基于TAXIScan细胞动态可视化系统分析中性粒细胞迁移以及瞬时钙离子流的变化

采用新型TAXIScan细胞动态可视化系统观察和分析中性粒细胞在趋化因子甲酰甲硫氨酰–亮氨酰–苯丙氨酰(N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine,f MLP)诱导下的迁移以及在此过程中胞质内游离钙离子浓度的变化规律。该文将小鼠骨髓中性粒细胞经Fluo-3/AM标记后用流式细胞术检测不同浓度f MLP刺激下瞬时钙离子流的变化。采用TAXIScan系统观测f MLP趋化下细胞的运动及运动过程中胞质内钙离子浓度的变化。流式细胞术结果显示,细胞在0.5、1、5μmol/L f MLP诱导下形成的瞬时钙离子流峰值最高;TAXIScan结果显示,f MLP作用下细胞瞬时钙离子流要早于极性化出现,且在细胞迁移过程中伴随着钙离子浓度的振荡波动,其中1μmol/L f MLP作用下细胞运动速度最快、路程最远。TAXIScan系统可准确、定量地分析中性粒细胞定向迁移过程及单细胞钙离子荧光的变化,为探究中性粒细胞极性与钙离子间的关系提供新方法及参考依据。     

封面故事

<正>钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更     

青蛙心肌细胞膜在调节肌浆钙离子浓度中所起作用的定量考虑

在骨胳肌兴奋-收缩耦联过程中,肌浆钙离子浓度主要由肌浆网系调节。青蛙心肌细胞的肌浆网系不发达,没有横管,且细胞直径很小,因此肌浆钙离子浓度很可能由发生在肌膜上的过程调节。本文从定量角度验证这一设想的可能性。假定青蛙心肌细胞兴奋时钙离子顺浓度差从细胞外跨膜扩散入细胞使肌浆钙浓度升高,又经肌膜上类似载体作用的主动过程将钙离子排出细胞,由此计算静息蛙心肌在某一频率的重复刺激下肌浆钙离子浓度随刺激次数的变化以及对不同刺激频率当收缩张力达稳态时肌浆内钙浓度值。利用肌肉稳态收缩张力和细胞内钙离子浓度之间已知的单值关系可以看到,计算结果同实验记录的蛙心肌稳态张力与刺激频率间的“阶梯”关系符合得很好,说明青蛙心肌细胞膜在调节肌浆钙离子浓度中起决定作用这一想法从定量角度考虑也完全是可能的.     

胰岛素对小鼠原代肝细胞甘油三酯合成分解代谢的影响

目的：建立小鼠肝细胞体外培养的方法,研究不同浓度胰岛素对肝细胞甘油三酯合成代谢、分解代谢及甘油三酯含量的影响。方法：通过肝脏灌注和胶原酶消化分离小鼠肝细胞,密度梯度离心纯化后,进行体外培养。在0 nmol/L,50 nmol/L,100 nmol/L,200 nmol/L胰岛素存在的情况下培养,通过3H标记的甘油测定细胞内甘油三酯合成速率,使用3H标记的油酸预孵育,加入triacsin C抑制脂肪酸重酯化,追踪掺入3H的甘油三酯分解的速率。采用甘油三酯检测试剂盒,测定不同浓度胰岛素对细胞内甘油三酯含量的影响。结果：成功分离了小鼠原代肝细胞,存活率达90%。50 nmol/L胰岛素对细胞甘油三酯含量及甘油三酯合成分解速率影响较小。100 nmol/L胰岛素可显著增加甘油三酯合成速率,减低分解速率,使细胞内甘油三酯含量增加。200 nmo/L胰岛素反而降低甘油三酯合成速率,细胞内甘油三酯含量少于对照组（0 nmol/L）。结论：本研究成功建立了小鼠原代肝细胞分离培养的方法,使用3H标记物敏感的检测肝细胞内甘油三酯合成分解速率。研究发现,过高浓度的胰岛素反而抑制肝细胞甘油三酯的储积。     

嗜中性粒细胞在均匀浓度fMLP诱导极性化过程中伪足长度的变化

采用重复密度梯度离心的方法分离中性粒细胞,并对其在10～100 nmol/L fMLP不同浓度趋化诱导下产生极性化的极性化率和伪足长度变化趋势进行分析。结果表明在加入fMLP的短时间内,细胞都表现出极性化率明显上升的趋势,以100 nmol/L为最快,但在3～4 min内都会达到90%以上的极性化水平。同时,细胞伪足长度明显受到不同fMLP浓度刺激的影响,表现为伸展和回缩相的交替,从而组成一个振荡周期。组成振荡周期的伸展相和回缩相及振荡频率都明显受到不同fMLP浓度刺激的影响,依据伪足变化率本文提出了细胞极性活跃程度的分类。由于伪足的变化与F-actin的聚合密切相关,而F-actin的聚合又受到极性信号分子的调节,因此对伪足变化的分析有助于了解中性粒细胞极性信号传导通路的调节机制。     

慢性多重应激大鼠心律失常及维拉帕米的抑制作用

目的:研究慢性多重应激大鼠心律失常和心房肌细胞内钙离子浓度及血清儿荼酚胺浓度变化,分析钙离子阻滞剂维拉帕米对应激性心律失常的抑制作用.方法:健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为A组(应激组)、B组(应激+维拉帕米组)和C组(对照组).选用噪声加足底电击、强迫游泳和束缚加夜间光照的复合刺激为应激源,建立大鼠慢性多重应激模型.B组大鼠饲以钙离子阻滞剂维拉帕米.记录心电图,分析各组心律失常的类型、心律失常事件次数.测定实验前后血清儿茶酚胺含量,实验结束后,测定心房肌细胞内钙离子浓度.结果:实验结束后A、B两组大鼠全部记录到心律失常,A组大鼠出现较多类型的心律失常(窦性心律不齐、房性期前收缩、室性期前收缩、房性期前收缩和未下传、室上性心动过速、阵发性室速),B组记录到室性期前收缩(ventricular pre-mature beats,VPB)和房性期前收缩(atrial premature beats,APB o B组大鼠出现心律失常时间较晚(A组:17±4d;B组:25±3 d,p<0.01)、心律失常发生频率低于A组(VPB:A=2.0±0.4;B=0.8±0.06,p<0.01 events/min,APB:A=1.8±0.3;B=0.3±0.05events/min,p<0.01).实验结束后,A、B两组血清去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)和肾上腺素(epinephrine,Epi)水平增高,并高于对照组,B组低于A组(NE:A=2,617±344 pg/ml;B=751±146 pg/ml,P<0.01;Epi:A=1,635±224 pg/ml;B=538±106pg/ml,P<0.01).B组动物心房肌细胞内钙离子浓度较A组低(A=215± 26nmol/L;B=101±15mnol/L,P<0.01).结论:钙离子阻滞剂维拉帕米可阻止心房肌细胞钙离子内流和减少儿荼酚胺释放水平进而延缓慢性多重应激诱导的心律失常和降低其发生率.     

受精Ca^2＋波动信号

迄今为止研究的所有动物卵子在受精时都有一个共同的现象,即胞质游离Ca~(2 )浓度升高,从静息状态的40—100nmol/L升高至600—1000nmol/L水平,并以波的形式从精卵结合点向卵子的其他部位扩展。在哺乳类受精诱导的Ca~(2 )浓度变化表现为有规律的跃升,即Ca~(2 )波动或振荡。受精诱导的Ca~(2 )波动可持续达数小时之久,直至原核形成时才消失。小鼠卵受精诱导Ca~(2 )波动的特点是:第1峰高而宽,峰值达617.7±143.5nmol/L,峰宽220.1±43.3sec。将第1峰放大后可观察到许多锯齿状小峰(图1)。第1峰之后Ca~(2 )波动的     

星形胶质细胞存在L-型钙通道的新证据

以纯化培养的小鼠星形胶质细胞(Astrocyte,AS)为实验材料,采用激光共聚焦钙成像和荧光分光光度计技术,探讨钙激动剂Bay k8644和钙拮抗剂nimodipine对星形胶质细胞胞内钙离子浓度的影响。结果显示,Bay k8644在0.0001、0.001和0.01mmol/L浓度下均可显著增加星形胶质细胞的细胞内钙水平,而nimodipine在0.001、0.01和0.1mmol/L浓度下均可显著降低星形胶质细胞胞内钙水平,并阻止KCl引起的细胞内钙升高。上述结果表明星形胶质细胞对L-型钙通道激动剂和拮抗剂的反应与神经元的反应相似,提示星形胶质细胞胞膜上也存在L-型钙通道。     

氨甲酰胆碱增加大鼠心室肌细胞收缩机制的初步研究

目的:本文研究非选择性M受体激动剂氨甲酰胆碱(Cch)对心肌细胞收缩的作用,并同时观察L-型钙流,探讨其机制.方法:以分离大鼠的单个心室肌细胞为对象,采用膜片钳和单细胞收缩测量技术,在35℃恒温,细胞外钙离子浓度1.8 mmol/L,0.2 Hz,1.0 Hz刺激下测量细胞收缩幅度和ICa(L)、INa/Ca.结果:①大鼠心肌细胞收缩与刺激频率呈负相关;②选择△L0.2 Hz/△L1.0 Hz≥1.25(n=6)的细胞给予1.0 Hz的刺激,100 μmol/L Cch增加大鼠心室肌细胞收缩28%.③ Cch作用能被非选择性M受体阻滞剂阿托品阻滞,选择性M1受体激动剂MCN-A-343 100 μmol/L对细胞收缩无影响.④ 100 μmol/L Cch对ICa(L)无影响,但增加从 10 mV复极到-40 mV所产生的晚期尾电流,提示INa/Ca加大.结论:Cch能加强大鼠心室肌细胞收缩,它的作用由M2受体介导,其机制可能是通过加强INa/Ca,增加肌质网(SR)内的钙内容和钙释放,导致细胞收缩加强,而非通过L-型钙流.     

拟南芥花粉细胞质游离钙离子荧光测定法

以拟南芥花粉为材料,利用低温装载法在完整的花粉粒中,成功地载入酯化形式的钙离子荧光探针Fura-2/AM。利用荧光比率分析法对花粉细胞质中游离钙离子的分布特点进行研究并测定了花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度。结果表明花粉萌发初期细胞质内游离钙离子呈极性分布,萌发沟附近的钙离子浓度明显高于其它部位,萌发孔附近最高,花粉细胞核中最低。花粉粒细胞萌发状态下的[Ca2 ]i=246±38nmol/L,该值与花粉粒细胞萌发状态下游离钙离子浓度用其它方法测得值接近,进一步表明所建立的用Fura-2/AM检测拟南芥花粉粒细胞质游离钙离子的方法是可靠的。     

Complex calcium oscillations and the role of mitochondria and cytosolic proteins

Intracellular calcium oscillations, which are oscillatory changes of cytosolic calcium concentration in response to agonist stimulation, are experimentally well observed in various living cells. Simple calcium oscillations represent the most common pattern and many mathematical models have been published to describe this type of oscillation. On the other hand, relatively few theoretical studies have been proposed to give an explanation of complex intracellular calcium oscillations, such as bursting and chaos. In this paper, we develop a new possible mechanism for complex calcium oscillations based on the interplay between three calcium stores in the cell: the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and cytosolic proteins. The majority ( approximately 80%) of calcium released from the ER is first very quickly sequestered by mitochondria. Afterwards, a much slower release of calcium from the mitochondria serves as the calcium supply for the intermediate calcium exchanges between the ER and the cytosolic proteins causing bursting calcium oscillations. Depending on the permeability of the ER channels and on the kinetic properties of calcium binding to the cytosolic proteins, different patterns of complex calcium oscillations appear. With our model, we are able to explain simple calcium oscillations, bursting and chaos. Chaos is also observed for calcium oscillations in the bursting mode.     

Electrical bursting and luminal calcium oscillation in excitable cell models

 It is shown in this paper that electrical bursting and the oscillations in the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca²⁺]_i, observed in excitable cells such as pancreatic β-cells and R-15 cells of the mollusk Aplysia may be driven by a slow oscillation of the calcium concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, [Ca²⁺]_lum. This hypothesis follows from the inclusion of the dynamic changes of [Ca²⁺]_lum in the Chay bursting model. This extended model provides answers to some puzzling phenomena, such as why isolated single pancreatic β-cells burst with a low frequency while intact β-cells in an islet burst with a much higher frequency. Verification of the model prediction that [Ca²⁺]_lum is a primary oscillator which drives electrical bursting and [Ca²⁺]_i oscillations in these cells awaits experimental testing. Experiments using fluorescent dyes such as mag-fura-2-AM or aequorin could provide relevant information. Received: 17 August 1995/Accepted in revised form: 10 July 1996     

A mesoscopic stochastic mechanism of cytosolic calcium oscillations

Based on a model of intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) oscillation with self-modulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signal, the mesoscopic stochastic differential equations for the intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations are theoretically derived by using the chemical Langevin equation method. The effects of the finite biochemical reaction molecule number on both simple and complex cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations are numerically studied. In the case of simple intracellular Ca(2+) oscillation, it is found that, with the increase of molecule number, the coherence resonance or autonomous resonance phenomena can occur for some external stimulation parameter values. In the cases of complex cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations, each extremum of concentration of cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations corresponds to a peak in the histogram of Ca(2+) concentration, and the most probability appeared during the bursting plateau level for bursting, but at the largest minimum of Ca(2+) concentration for chaos. For quasi-periodicity, however, there are only two peaks in the histogram of Ca(2+) concentration, and the most probability is located at low concentration state.     

From simple to complex oscillatory behaviour: analysis of bursting in a multiply regulated biochemical system

We analyze the transition from simple to complex oscillatory behaviour in a three-variable biochemical system that consists of the coupling in series of two autocatalytic enzyme reactions. Complex periodic behaviour occurs in the form of bursting in which clusters of spikes are separated by phases of relative quiescence. The generation of such temporal patterns is investigated by a series of complementary approaches. The dynamics of the system is first cast into two different time-scales, and one of the variables is taken as a slowly-varying parameter influencing the behaviour of the two remaining variables. This analysis shows how complex oscillations develop from simple periodic behaviour and accounts for the existence of various modes of bursting as well as for the dependence of the number of spikes per period on key parameters of the model. We further reduce the number of variables by analyzing bursting by means of one-dimensional return maps obtained from the time evolution of the three-dimensional system. The analysis of a related piecewise linear map allows for a detailed understanding of the complex sequence leading from a bursting pattern with p spikes to a pattern with p + 1 spikes per period. We show that this transition possesses properties of self-similarity associated with the occurrence of more and more complex patterns of bursting. In addition to bursting, period-doubling bifurcations leading to chaos are observed, as in the differential system, when the piecewise-linear map becomes nonlinear.     

Switching from simple to complex oscillations in calcium signaling

We present a new model for calcium oscillations based on experiments in hepatocytes. The model considers feedback inhibition on the initial agonist receptor complex by calcium and activated phospholipase C, as well as receptor type-dependent self-enhanced behavior of the activated G(alpha) subunit. It is able to show simple periodic oscillations and periodic bursting, and it is the first model to display chaotic bursting in response to agonist stimulations. Moreover, our model offers a possible explanation for the differences in dynamic behavior observed in response to different agonists in hepatocytes.     

Modelling mechanism of calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells

We present a simple model for calcium oscillations in the pancreatic acinar cells. This model is based on the calcium release from two receptors, inositol trisphosphate receptors (IPR) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) through the process of calcium induced calcium release (CICR). In pancreatic acinar cells, when the Ca²⁺ concentration increases, the mitochondria uptake it very fast to restrict Ca²⁺ response in the cell. Afterwards, a much slower release of Ca²⁺ from the mitochondria serves as a calcium supply in the cytosol which causes calcium oscillations. In this paper we discuss a possible mechanism for calcium oscillations based on the interplay among the three calcium stores in the cell: the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and cytosol. Our model predicts that calcium shuttling between ER and mitochondria is a pacemaker role in the generation of Ca²⁺oscillations. We also consider the calcium dependent production and degradation of (1,4,5) inositol-trisphosphate (IP₃), which is a key source of intracellular calcium oscillations in pancreatic acinar cells. In this study we are able to predict the different patterns of calcium oscillations in the cell from sinusoidal to raised-baseline, high frequency and low-frequency baseline spiking.     

Complex intracellular calcium oscillations. A theoretical exploration of possible mechanisms

Intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations are commonly observed in a large number of cell types in response to stimulation by an extracellular agonist. In most cell types the mechanism of regular spiking is well understood and models based on Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release (CICR) can account for many experimental observations. However, cells do not always exhibit simple Ca(2+) oscillations. In response to given agonists, some cells show more complex behaviour in the form of bursting, i.e. trains of Ca(2+) spikes separated by silent phases. Here we develop several theoretical models, based on physiologically plausible assumptions, that could account for complex intracellular Ca(2+) oscillations. The models are all based on one- or two-pool models based on CICR. We extend these models by (i) considering the inhibition of the Ca(2+)-release channel on a unique intracellular store at high cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations, (ii) taking into account the Ca(2+)-activated degradation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)), or (iii) considering explicity the evolution of the Ca(2+) concentration in two different pools, one sensitive and the other one insensitive to IP(3). Besides simple periodic oscillations, these three models can all account for more complex oscillatory behaviour in the form of bursting. Moreover, the model that takes the kinetics of IP(3) into account shows chaotic behaviour.     

NONLINEAR PROCESSES OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM SIGNALING AS A TARGET FOR THE INFLUENCE OF EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY FIELDS

Theoretical analysis of peculiarities of reception of weak extremely low-frequency periodic signals by calcium-dependent intracellular regulatory systems was performed on the reduced “minimal” model for calcium oscillations suggested by Goldbeter et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1461–1465, 1990). The model considered the following calcium-dependent processes: the rise in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) due to calcium ionophore A23187 action on a cell, activation of the Ca²⁺ entry through calcium channels in the plasma membrane by the initial rise in [Ca²⁺]_i, and the Ca²⁺ release from intracellular stores by the calcium-induced calcium release mechanism. Calcium channels of plasma membrane were chosen as a target for the modulating signal and an additive noise influence in the model. An increase in [Ca²⁺]_i under the influence of the modulating signal was demonstrated to depend not only on the amplitude and frequency of this signal, but also on the phase of the signal with respect to a momentary chemical stimulation of the cell. Such an effect was found only at high strengths of chemical stimulation and with a particular sequence of delivery of the chemical and electromagnetic stimuli. An increase in noise intensity led to magnification of the mean level of [Ca²⁺]_i in a narrow frequency range by the mechanism of stochastic resonance. Under the influence of a modulating periodic signal, the gradual increase in strength of chemical stimulation induced a system transition from regular to chaotic behavior, and then to induced periodic oscillations. A boundary of the transition from chaotic to periodic oscillations corresponded to a “threshold” of sensitivity of calcium-dependent intracellular signaling systems on [Ca²⁺]_i to the influence of the modulating signal. Results of the theoretical analysis led us to conclude that the narrow-band response of a system to an external electromagnetic signal is determined purely by nonlinear properties of the system.     

极低频磁场对激动剂诱发钙振荡的影响

从激动剂诱发钙振荡的非线性动力学模型出发, 通过数值计算分析极低频磁场对胞内游离钙离子浓度［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ｉ 的影响。研究结果表明：只有当外加磁场的频率与胞内钙振荡的特征频率相近时,极低频磁场才会对该细胞的［Ｃａ２ ＋］ｉ 产生影响;由于激动剂诱发钙振荡的动力学模型中的许多参数是因细胞而异的,因此极低频磁场对［Ｃａ２ ＋ ］ｉ 的影响具有显著的个体差异     

Neural mechanisms potentially contributing to the intersegmental phase lag in lamprey

Most previous models of the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) underlying locomotion in the lamprey have relied on reciprocal inhibition between the left and right side for oscillations to be produced. Here, we have explored the consequences of using self-oscillatory hemisegments. Within a single hemisegment, the oscillations are produced by a network of recurrently coupled excitatory neurons (E neurons) that by themselves are not oscillatory but when coupled together through N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionicacid (AMPA)/kainate transmission can produce oscillations. The bursting mechanism relies on intracellular accumulation of calcium that activates Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺. The intracellular calcium is modeled by two different intracellular calcium pools, one of which represents the calcium entry following the action potential, Ca_AP pool, and the other represents the calcium inflow through the NMDA channels, Ca_NMDA pool. The Ca²⁺-dependent K⁺ activated by these two calcium pools are referred to as K_CaAP and K_CaNMDA, respectively, and their relative conductances are modulated and increase with the background activation of the network. When changing the background stimulation, the bursting activity in this network can be made to cover a frequency range of 0.5–5.5 Hz with reasonable burst proportions if the adaptation is modulated with the activity. When a chain of such hemisegments are coupled together, a phase lag along the chain can be produced. The local oscillations as well as the phase lag is dependent on the axonal conduction delay as well as the types of excitatory coupling that are assumed, i.e. AMPA/kainate and/or NMDA. When the caudal excitatory projections are extended further than the rostral ones, and assumed to be of approximately equal strength, this kind of network is capable of reproducing several experimental observations such as those occurring during strychnine blockade of the left-right reciprocal inhibition. Addition of reciprocally coupled inhibitory neurons in such a network gives rise to antiphasic activity between the left and right side, but not necessarily to any change of the frequency if the burst proportion of the hemisegmental bursts is well below 50%. Prolongation of the C neuron projection in the rostrocaudal direction restricts the phase lag produced by only the excitatory hemisegmental network by locking together the interburst intervals at different levels of the spinal cord. Received: 29 September 1998 Accepted in Revised Form: 26 March 1999