菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫的雌雄形态鉴别

利用体视显微镜观察、测量、记录菜粉蝶不同虫态雌雄个体间的形态特征差异。雌雄菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹和成虫均存在显著的雌雄二型特征,3龄之后雄性幼虫的第6腹节有一对肾型黑斑,雌性幼虫无此斑。雄蛹第9腹节有生殖孔和一条短纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有凹凸不平的半圆形瘤状突起;雌蛹腹部第8、9腹节分别有生殖孔和产卵孔,且两孔之间亦有一条纵裂缝。雌蝶前翅背面有一对上下排列的黑圆斑,其腹部末端外生殖器为圆筒型;雄蝶前翅背面一对黑斑相对较小,颜色较浅,尤其下斑为浅灰色,腹部末端具钳状外生殖器。本研究揭示了菜粉蝶幼虫、蛹及成虫不同虫态的雌雄二型差异,比较研究并提出了便于快速鉴别雌雄个体的典型特征和识别方法。     

一种快速鉴别亚洲玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法

报道了一种采用体视镜和三维显微镜对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)蛹雌雄进行外部形态学观察,快速准确通过外部形态特征区分玉米螟蛹雌雄的方法。结果表明,雌蛹生殖孔与产卵孔连接成1条短裂缝且都位于第8腹节,生殖孔与第7腹节后缘相连;雄蛹生殖孔位于第9腹节,距离第7腹节后缘约390μm。根据羽化后成虫鉴定结果,此方法鉴定准确率为100%。     

春尺蠖蛹雌雄外部形态特征快速鉴别分析

为依据春尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius Erschoff蛹的形态特征快速、无损、准确鉴别雌雄个体,对其头部、胸部、腹部和体色外部鉴别特征进行了分析,并通过解剖生殖系统验证准确性.结果表明:以春尺蠖蛹的胸部和腹部特征识别雌雄准确率明显高于头部和体色特征,识别率可达100％.首先,雌蛹第8腹节腹板前缘中部具有"Y"型沟,与第7腹节腹板后缘形成倒三角状,而雄蛹无此特征.其次,雌蛹生殖孔与产卵孔连接形成裂缝,两侧平坦无突起,而雄蛹第9腹节腹板中央有一纵裂缝的生殖孔,两侧各有半圆状瘤状突起.最后,雌蛹的胸部背板各节间相对长度均小于雄蛹,而雄蛹中胸背板最宽,其后缘明显向外凸起.因此,春尺蠖蛹胸部或腹部特征可用于快速、准确地鉴别雌雄性别.     

一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

【目的】柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton是柑橘重要害虫,本研究拟建立一种快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫性别的简易方法。【方法】利用体视显微镜观察、拍照记录柑橘潜叶蛾蛹和成虫的腹部末端形态特征并进行比较分析,待蛹羽化后进行解剖验证结果。【结果】与柑橘潜叶蛾雄蛹相比,雌蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线不明显,生殖孔和肛门分别在第8腹节和第10腹节,而雄蛹的第7腹节下缘分界线明显,生殖孔在第9腹节,肛门在第10腹节。柑橘潜叶蛾雌成虫腹部末端呈圆筒形,而雄成虫腹部末端相对尖细;轻轻按压成虫腹部,雌蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧有黑斑,而雄蛾在末端伸出部分的两侧没有黑斑,但有一对长毛簇,在伸出的同时散开。该方法能快速鉴别柑橘潜叶蛾蛹及成虫的性别,其准确率为100%。【结论】通过比较柑橘潜叶蛾雌雄蛹生殖孔及肛门的位置,可以准确区分雌雄蛹;轻压并观察雌雄成虫腹部伸出末端黑斑或长毛簇的有无可有效区分成虫性别。     

基于外部形态特征量化分析判别菱角水螟幼虫龄期

【目的】本实验拟为田间准确快速判别菱角水螟Parapoynx crisonalis(Walker)幼虫龄期提供一种新方法,以便监测其发生规律、预测其发生时间。【方法】本研究通过对幼虫头壳宽、复眼距、体宽和体长4项外部形态指标的测量,运用Crosby生长法则和线性回归分析方法,结合各项指标的频次分布进行分析。【结果】各龄幼虫头壳宽平均值的变异系数和Crosby指数最小,为判别幼虫龄期的最佳分龄指标,幼虫期共分为5龄,1~5龄的头壳宽分别为(0.2493±0.0053)、(0.3454±0.0018)、(0.5079±0.0031)、(0.7419±0.0190)和(1.1287±0.0369)mm,其与龄期数呈线性关系。通过实验室饲养观察菱角水螟幼虫蜕皮次数验证该虫幼虫期分为5个龄期。【结论】头壳宽为判定菱角水螟幼虫龄期的最佳指标,复眼距次之。     

一种快速鉴别甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

描述了一种快速准确区分甜菜夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的方法。甜菜夜蛾雌、雄蛹的主要区别是:雌蛹第8腹节腹面有一较短的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦无突起;雄蛹第9腹节腹面有一长的纵裂缝,裂缝两侧有半圆形瘤状突起。成虫期雌、雄蛾主要区别是:雄蛾体色较浅,腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇;雌蛾体色较深,腹部末端浑圆,毛簇较短,生殖孔清晰可见。以此标准所建立的甜菜夜蛾雌雄蛹及成虫的快速鉴定方法,对于田间性比、预测和种群动态以及人工饲养等具有重要作用。     

一种鉴别斜纹夜蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

叙述了一种通过外部特征,快速判断斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)蛹、成虫性别的方法。蛹期的主要判断标准为雌雄生殖器官的差异分布:雄蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界处平滑,外生殖器分布于第9腹节腹面中央,为连接两半圆状瘤状突起;雌蛹第7腹节与第8腹节分界线处不平滑,外生殖器为紧挨第8腹节。综上所述,可以以第7、8腹节分界处是否平滑以及是否有突起作为判断雌雄的标准。成虫期雌雄鉴别则表现在外观和结构上的差异:雄蛾翅面斑纹的外缘线与外横线之间有一明显的灰蓝色条纹,雌蛾则没有,雄蛾腹部狭长且末端有一圈黄色长毛簇,雌蛾腹部较为浑圆,末端毛簇较短。以此标准所建立的斜纹夜蛾雌雄的快速鉴别方法,对于识别田间性比、预测种群动态,斜纹夜蛾人工养殖具有重要作用。     

一种鉴别菜粉蝶蛹雌雄的方法

报道1种根据外部形态特征迅速、准确区分菜粉蝶PierisrapaeL.蛹雌雄的方法。实体显微镜检表明,雌蛹第8腹节有1生殖孔,第9腹节有1产卵孔,两孔之间连成1条长纵裂缝;而雄蛹只在第9腹节有1个生殖孔,形成的纵裂缝短。     

鉴别旋幽夜蛾雌雄蛹的方法

报道1种根据旋幽夜蛾Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg蛹腹节的外部形态特征迅速、准确区分旋幽夜蛾蛹雌雄的方法。雌蛹第8腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝连接第7、第9腹节,裂缝两侧平坦,无突起,腹部末端分节不明显;雄蛹第8腹节无裂缝,在第9腹节腹面中央有一纵裂缝,裂缝两边各有一半圆状瘤状突起,腹部末端分节较为明显。这对于了解旋幽夜蛾田间性比,观察生物学特征、种群动态及开展预测预报等十分重要。     

一种鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾蛹及成虫雌雄的简易方法

为了探寻准确迅速鉴别蒲氏钩蝠蛾性别的方法,采用标记法对其蛹和成虫进行跟踪观察研究。结果表明:雌蛹腹部末端分节不明显,第8腹节腹面中央有一黑色纵裂,与肛裂缝之间的距离显著大于雄蛹,两侧平坦,无突起;雄蛹腹部末端分节较明显,第8腹节无裂缝,第9腹节中央有一黑色纵裂,裂缝较长,两侧各有一半圆形瘤状突起。雌性成虫腹部末端呈圆筒状,雄性成虫腹部末端圆钳状,透过毛丛可见雄性外生殖器的部分结构。这对于了解蒲氏钩蝠蛾的野外性比,观察其生物学特征、种群动态及开展预测预报等十分重要。     

The complete mitogenome of Parapoynx crisonalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), with phylogenetic relationships amongst three acentropine larval forms

The larvae of Parapoynx crisonalis (Walker, 1859) is an important pest in China, causing significant damage on the aquatic crops. To improve the management of P. crisonalis and demonstrate the phylogenetic relationships amongst Pyraloidea, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequences of four aquatic pyralid moths, which belong to three acentropine larval forms – Parapoynx-type, Nymphula-type and Potamomusa-type, and twenty-three terricolous pyralids were compared. The complete mitogenome P. crisonalis, a typical parapoynx larval species, was 15,374 base pairs in length and included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and an A + T-rich region. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the aquatic acentropine moths formed a monophyletic clade with strong phylogenetic support via maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with a bootstrap value of 100% and a posterior probability of 1.00. The Potamomusa-type was more closely related to the Nymphula-type than to the Parapoynx-type.     

Predation and avoidance of tough leaves by aquatic larvae of the moth Parapoynx rugosalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract.

• 1 Aquatic larvae of the pyralid moth Parapoynx rugosalis Möschler repeatedly construct protective cases by cutting portions (discs) from leaves of the waterlily Nymphaea ampla and sandwich themselves between the disc and the underside of the host leaf. Construction of a new case requires leaving the old case, thus increasing exposure to predators and parasites.
• 2 In an experiment, larvae with protective cases experienced no mortality due to predation by fish, whereas larvae without cases experienced substantial predation.
• 3 In a series of choice tests, larvae preferentially selected young, tender leaves over old, tough leaves for construction of cases, and larvae spent significantly less time completing their shelters when cutting discs from young, tender leaves.
• 4 A partial explanation of why larvae select young, tender leaves for construction of their protective shelters may be that exposure time to predators during construction is minimized.
• 5 The same mechanism linking preferences for tender leaves to reduced exposure to predators during construction may also apply to other insect herbivores exhibiting leaf-rolling or case-building behaviour.

     

Effects of two artificial diets on the development and reproduction of Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Growth, survival, fecundity, and nutrition of Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) fed on two artificial and one natural diet were studied at 29±1°C and 75±5% relative humidity. Larvae reared on the two artificial diets showed faster growth and development, higher pupal survival and weight, and higher adult fecundity than those reared on a natural diet of young coconuts, Cocos nucifera L. The relative growth rate, efficiency of ingested food conversion, and efficiency of digested food conversion in larvae fed on artificial diets were significantly higher than those of larvae fed on young coconuts. The relative consumption rate of larvae fed on artificial diets was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on young coconuts. T. rufivena showed no significant degradation in ability to propagate after being reared on the artificial diet for five successive generations. These results indicated that two artificial diets are suitable for mass rearing of T. rufivena.     

温度胁迫对二化螟滞育幼虫生理指标的影响

为从生理生化水平上探讨二化螟滞育幼虫应对温度胁迫的生理机制,分别对系列温度胁迫(STS)和梯度温度胁迫(GTS)处理后的幼虫水、脂质、总糖、小分子碳水化合物含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行了测定.结果表明:随着温度的降低,两种处理二化螟滞育幼虫虫体含水量趋于减少,且0℃以下时GTS处理下降幅度较STS处理显著;两种处理脂质含量均逐步下降且二者间无显著差异;两种处理总糖含量分别先减后增和持续下降,均检测出4种小分子碳水化合物,其中STS处理葡萄糖、甘油和果糖含量先增后减,海藻糖含量变化与此相反,而GTS处理海藻糖含量先减后增,葡萄糖和甘油含量呈相反变化,果糖含量无变化;14～-14℃范围内STS处理SOD和POD活性较GTS处理低,CAT活性相反.二化螟滞育幼虫生理指标的变化反映了其应对不同温度胁迫的生理响应.     

Phylogeography of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The pyralid moth Eldana saccharina Walker is an indigenous insect widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown that populations from West Africa have distinct behavioural differences compared to populations from East and southern Africa. In addition, the parasitoid guilds attacking populations in these different regions are markedly different. This marked geographical variation evoked a hypothesis of genetic differentiation. To evaluate this hypothesis a molecular analysis was conducted on populations of E. saccharina from throughout much of the species’ range, using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region of the mitochondrial genome. A minimum spanning network and a maximum parsimony tree separated the 21 specimens into three distinct groups. Results revealed the presence of substantial genetic differentiation that is related to geographic variation.     

Larvae of Nymphulinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in North Queensland

Abstract  Australian Nymphulinae are a diverse group of moths with aquatic caterpillars that probably play an important role in determining the composition and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in Australian freshwater systems. Less than 10% of the nymphuline larvae in Australia have been described. As part of a project to develop biological control agents for hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata , we encountered a variety of Nymphulinae larvae feeding on this and other aquatic plants. We illustrate, describe and provide a key to five species of Nymphulinae larvae ( Ambia ptolycusalis (Walker), Parapoynx diminutalis Snellen, Hygraula nitens Butler, Margarosticha repititalis (Warren) and Theila siennata (Warren)) that feed on hydrilla in North Queensland. Information on their host plants also is included. Our field research indicates that none of these species should be considered as potential biological control agents for hydrilla.     

麦粘虫发生程度简易测报方法的研究

利用麦粘虫田间２龄高峰期虫量与最高虫量期虫量、达防治标准田块率的相关性,建立直线回归预测式,可在防治前１０天左右准确预报其发生程度,为宣传发动和制订防治提供可靠的依据。     

粘虫脑-SOG对腺体产生性信息素的调控作用

根据粘虫雌蛾腺体产生性信息素的时辰节律,初步研究了其脑-SOG的促信息素活性。雌蛾去头后以及不去头在暗期4小时内和光或,腺体中性信息素Z11－16：Ald的含量很低,注射雌蛾或雄蛾的脑-SOG匀浆后,腺体中Z11－16：Ald的含量明显比对照组高,说明雌蛾和雄蛾的脑-SOGk合体中都存在一种促信息素因子,它调控着腺体中性信息素的生物合成。另外,在光期虽然脑-SOG匀浆也使腺体中Z11-16：Ald的含量比对照组高,但总水平比暗期低,可能还有其它因素的影响。