蚜虫初级内共生菌Buchnera aphidicola研究进展

动物和细菌的内共生关系一直是生物学关注的热点,相关研究不但对于了解动物宿主的生长、繁殖等有重要意义,也有助于探讨生命起源和进化等生命现象。蚜虫类昆虫体内存在一类专性的胞内共生菌Buchnera,它对于蚜虫营养代谢和正常发育至关重要,被称为蚜虫的初级内共生菌。由于两者间具有专性共生关系,使其成为内共生关系研究的理想模型。本文将从Buchnera的基本特征、Buchnera与蚜虫进化关系、Buchnera在共生关系中的作用及Buchnera基因组学等方面对Buchnera研究现状进行综述,并对未来的研究热点进行展望。     

蚜虫类昆虫生物学特性及蚜虫学研究现状(1)

从形态特征、生活周期、食性、行为等角度系统介绍了蚜虫类昆虫的生物学特性：并从系统分类、物种多样性、生物地理学、分子系统学、行为学等方面报道了蚜虫学研究的现状。     

蚜虫与其胞内共生细菌的相互作用

蚜虫—巴克纳氏菌之间是一种典型的互利共生关系,两者相互依存,缺少一方,另一方便不能生存。研究表明,共生细菌能为寄主蚜虫提供必需氨基酸和维生索,并对寄主具有一些非营养功能,如促进蚜虫传播循环性病毒等。寄主蚜虫则是为共生菌提供一个合适的生存场所,并对共生菌的生长和繁殖进行调控。现代分子生物学技术从基因水平证明了蚜虫与共生菌的相互依赖性。     

蚜虫迁飞的研究进展

蚜虫的迁飞能造成危害扩展、病毒病传播和防碍人们的正常生活。蚜虫迁飞有其生理生态基础。寄主营养、蚜群拥挤度、天敌以及气候条件是刺激有翅蚜产生的主因素。蚜虫迁飞与卵巢发育存在明显的共轭关系。蚜虫迁飞多发生在晴朗的白天 ,并且温度、光照和风是影响迁飞行为的主导因子。蚜虫可上升到逆温层并随气流迁飞到上百公里以外的地方。目前 ,昆虫雷达观察、天气学分析和分子生物学方法已应用于蚜虫迁学的研究中 ,文章对蚜虫迁飞的生理生态基础、迁飞行为、影响迁飞的生态因子以及研究方法进行了综述 ,以期为蚜虫这类小型昆虫的迁飞研究提供指导     

DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫中的应用

2003年提出的DNA条形编码技术给生物分类研究带来了空前的繁荣,众多学者对此进行了分析和讨论.蚜虫类昆虫具有多型、转主寄生等复杂的生物学特性,其形态特征多有特化或退化,因此,DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫中的应用必将给蚜虫分类学研究带来巨大的活力.文章总结了国际DNA条形编码技术的研究进展和现状,并展望了DNA条形编码在蚜虫类昆虫研究中应用的方向,该研究技术主要用于对蚜虫物种快速准确的鉴定、解决多型性问题、发现隐存分类单元,探讨蚜虫种间的系统发育关系、蚜虫与寄主植物的关系,解释蚜虫地理分布格局和推测近期分化物种的成因等.     

蚜虫类昆虫生物学特性及蚜虫学研究现状(2)

2蚜虫学研究现状 2．1蚜虫的系统分类18世纪开始，分类学家如Linnaeus、Fabricius等即开始对蚜虫种类进行记述，蚜虫分类学开始兴起。截至目前，已记录的蚜虫种类达4400余种（Blackman and Eastop，1994）。     

蚜虫系统发育研究进展

文中简单回顾了蚜虫分类学研究和蚜虫高级阶元系统关系研究的历史,比较分析了有代表性的蚜虫类高级阶元系统发育关系,总结出现有系统发育关系中普遍存在的共识和争议:共识是将具有卵生生殖方式的球蚜类和根瘤蚜类与其它具有卵胎生生殖方式的蚜虫区分开,进而将之视为最古老的蚜虫支系;而主要的争议在于大蚜类、毛蚜类和扁蚜类的系统地位,以及几个相关类群间的亲缘关系,如短痣蚜类和大蚜类间的关系,斑蚜类、纩蚜类和群蚜类间的关系等.在研究进展中还介绍了分子生物学方法在蚜虫系统发育研究中的尝试,虽然其研究结果还未能完全解决上述问题,但必将是对现有研究方法的补充.     

蚜虫新型预警网络的构建及其绿色防控技术研究

在公益性行业（农业）科研专项的支持下,项目组在我国大豆和小麦主产区进行了蚜虫监测预警及绿色防控技术的研究。构建了基于吸虫塔的蚜虫监测预警网络系统,在蚜虫基础生物学研究、天敌资源普查及其控蚜作用研究的基础上,研发了多项以生物防治为主体的蚜虫绿色防控技术,包括天敌人工助迁、人工饲养天敌释放、作物邻间作措施、物理防控、隐蔽性施药等。相关技术措施在我国的东北、华北等大豆蚜、麦蚜为害严重的大豆产区和小麦主产区共建立了4个规模较大的试验示范区,取得了较好的综合效益。     

寄主植物-蚜虫-天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究进展

综述了寄主植物－蚜虫－天敌三重营养关系的化学生态学研究,重点阐述了3个研究热点：①植物挥发性物质在蚜虫及其天敌选择寄主行为过程中的作用;②蚜虫信息素和蜜露对蚜虫天敌寄主选择行为的影响;③植物挥发性物质对蚜虫信息系作用的影响。对寄主植物－蚜虫－天敌三重营养关系的全面了解,将为蚜虫的综合治疗提供新思维。     

蚜虫种群遗传多样性的影响因素及分子基础

蚜虫是一个复杂的类群 ,不同种群之间常常表现遗传多样性 ,特别是同种蚜虫的不同种群 ,这种多样性与环境因素 (寄主植物、地理气候条件等 )的影响密切相关 ,而且蚜虫种群多样性无论在细胞学水平 ,还是分子生物学水平均表现明显的遗传分化。该文在分析了蚜虫种群遗传多样性影响因素的基础上 ,从蚜虫核型变化、核DNA和线粒体DNA遗传分化和多样性方面总结了导致蚜虫种群遗传多样性的内在分子基础 ,并讨论了研究蚜虫种群遗传多样性的重要意义和前景     

Today and tomorrow: impact of climate change on aphid biology and potential consequences on their mutualism with ants

Recent studies about mutualism consider the complexity and versatility of the relationship, in addition to highlighting the importance of the cost/benefit balance between the two protagonists. Because species interactions are highly dependent on the environment, the climate changes foreseen for the coming years are expected to have significant impacts on the evolution of mutualistic interactions. Among mutualisms, the aphid–ant interaction is well documented, partly explained by the pest status of aphids. This literature review focuses on the impact of climate change (particularly atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature) on aphid biology and the potential consequences with respect to their mutualistic interactions with ants. We provide an overview of the published reports concerned with the effects of temperature and carbon dioxide on aphids, for which a positive, a negative or no effect has been highlighted. We then discuss how climatic changes can alter four major components of aphid biology that are shaping their interaction with ants: (i) aphid population growth; (ii) aphid behaviour and mobility; (iii) honeydew production and composition; and (iv) semiochemistry. Finaly, we discuss the limitations of such studies on aphid–ant mutualism, as well as the information that is still needed to predict how climate change might impact this type of relationship.     

Biology and trophic interactions of lucerne aphids

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Aphid alarm pheromone: an overview of current knowledge on biosynthesis and functions

Aphids are important agricultural and forest pests that exhibit complex behaviors elicited by pheromonal signals. The aphid alarm pheromone--of which (E)-β-farnesene is the key (or only) component in most species--plays important roles in mediating interactions among individuals as well as multitrophic interactions among plants, aphids, and aphid natural enemies. Though many important questions remain to be answered, a large body of research has addressed various aspects of the biology, physiology, and ecology of aphid alarm pheromones. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of (a) the identity and composition of aphid alarm signals; (b) their biosynthesis and production; (c) their effects on conspecifics; (d) their role as cues for other insect species; and (e) their potential application for the management of pest organisms.     

蚜虫唾液蛋白研究进展

蚜虫属于半翅目蚜科,多为重要的农业害虫,通过刺吸式口器吸食植物汁液,传播病毒,其爆发常常造成重大经济损失。在漫长的协同进化历程中,植物建立了高效的防御系统以应对蚜虫威胁。为了克服植物的防御反应,蚜虫也发展了相应的反制手段,其中蚜虫在取食过程中分泌的唾液蛋白能调控植物防御反应,降解植物次生物质,从而在蚜虫与植物互作中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文综述了蚜虫唾液蛋白的组分鉴定方法和相关蛋白的功能,并对唾液蛋白在蚜虫防治的应用和今后的研究方向进行了展望。常见的蚜虫唾液蛋白组分的鉴定和分析方法包括唾液蛋白的酶活性分析、唾液蛋白组学分析、唾液腺转录组学和蛋白组学分析等。但这些方法各有利弊,仅采取一种分析方法不能客观全面地反映蚜虫唾液蛋白分泌谱,多种技术手段联合分析方可提供更为逼真详实的信息。蚜虫唾液蛋白种类繁多,可分为解毒酶、保护酶、水解酶、结合功能蛋白以及分类未知的效应蛋白等。蚜虫唾液蛋白功能多样,能参与唾液鞘的形成,诱导植物防御反应,促进蚜虫取食,提高蚜虫繁殖力等。通过RNAi干扰唾液蛋白编码基因会显著改变蚜虫取食行为,并降低蚜虫存活率、产蚜量和适合度。因此,唾液蛋白是防控蚜虫的理想靶标。目前,采用寄主诱导的基因沉默(host-induced gene silencing, HIGS)技术已培育了数种靶向唾液蛋白基因的高效抗蚜作物品系,展示出了良好的应用前景。从目前研究来看,各种蚜虫唾液蛋白谱急需采用多组学手段联合分析的方法来进行完整解析。各种唾液蛋白的具体功能方面的研究还严重缺乏,需从蚜虫、植物、两者之间的互作等多维度探究唾液蛋白的作用及相关的分子机制,为发展基于蚜虫唾液蛋白调控的蚜虫防治新策略打下基础。     

Impact of abiotic factors on predator-prey interactions: DNA-based gut content analysis in a microcosm experiment

The effects of predators on prey populations can be modified by a number of abiotic factors. Here, we investigated the combined and separate effects of rain and ground-dwelling predators on aphid populations in a microcosm experiment lasting for 21 days, using PCR to analyse the gut content of the predators. Rain significantly dislodged aphids from shoots and ears by 57% and 25%, respectively. The gut content analysis showed that more predators consumed aphids in the rain treatment than without rain, indicating higher availability of aphids to ground-dwelling predators after rain. However, no synergistic effects of rain and ground-dwelling predators on aphid population development could be demonstrated. Rain alone significantly decreased aphid populations by 27%, suggesting that this is a significant mortality factor. Predators alone had no significant effect on aphid numbers, but the gut content analyses showed aphid consumption also in the no-rain treatments, indicating that aphids were available to the predators on the soil surface even without rain. Our results suggest that weather conditions such as rain can modify predator-prey interactions in the field. Employing PCR-based predator gut content analyses proved to be useful as trophic links could be directly verified.     

Do aphids actively search for ant partners?

The aphid–ant mutualistic relationships are not necessarily obligate for neither partners but evidence is that such interactions provide them strong advantages in terms of global fitness. While it is largely assumed that ants actively search for their mutualistic partners namely using volatile cues; whether winged aphids (i.e., aphids’ most mobile form) are able to select ant‐frequented areas had not been investigated so far. Ant‐frequented sites would indeed offer several advantages for these aphids including a lower predation pressure through ant presence and enhanced chances of establishing mutuaslistic interactions with neighbor ant colonies. In the field, aphid colonies are often observed in higher densities around ant nests, which is probably linked to a better survival ensured by ants’ services. Nevertheless, this could also result from a preferential establishment of winged aphids in ant‐frequented areas. We tested this last hypothesis through different ethological assays and show that the facultative myrmecophilous black bean aphid, Aphis fabae L., does not orientate its search for a host plant preferentially toward ant‐frequented plants. However, our results suggest that ants reduce the number of winged aphids leaving the newly colonized plant. Thus, ants involved in facultative myrmecophilous interactions with aphids appear to contribute to structure aphid populations in the field by ensuring a better establishment and survival of newly established colonies rather than by inducing a deliberate plant selection by aphid partners based on the proximity of ant colonies.     

The effect size of aphid‐tending ants in an agricultural tri‐trophic system

Most studies regarding ant–aphid interactions focus only on the direct effects of ants on tended aphids and aphidophagous predators, or the indirect effects on the host plant. Studies evaluating the effects of aphid‐tending ants on more than one trophic level are rare and evaluate only the presence or absence of such effects. Here we assessed the effect sizes of ants in a tri‐trophic system (common bean plants, aphids and lacewing larvae). We tested if the presence of aphid‐tending ants has positive effects on aphid abundance and host‐plant production and negative effects on aphid predator abundance. We also hypothesized that aphid‐tending ants affect more intensely trophic levels that are more directly related to them (i.e., first aphids, then aphid predators and then host plants). We tested these hypotheses in field mesocosms experiments using the presence and absence of ants. We found that aphid‐tending ants have great positive effects on final aphid abundance. Ants also positively affected the number of seeds; however, it was not possible to measure the effect size for this trophic level. Furthermore, ants had negative effects on lacewing larvae only at first release. The effect size of ants was greater for aphids, followed by lacewing larvae, and with no effects on the number of seeds produced. Ants positively affect aphids and host‐plant production, probably by way of honeydew collection preventing the development of entomophagous/saprophytic fungi. On the other hand, ants negatively affect lacewing larvae by excluding them from the host plant. In natural systems, several ant species may attend aphids, differently affecting the organisms of the various trophic levels within the ant–aphid interaction, thereby obscuring the real effect size of ants. Assessing the effect size of aphid‐tending ants on the organisms involved in ant–aphid interactions provides more realistic information about the effects of this interaction on natural systems.