannon指数表现为红松人工林显著高于阔叶混交林(P<0.05)。置换多元方差分析和非度量多维尺度分析结果表明,3种生境群落结构间差异显著(P<0.05),相似性百分比结果表明,阔叶混交林和红松人工林平均相异度最高,其次为红松人工林和交错区,阔叶混交林和交错区最低,贡献大于0.01物种分别解释其48.18%、43.16%、39.64%的异质性。Jaccard相似性系数表明3种生境间地表甲虫物种组成均为中等相似。边缘效应指数表明研究区地表甲虫表现出较弱的正效应。天然阔叶混交林-人工红松幼龄林交错区内不同生境群落结构存在异质性,红松人工林地表甲虫多样性方面接近于阔叶混交林,说明人工经营林分可具有良好的生态效益,但群落组成上的差异表明红松人工林无法取代阔叶混交林。     

边缘效应对卧龙自然保护区森林-草地群落交错带地表甲虫多样性的影响

本文研究了卧龙国家自然保护区地表甲虫群落在天然落叶阔叶林森林边缘与森林内部和周围草地间多样性差异,在科级水平上探讨边缘效应对地表甲虫群落的影响。调查共设5个重复样带（间距大于500 m）;每个样带以距离梯度（25 m）的方式设置样点,分别由边缘深入到森林内部和草地中央100 m,共设45个样点,通过巴氏罐诱法调查地表甲虫群落组成和季节变化。本研究采集甲虫标本4 736 号,隶属于28个科,步甲科、隐翅虫科和叩甲科分别占总数的49.5%、23.5%和13.0%,共同构成本研究地区地表甲虫的优势类群。甲虫的个体数量从森林内部、边缘到周围草地依次降低,而科多样性和均匀度则依次增高,都达到了显著差异。主坐标分析（PCoA）排序表明,森林内部和周围草地间的地表甲虫群落组成差异较大;而森林边缘的群落组成与两者都有较高程度的相似性,反映了森林边缘的地表甲虫群落已经与森林内部的群落组成发生明显分化,除了森林物种成分外,还包含了若干从周围草地环境扩散来的物种成分。从季节动态看,森林边缘和森林内部在丰富度和个体数量的季节变化曲线方面相似性更高;捕食类和腐食类地表甲虫的季节变化在森林内部和边缘相似性更高,而植食类则在森林边缘和草地的相似性更高。多元回归分析表明,枯落物覆盖率是影响地表甲虫科多样性和均匀度的决定因素,枯落物厚度和林冠层覆盖率是决定甲虫个体数量分布的重要因素。以上结果表明,在科级水平上,地表甲虫群落在天然落叶阔叶林边缘已经与森林内部生境发生分化,而且正在加剧的森林片断化进程将会产生更多的森林边缘,因此,保留大面积的天然落叶阔叶林免受破坏和干扰是保护地表甲虫多样性的必要措施。     

半干旱区湿地-干草原群落交错带边缘效应研究

以宁夏盐池四儿滩湿地为例,于2005年和2006年7~8月份沿湿地—干草原生境梯度按东、东北、西、西北4条样线进行实地植被调查,并采用TWINSPAN数量分类和植物群落结构指数计量研究湿地—干草原交错带边缘效应。结果表明:(1)四儿滩湿地生态系统植物群落分为沼泽植被、草甸植被、干草原植被3个类型。(2)四儿滩湿地植物群落结构指数除群落均匀度指数外,生态优势度、丰富度和物种多样性均是交错带最大,其次是旱生带,湿生带最小。(3)四儿滩湿地—干草原交错带不同方向群落结构差异较大,各项植物群落结构指数均是东北样线最大,西北样线最小。造成不同样线间边缘效应差异的主要因素是人为干扰程度和地形抬升程度不同。     

传粉甲虫的研究进展

许多鞘翅目甲虫是重要的传粉昆虫 ,在漫长的历史进化过程中伴随着一系列的相互适应的形成 ,很多甲虫与花之间建立了固定的传粉关系。该文从甲虫与花之间传粉的相互适应、传粉甲虫的类群、甲虫传粉的植物和甲虫传粉效果等 4方面做了简要综述。     

边缘效应及其对森林生态系统影响的研究进展

边缘效应是生态学和生物保护的重要概念之一,它在研究生态系统尺度和景观生态系统尺度的能量流和物质流等生态过程中具有重要作用.本文对边缘效应的内涵、特征、定量评价(包括定量分析基础、强度、影响区、模型等)、应用研究等方面进行阐述,分析了边缘效应研究中存在的不足,总结了边缘效应对森林生态系统的影响及其研究方向,以期为森林经营、保护区管理等生产实践提供借鉴.     

边缘效应的空间尺度与测度

综述了边缘效应的空间尺度类型以及在不同尺度上的测度方法.基于大量的研究整合,认为边缘效应空间尺度的划分,可以根据空间尺度的不同以及边缘效应形成和维持因素,分为大中小3个尺度类型,即大尺度的生物群区交错带、中尺度的景观类型之间的生态交错带和小尺度的斑块(生态系统)之间的群落交错区.大尺度主要是以植被气候带为标志的生物群区间的边缘效应,这种地带性的交错区主要受大气环境条件的影响.中尺度类型主要包括城乡交错带、林草交错带、农牧交错带等类型,是不同生态系统要素的空间交接地带,在物质能量等相互流动的作用下变得更为复杂.小尺度水平上是指斑块之间的交错所形成的边缘效应,受小地形等微环境条件及生物非生物等因子的制约,研究主要集中在群落边缘、林窗边缘和林线交错带等方面.对边缘效应测度的定量化研究有助于更加深入理解边缘效应.在大尺度水平上,边缘效应测度的研究主要是应用数量生态学等方法,研究不同气候带之间界线的划分及其物种分布的梯度规律性.中尺度水平上应用景观生态学的3S技术等方法,侧重于研究交错带的动态变化趋势及位置宽度的判定.小尺度水平上通过对距离边缘的长度,各群落中种群的数量、结构、多样性等定量指标的测定来构建测度公式,从而对边缘效应的强度进行量化,并反映边缘对群落的正负效应.总体上看,主要集中于中小尺度上,未来应该强化大尺度边缘效应测度的研究.