海南稻田水生昆虫生物多样性研究

水稻田间不仅在水面上部水稻植株中有丰富的节肢动物群落,水体中也有很多水生昆虫。弄清海南稻田水生昆虫群落组成和种群发展动态,可以为海南稻田环境监测提供研究基础。本研究于2021年在海南省南繁区和非南繁区10个地市进行了稻田水生昆虫种类调查,共捕捉到水生昆虫4目10科29种。在南繁区的三亚和非南繁区的文昌稻田进行了整个生长季水生昆虫群落动态研究,结果显示水生昆虫群落在三亚和文昌稻田不同生长期都可以存在,每生长期种类为15~19种,数量为每百丛12.7±0.7~33.3±1.00头,种类和数量最多的时期为分蘖期。水生昆虫群落多样性指数为2.100~2.581,均匀性指数为0.726~0.924,优势集中性指数为0.092~0.137。三亚和文昌群落物种相似度为0.947,优势种相似度为1.000。截斑脉蜻Neurothemis tullia稚虫,真龙虱Cybister sp.可能是稻田水体环境变化的敏感种类。稻田环境变化和污染可能影响水生昆虫种类,对海南稻田水生昆虫群落的监测和变化机理有待进一步的研究。     

水生昆虫

介绍了水生昆虫适应水生的生物学特征,环境转换与昆虫的适应,生态类型和意义。     

中国水生昆虫研究史梗概

早在3000多年前,中国殷墟甲骨文中就记载有错蜒。见于公元前六世纪的《诗经》有对蚌蟒主动形象的描述：“蚌蟒之羽,衣裳楚楚。蜉蝣之翼,来采衣服。好蟒掘阅,麻衣如雪。”西晋人郭璞（公元276～324）所注《尔雅音图》中的“负劳”一图更是以生动的画面表达了古代人对精蜒及其生态环境的认识。至明代,李时澎（公元1368～1644）在《本草纲目》中记录人们利用好岭、水色、鼓虫等水生昆虫入药治病时,我国劳动人民对水生昆虫的认识已有几千年的历史。然而,对水生昆虫较有系统的科学研究始于个世纪20年代。本文就近周年来,我国水生昆虫的研…     

武夷山地区水生昆虫种类调查

通过灯诱、扫网和饲养(蜻蜒)等方法,系统调查了武夷山及其周边县市的水生昆虫,共获7目、48科、254种,比武夷山自然保护区10年科考结果又增加分布新记录13科,93种。     

长白山水生昆虫的研究

作者于1983年至1992年在发源于长白山的松花江、鸭绿江、图们江及牡丹江等水体上游,对水生昆虫进行了调查。共获取标本一万多个,166种,隶属于7目40科86属。本文还对长白山水生昆虫的生态习性及区系分布特点进行了探讨。     

稻田田埂昆虫群落与田埂杂草关系的研究

为探索稻田田埂昆虫群落与田埂类型的关系,本文对田埂昆虫群落进行主分量分析和模糊聚类分析,结果表明:田埂昆虫群落类型与田埂类型有一定的联系。经典范分析,从定量上明确田埂昆虫群落与田埂类型的关系程度(r_1=0.8232),并得出田埂杂草高度是影响田埂昆虫群落的关键因子。     

综论稻田生态系中性昆虫的意义及其调控

１　中性昆虫的概念及田间动态１．１　概念的提出吴进才等在对稻田节肢动物群落营养物种的系统调查中发现,稻田生态系中,既非害虫又非天敌的一类昆虫占整个节肢动物群落丰盛度的２０％～６５％［７,８］。生态学理论认为,系统中没有孤立存在的物种［１２］。数量庞大的这一昆虫类群在稻田生态系统中有何意义？与稻田害虫的发生有何联系？现有文献还少有涉及。吴进才等［７］、郭玉杰等［１］提出了中性昆虫的概念,用于指称传统植物保护学中的既非害虫又非天敌的一类昆虫,并就其田间动态及在食物网中的作用进行了系统调查、研究和讨论…     

水生昆虫的呼吸方式

水生昆虫广泛分布于世界各地,在各种不同的水域,各种水生昆虫都有各自独特的呼吸方式.简述了水生昆虫的呼吸方式,包括体壁呼吸、气管鳃呼吸、气管呼吸、气盾呼吸和气泡呼吸等.并简要分析了各种呼吸方式的气体交换机制,进化成各种呼吸方式的原因.     

武汉地区水生蔬菜昆虫群落结构及动态分析

2008年5月至10月采用目测法与网捕法调查湖北省武汉市水生蔬菜地昆虫群落结构,共采集到11目、48科、104种,共计9169头昆虫,其中,莲缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum nymphacae(L.)、茭白长绿飞虱Prodenia litura(Fabricius)、斜纹夜蛾Saccharosyne procerus(Matsumura)、荸荠白禾螟Scirpophage praelata(Scopoli)以及菱角莹叶甲Galerucella birmanica是主要害虫,蜻蜓、瓢虫是主要天敌昆虫。通过群落结构分析表明:在不同植被类型的水生蔬菜地中,昆虫群落多样性差异较大,水芹的昆虫群落多样性最高,莲藕最低;水芹昆虫群落最稳定,荸荠次之,莲藕昆虫群落多样性前后期低,中期高,茭白前后期高,中期低。     

Mosquitoes and other aquatic insects in fallow field biotopes and rice paddy fields

Fallow field biotopes that develop from abandoned rice fields are man‐made wetlands that provide new habitats for various aquatic animals. Although consideration of such biotopes generally focuses on their positive aspects, this study evaluated the negative aspects of establishing fallow field biotopes with regard to mosquito breeding sites. To determine whether fallow field biotopes become breeding habitats for vector mosquitoes, we evaluated mosquito fauna in fallow field biotopes and adjacent rice fields. We found larvae of Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (all: Diptera: Culicidae) in the biotopes. Although abundances of mosquito larvae in the biotopes and rice fields were statistically similar, mosquito abundances in rice fields increased dramatically in August when the water level reduced after the rainy season. The abundance and variety of the mosquitoes' natural predators were greater in biotopes than in rice fields because the former are a permanent and stable aquatic environment. A generalized linear mixed model showed a negative effect of predator diversity on mosquito larvae abundance in both habitats. Although fallow field biotopes become breeding habitats for vector mosquitoes, establishing biotopes from fallow fields in order to protect various aquatic animals, including mosquito insect predators, may help to control mosquito breeding.     

Activity traps and the corer: complementary methods for sampling aquatic invertebrates

We compared the picture of aquatic invertebrate fauna given by three types of sampling methods: the corer as well as bottom and mid-water activity traps. The corer mainly caught benthic animals (89%), the most numerous groups of which were chironomids and sphaerids. Nekton was more abundant in activity traps (77% in bottom and 63% in mid-water), the most numerous groups were Cladocera and water mites. The size distributions in catch of the corer and the activity traps differed but there was no difference between the two types of activity traps. In activity traps, individuals of the smallest size class were most abundant, wheras animals of the second smallest size class were most numerous in the corer. We suggest that activity traps and the corer could be used as complementary methods to sample aquatic invertebrate communities.     

Composition and structure of aquatic organism communities in various water conditions of a paddy field

The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences of the community structure and the diversity of aquatic organisms (i) among sampling sites that the distances from inlets or outlets were different each other, and (ii) between the floodwater and the irrigation water during the crop season in a paddy field. The irrigation water was sampled from one inlet. The taxonomical groups and the number of aquatic organisms ranging in size from 30µm to 2cm in the floodwater and the irrigation water were surveyed approximately every 10days during the growth period of the rice plant. Aquatic organisms were classified mainly at the order level. Thirty-eight taxonomical groups of aquatic organisms were found in the floodwater, while 18 groups were found in the irrigation water. We were not able to find the differences of the community structure of aquatic organisms among the sites. In the floodwater, the number of taxonomical group increased and the community structure changed during the late flooding period (over 50days after the onset of flooding) at any site, while those in the irrigation water hardly changed. Although the community structure of aquatic organisms differed between the floodwater and the irrigation water throughout the flooding period, the differences became especially bigger during the late flooding period. Principal component analysis showed that three groups (Pennales, Dinoflagellida, Choreotrichida) characterized the community structure in the irrigation water. Their population densities tended to be the highest at the site near inlets and the lowest at the site far from inlets.     

Influence of rice cultivar on methane emission from paddy fields

Influence of rice cultivars on CH₄ emissions from a paddy field was studied using four Japonica types, two Indica types, and two Japonica/Indica F₁ hybrids. In addition, the suppression of CH₄ emission by interrupting irrigation at the flowering stage was investigated. Patterns of seasonal variation in CH₄ emission rates were similar among the eight cultivars. Two of the Japonica types showed the maximum and minimum CH₄ emissions among the cultivars investigated. Neither the number of tillers, shoot length, shoot weight, and root weight correlated with the CH₄ emission rates at the tillering and reproductive growth stages. Following temporary interruption of irrigation at the flowering stage, CH₄ emission rates decreased drastically and remained at very low levels until the harvesting stage, indicating its great effectiveness for the suppression of CH₄ emission from rice paddies.     

Influence of land consolidation on aquatic invertebrate communities and their distribution patterns in Korean rice fields

Rice fields, the major cropland in South Korea, provide an important wetland habitat for a diverse wildlife and contribute to biodiversity conservation. On the other hand, land consolidation conducted to increase agricultural production since the 1960s on a nationwide scale in South Korea has frequently been suggested to be one of the factors in the decline of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems. Negative effects of habitat manipulation such as land consolidation would have influenced paddy field biodiversity, but the degree has not been clearly measured in South Korea. This study evaluated the impacts of land consolidation on the aquatic invertebrate biodiversity and investigated their patterns across the nation. Field sampling for biodiversity and environmental variables were made from 290 sites of paddy field over the country. Aquatic invertebrate communities were clustered into four major clusters showing land consolidation as the main factor and geographic location as the second factor. Species richness and abundance were significantly lower in the land consolidation fields (mean ± s.e., 12.80 ± 0.28 vs 88.89 ± 0.89 and 2027.15 ± 150.84 vs 2573.54 ± 572.16). Shannon diversity index was also significantly lower in land consolidation fields. Our results suggest that land consolidation and spatial location are important for biodiversity and conservation of the aquatic invertebrate assemblages in Korean rice fields.     

生境异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性

【目的】探索生境高异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性,了解这种策略是否会引起其他植食性昆虫成为水稻重要害虫的风险。【方法】2017-2018年连续2年种植单季稻,在稻田边缘种植花生与大豆,构建高异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with high heterogeneous marginal habitats, HHR),调查HHR稻田与简单低异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with low heterogeneous marginal habitats, LHR)中捕食性天敌与水稻害虫功能团的发生规律与相关性,计算益害比。【结果】2017年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌40种,1 667头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌30种,991头。2018年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌33种,1 384头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌34种,1 031头。HHR与LHR两类稻田中获得的捕食性天敌群落重要值P_i≥0.01的物种相似度很高,优势种相似。2017年HHR稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度明显高于LHR稻田,这种差异主要由群落重要值P_i<0.01的种类引起。2018年两类稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度没有差异。单位样方面积内的捕食性天敌个体数量,HHR中明显高于LHR,这种差异在2017年的分蘖期与成熟期达显著水平(P<0.05),在2018年的开花期极显著(P<0.01)。2017年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫22种,637头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫19种,743头;物种相似性系数0.88。2018年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,1 011头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,2 014头;物种相似性系数0.75;主要害虫物种组成结构相同。水稻害虫数量发生的时间动态分析表明,在分蘖期,虽然HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显高于LHR(P<0.05),但此期害虫的数量不多,发生较轻。在孕穗期、开花期与成熟期,HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显低于LHR稻田,这种差异在2017年的成熟期与2018年的孕穗期极显著(P<0.01),在2018年的成熟期差异显著(P<0.05)。2017年HHR和LHR中个体数量益害比N_pi值分别为2.62和1.33;2018年分别为1.37和0.51。【结论】具有高异质性边缘生境的稻田,能提高系统对捕食性天敌物种的涵养潜力,显著提高稻田捕食性天敌个体数量,提高益害比,具有更好的控制害虫的物质基础,促进捕食性天敌对水稻害虫的生态控制效能,不会引起其他植食性昆虫演变为水稻重要害虫风险,可为保护稻田生态系统天敌发挥生态效能提供可借鉴的策略与方法。     

森林冠层昆虫多样性研究方法

森林冠层是森林昆虫栖息、取食、避敌的重要生境,其中生活着十分丰富的昆虫物种。但由于乔木树体高大,冠层难于接近,在很大程度上限制了冠层昆虫多样性的研究。冠层昆虫类群结构的划分和冠层昆虫取样技术也是冠层昆虫多样性研究的重要基础。文章综述当前冠层接近和冠层昆虫抽样技术的最新进展,并评述冠层昆虫类群结构划分的方法。     

稻鸭共生对稻田水生动物群落的影响

通过稻田共生的田间试验,利用水生动物取样的方法,对稻鸭共生中稻田水生动物的种类及数量进行定性定量分析。结果表明:各类水生动物的种类数与水的动静有关,放鸭越多,种类数越少,水源区最少,为15种;且稻田水生动物种类出现频次的分布符合C.R aunk iaer频度定律。各类水生动物的数目和生物量均按水源区、对照区、少鸭区、多鸭区的顺序下降。用M arga lef多样性指数公式计算各处理的多样性指数,以对照稻田的多样性指数2.15为最高,水源区和放鸭的稻田均不高,放鸭越多,多样性指数越低。     

Evidence and population diversity of the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) insect vectors and some of their natural antagonists in paddy fields in the north of Cameroon

From 2002 to 2004 two sampling methods were combined to assess the population of insects known as vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in the three major irrigated rice ecosystems in the north of Cameroon (Lagdo, Maga, Yagoua) and in lowland rice fields. Samplings were conducted by means of sweep net and D-Vac (the sucking trap) fortnightly in 2002 and 2003 until mid-October in lowland rice fields while in the irrigated fields, samplings occurred between December and April. Simultaneously, rearing on death concerned insects was conducted in the laboratory to identify the parasitoid insect species. From samples obtained at the different sites: (1) the dominant structure of the RYMV insect vectors was analysed according to the rice phenology; (2) the diversity and the occurrence of potential major groups of predators and parasitoids were assessed. Among the RYMV insect vectors sampled: Chaetocnema pulla Chapuis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Chnootriba similis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Trichispa sericea Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Locris rubra Fabricius (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Oxya hyla Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Conocephalus longipennis (de Haan) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were the most encountered insect species during the rice growing seasons. When investigating the arthropods acting in the rice fields as predators, spiders (Araneae) came at the top position with a high concurrency of Pardosa spp. (>42%) at all sites. At the sites Maga and Yagoua, the carabid beetles species Abacetus crenulatus Dejean and Abacetus foveolatus Chaudoir were the most numerous whereas the Lagdo site was highly colonised by Clivina erythropyga Putzeys, Paederus sabaeus Erichson and Stenus ravus Puthz were the most abundant staphylinid beetles. The rearing of dead RYMV insect vectors gave results on the emergence of the following parasitoids: Eurytoma spp., Pediobius spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp.