The characteristics of the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine tranquilizers in different tests of anxiety]

In experiments on rats the presence or absence was studied of the phenomenon of potentiation of anxiolytic action, estimated by the time of the animal stay in the light part of the chamber in tests of avoidance of "the lighted ground" or "menacing situation" at combined application of the pairs of substances of benzodiasepine and non-benzodiasepine series (elenium, indoter, campiron and campironin). Spectra of their neurochemical activity were determined in experiments on neurones of isolated spinal ganglia of rats with intracellular biopotentials records. It has been established that GABA-potentiating action of indoter and elenium, dopamine-negative action of campiron and campironin are significant in their anxiolytic action in the states of alarm of aversive genesis of different modalities. Serotoninmimetic effect of non-diasepine tranquilizers is of functional significance in the test of avoidance of "the lighted ground", but not of the "menacing situation". It is suggested that differences of neurochemical mechanisms of anxiolytic action of the tested tranquilizers testify to different neurochemical profiles of the neuronal "matrices" of the studied states of alarm.     

Study of role of inhibitory interneurons in mechanisms of regulation of sensory synapses formed by thalamic and cortical inputs on pyramidal cells of the dorsolateral amygdala nucleus

The work deals with study of role of inhibitory interneurons in the process of regulation of sensory currents converging on soma of pyramidal cells of the dorsolateral amygdala nucleus as well as of role of these interneurons in mechanism of regulation of plasticity of amygdala synapses. It has been shown that the part of the spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded on the dorsolateral amygdala pyramidal cells is relatively high and amounts to about a half of the total amount of the recorded events. Analysis of the evoked postsynaptic responses has shown the interneurons to regulate activity and duration of these responses due to the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarization as a result of activation of GABA_A-receptors. Also studied was role of interneurons in providing mechanisms of the long-term potentiation of the synaptic responses evoked by stimulation of cortical and thalamic inputs. Block of effect of interneurons with help of picrotoxin has been shown to lead to an increase of evoked potentiation of synaptic responses.     

The functional testing of the interhemispheric asymmetry in the spatial organization of rabbit cortical potentials]

Interhemispheric asymmetry was studied of spatial-temporal potentials organization (STPO) of the cortex in non-fixated animals in the states of deep rest, behavioural activity and in the transition period between them. Despite the intrahemispheric differences of the STPO in each of these states, interhemispheric divergences in the character of reconstructions of momentary topograms of the cortical potentials, recorded at 24-channels leading, are limited by 35% of the epoch analysis time. Comparison of the dynamics of intrahemispheric changes of topograms of cortical potentials in the left and right hemispheres in the states of rest and activity revealed a narrowing of temporal period of the absence of resemblance in reconstructions of successive topograms of the left and right hemispheres in comparison with transition processes. In the phase of rest the interhemispheric conjugation of spatial reconstructions in topograms became lowered mainly because of the disturbances of monotony of changes of their reliefs in one of the hemispheres in turn. In the active phase, deviations from STPO of the cortex, characteristic of the state of rest, were met more frequently in the right hemisphere; in that case oscillations of the topograms general mean level connected with the activity of non-specific activating subcortical brain system acquired a significant role in regulation of interhemispheric relations. Presence of interhemispheric resemblance of reconstructions of topograms reliefs in the active phase, despite the tendency to its lowering in comparison with the rest, testifies to the contribution also of the intracortical processes to the interhemispheric spatial synchronization of the cortical potentials in this state.     

Conditioning of inhibition of sympathetic nerve discharge to stimulation of A- and C-fibres in the aortic nerve

Stimulation of either A- or C-fibres in the aortic nerve inhibits sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) recorded from the renal nerve in rabbits anaesthetized with urethane. When the test inhibition of SND to stimulation of A-fibres is preceded by conditioning stimulation of the same afferents, the test response is depressed at shorter and facilitated at longer testing intervals. Facilitation of the inhibition of SND reaches 120% of control at a testing interval of 10 s. The recovery curve of inhibition of SND to activation of A-fibres has a time course of 17 s. Following conditioning activation only depression of the test inhibition of SND to stimulation of C-fibres is seen. It reaches 46% of control at an interval of 2 s and the recovery curve of inhibition of SND to stimulation of C-fibres has a time course of about 30 s. In other series of experiments the duration of the conditioning stimulation was varied while the testing intervals were fixed. At a testing interval of 2 s the reductions of the test responses are deeper and the durations of conditioning at which plateaus of depression are reached are longer with stimulation of C- than of A-fibres. Taken together with a longer recovery curve these findings suggest a more effective control of the test inhibition of SND by C-fibres. Opposite changes in the patterns of inhibition of SND to activation of either A- or C-fibres are explained by frequency-dependent post-tetanic effects of the conditioning stimulation.     

The effect of the level of consciousness on the spatial organization of cortical activity in mental processes

In the present study the influence of the level of consciousness on spatial organization of the cortical functional activity in human psychic processes was investigated. For regulation of the level of consciousness models were used of hypnotic analgesia, automatization of intellectual actions and mental activity in hypnotic state. Evaluation of the mosaic of the cortical activity was made by parameters of spatial synchronization of the potentials with topographic mapping of crosscorrelation, spectral and coherent-phasic EEG characteristics. The obtained data allow to conclude about special role of the frontal areas of the left hemisphere in the process of realization of information. It has been shown that one of the main functions in neurophysiological structure of consciousness is the selection of signals according to dominating motivation. The frontal areas of the left hemisphere control the degree of inclusion of foci of increased activity, specific and non-specific for each type of activity, and possibly, regulate the way of transformation of the information.     

Demonstration of the synthesis of hydrocarbons in animal tissues

Incubation of tissue of homogenates of peripheral nerves, liver, and subcutaneous adipose tissue of rabbits with [1-14C]palmitic acid and intraperitoneal injection of this preparation into rats, in a dose of 20 muCi per 100 g of weight of the animals, permitted establishment of the presence of enzyme systems of biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the tissues of higher animals. Evidence of the biosynthesis of n-alkanes in the animal organism represents a new aspect of our knowledge of the metabolism of this class of compounds in animal tissues.     

Cooperative properties of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]

The structure of the active center of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the arrangement of subunits in the tetrameric molecule is delineated. The mechanism of cooperative effects in the oligomer is considered, and the involvement of various regions of the active center and of different-subunit contact area in the realization of the cooperative phenomena is discussed. A special attention is paid to the effect of NAD+ bound to one of the subunits of the tetramer on the structure of an adjacent subunit and to the problem of the participation of the coenzyme in the creation of anion-binding sites of the enzyme. The conditions of reversible dissociation of the tetrameric apoenzyme molecule into dimers are depicted, and the role of NAD+ in the organization of the quaternary structure of the dehydrogenase is discussed. The problem of catalytic activity of the dimeric form of the enzyme is argued.     

Immunoenzyme analysis of the change in the expression of class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex under the influence of interferon preparations

The interferons (IFN's) are natural regulators of the immune response. This quality of IFN depends to a large extent on their capacity to change the expression of the antigens of the second (II) class of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. The most effective modulator of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC is beta-IFN. The aim of this work is to explore with the aid of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) peculiarities of an action of the preparations alpha- and beta-IFN's of a man on the expression of the antigens of the second class on macrophages of mice with using monoclonal antibodies to the products of subregions I-A and I-E MHC. As a result of exploration we have the following: both preparations IFN's (leukinterferon and beta-IFN) reinforce the expression of the antigens of the second class on the macrophages of mice spleens. With combined influence preparation alpha-IFN and beta-IFN show interweakened effect on the expression of the antigens of the class MHC. Exposed regularities of the expression have the same type for products of subregions I-A and I-E H-2 of mice complex. ELISA is the sensible method of determination of a level of the expression of the antigens of the class II MHC on the cell's populations.     

Reflection of the plastic properties of 2 neurons with a common monosynaptic input in the statistical characteristics of their impulse activity

Changes of cross-correlation histograms (CCH) of impulse trains and of mean interspike intervals (ISI) of neurones N1 and N2 with a common monosynaptic excitatory or inhibitory-excitatory input from N3, at changes of efficiency of interneuronal connections, neurone excitability and summate action on them of independent random afferent synaptic inflows were studied by methods of mathematical and biomathematical modelling of neuronal interaction. It was shown that the increase of amplitude of the central peak (trough) of a normalized CCH of N1-N2 accompanied by reduction of mean ISI of N1 and N2, is either a sign of an increase of the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials of N1 and N2 elicited by impulses of the nonrecorded N3 or a sign of an increase of mean ISI of N3.     

An estimation of center of gravity from force platform data

A general, dynamic relationship between the data obtained from a force platform, center of gravity of the body on the platform and the time rate of change of moment of momentum of the body about its center of gravity was derived from principles of dynamics for a system of particles. The derived equations are useful for processing and interpreting the force platform data. Displacement and path of center of gravity of human body during standing on one foot and level walking were estimated by using the derived equations. An estimation of the time rate of change of moment of momentum of the body was also obtained. A biomechanical interpretation of point of application of the resultant of ground reactions was presented.     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花空间分布及数量特征研究

研究了不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨花空间分布及其数量特征。结果表明,无论是胡杨还是灰叶胡杨,其雄树的树高、最低花位、集花区下限、集花区上限、最高花位皆低于雌树,并且雌株与雄株的花序分布范围亦有着较大的重叠区域。在树体上,雄花序主要分布在树冠的中部,上部次之,下部最少;雌花序主要分布在树冠的上部,中部次之,下部最少。胡杨的单株花序量、花朵花药数、花药花粉量和花序花粉量均小于灰叶胡杨,而花序花朵数胡杨雄树的小于灰叶胡杨,雌树的大于灰叶胡杨。统计分析表明,不同居群胡杨的单株花序量、花序花朵数与花药花粉量是相对稳定的,而灰叶胡杨仅雄树的单株花序量是稳定的。     

The effects of influence of electromagnetic irradiation of millimeter wavelength on background impulse activity of supraoptic nucleus' neurons of rats' hypothalamus

In conditions of acute experiment on white rats anaesthetized by Nembutal (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), the registration and analysis of background impulse activity of the supraoptic nucleus neurons of rats' hypothalamus in norm and after electromagnetic irradiation of millimeter wavelength on organism, were carried out. Distributions of neurons by the degree of rhythm regularity, the character of types of dynamics of the following impulse flows, the modality of histograms of interspike intervals, the average discharge frequency, the coefficient of interspike intervals variation, were found out. Changes of the background impulse activity which were related mainly to the changes of the inner structure of registered impulse flows, were revealed. Significant shifts were generally observed in the character of dynamics of neuronal current flows and degree of regularity of the impulse activity. Statistically significant changes of the average frequency of discharges of different frequency range neurons' populations were revealed.     

The role of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in the development of amnesia

The paper deals with analysis of the influence of blockade of separate components of benzodiazepine-GABA-ionophore complex on the recovery of memory trace amnesia under GABA-A and GABA-B receptors activation in the experiments with conditioned reaction of passive avoidance of mice. Activation of GABA-A receptors did not change the behavioural amnesia manifestation at all terms of testing. Activation of GABA-B receptors before learning and amnestic influence caused spontaneous recovery of avoidance reaction. Blockade of chloride channel by picrotoxin and of benzodiazepine receptor by flumazepil restored the reproduction of the memory trace disturbed against the background of GABA-B receptors activation. Systemic flumazepil administration contributed to the memory trace reproduction against the background of GABA-A receptors activation by muscimol in the dose of 0.5 mg/kg. In conditions of amnesia development against the background of muscimol in the dose of 1 mg/kg the blockade of any component of benzodiazepine-GABA-ionophore complex was not effective. The obtained data testify that activation of GABA-A and GABA-B receptors changes the amnesia development and correction of amnesia memory trace by the blockade of separate components of benzodiazepine-GABA-ionophore complex.     

Plasmids and mobile genetic elements of pathogenic Yersinia bacteria

The review of literature is devoted to molecular and genetic organization of movable genetic elements responsible for synthesis of pathogenicity factors of Yersinia bacteria. General characterization of Yersinia pathogenicity factors is given. We analysed the role of plasmids in expression of the pathogenic properties of these bacteria and the role of IS elements of Yersinia in expression of genes encoding synthesis of the pathogenicity factors. Replicative properties of Yersinia plasmids are described. The role of chromosomal genes in regulation of synthesis of the plasmid-specific pathogenicity factors is discussed.     

基于形态特征的中华稻蝗生物地理学分析

为研究中华稻蝗形态特征与地理特征的关系,选取中华稻蝗体长(LB)、头长(LH)、前胸背板长(LP)、前胸背板宽(WP)、前胸背板侧片长(LLP)、前胸背板侧片高(HLP)、前翅长(LEL)、后足股节长(LF)、后足股节宽(WF)和后足胫节长(LT)等10个性状,采用电子游标卡尺测量其长度进行比较,使用SPSS11.5统计软件进行体长方差分析、各个性状在不同种群间的多重方差分析以及各性状间与海拔高度间的相关性分析。结果显示:9个中华稻蝗种群分为南方组、北方组及一个过渡种群,雌雄虫中北方种群的体长均明显小于南方种群;各性状测量值呈现出随纬度增加而减少的趋势;10个性状中除前胸背板长、前翅长、后足股节长和后足胫节长与海拔高度之间的相关性不显著之外,其余性状均与海拔高度呈现显著的正相关。结果表明,秦岭的分隔是造成南北方种群形态特征产生差异的主要原因;体型较大、后腿股节较宽的中华稻蝗更有利于在高海拔环境生存。     

Passive Movement of Water and Solutes into the Absorbing Region of the Root

The relation of the rate of passive movement of water into theabsorbing region of the root to the difference between the osmoticpressures of the external solution and those of the exudatefrom the xylem of a detopped plant or isolated root, and alsothe relation of the rate of passive movement of solute to thedifferences of concentration of solute of electric potentialare considered.     

Influence of Ca2+ ions on metabolism of active oxygen species in combined cultures of wheat calluses with the fungus Tilletia caries

The effect of Ca2+ on morphophysiological parameters of calluses of wheat Triticum aestovum L., the level of active oxygen species, and the activity of oxalate oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase is investigated in the case of infestation with the fungus Triticum aestivum causing ball smut. The concentration of O2-, H2O2, and activity of oxidoreductases (oxalate oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase) depends on the content of Ca2+ ions in the culture medium of calluses. The increase in the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the culture medium led to higher structuring of calluses, induction of activity of oxalate oxidase and of some forms of peroxidase, and to accumulation of active oxygen species. These changes contributed to inhibition of development of the fungus. Discovery of such dependence agrees with the role of calcium as the intermediary in biochemical reactions related to the formation of the protective response of plant cells in case of infestation.     

Conditioned reactions of hippocampal neurons during amphetamine poisoning and its counteraction with haloperidol

Activity of 144 neurones of the dorsal part of the rabbits hippocamp was recorded during elaboration of motor conditioned reflex to time. Chronic amphetamine intoxication lowered the ability of hippocampal neurones to form conditioned reactions in response to pairings of sound stimuli with electrocutaneous reinforcement and fully suppressed mechanisms of reproduction by cells of engrams of previous pairings in series of their omissions Single administration of haloperidol to intact animals somewhat increased the number of neurones reacting to the pairing and their omissions in conditioned reflex to time without significantly influencing the intensity and dynamics of reproduction of endogenous cellular reactions in the series of consecutive omissions of pairing. Haloperidol administration during amphetamine intoxication elicited shifts towards normalization of conditioned activity of neurones, eliminating the suppressing action of amphetamine on mechanisms of reproduction of engrams of combined stimuli. Such "therapeutic" effect of haloperidol in many cases did not depend on the character of its psychotropic action. The properties of amphetamine and haloperidol action on the cells of the hippocamp are discussed as compared to their action on the neurones of other brain structures, previously studied in an analogous experimental situation.     

Role of Acetylcholine in the Modulation of Activity of Neocortical Neurons in Awake Animals Performing an Instrumental Conditioned Reflex

We studied modulatory effects of the cholinergic system on the activity of sensorimotor cortex neurons related to realization of an instrumental conditioned placing reflex. Experiments were carried out on awake cats; multibarrel glass microelectrodes were used for extracellular recording of impulse activity of neurons in the sensorimotor cortex and iontophoretic application of synaptically active agents within the recording region. The background and reflex-related activity was recorded in the course of realization of conditioned movements, and then changes of spiking induced by applications of the testing substances were examined. Applications of acetylcholine and carbachol resulted in increases in the intensity of impulse reactions of neocortical neurons evoked by presentation of an acoustic signal and in simultaneous shortening of the response latencies. An agonist of muscarinic receptors, pylocarpine, exerted a similar effect on the evoked activity of sensorimotor cortex neurons. Blockers of muscarinic receptors, atropine and scopolamine, vice versa, sharply suppressed impulse reactions of cortical neurons to afferent stimulation and simultaneously increased latencies of these responses. Applications of an agonist of nicotinic receptors, nicotine, was accompanied by suppression of impulse neuronal responses, an increase in the latency of spike reactions to presentation of a sound signal, and a corresponding increase in the latency of a conditioned motor reaction. In contrast, application of an antagonist of nicotinic receptors, tubocurarine, significantly intensified neuronal spike responses and shortened their latency. The mechanisms underlying the effects of antagonists of membrane muscarinic and nicotinic cholinoreceptors and the role of activation of these receptors in the modulation of activity of pyramidal and non-pyramidal neocortical neurons related to realization of the instrumental motor reflex are discussed.