Production of lactic acid from soybean stalk hydrolysate with Lactobacillus sake and Lactobacillus casei

In order to make full use of soybean stalk produced in large quantity annually in China, a process is proposed for production of lactic acid from soybean stalk hydrolysate with Lactobacillus sake and Lactobacillus casei. Experiments were conducted using the proposed process and experimental results indicate that the potential of 242 mg (g stalk)⁻¹ fermentable sugar is released from hydrolysate through enzymatic saccharication with a saccharication of 51%. The main sugar released from pretreated soybean stalk through enzymatic hydrolysis was a mixture of glucose, xylose and cellobiose at a ratio of 3.9:1.7:1. Fermentation of soybean stalk hydrolysate by L. sake and L. casei yielded the lactic acid conversion of 48% and 56%, respectively, however, lactic acid conversion increased to 71% by co-inoculation of both strains. L. sake and L. casei were able to degrade glucose, but unable to completely assimilate xylose and cellobiose. The proposed process can be used to produce lactic acid from soybean stalk hydrolysate.     

拟干酪乳杆菌发酵L-乳酸合成培养基的优化

为开发一种适合于乳酸发酵过程代谢流分析(MFA)的合成培养基,以拟干酪乳杆菌Lactobacillus paracasei为对象,考察主要营养成分对其生长和乳酸合成的影响.在合成培养基的优化过程中,先确定了影响菌体生长和乳酸合成的主要营养物质及其浓度范围,针对葡萄糖、混合氛基酸、核苷类物质、维生素等生长因子、混合磷源、CaCO3六大类营养成分,使用正交试验法先后设计了六因素五水平和四因素三水平正交试验以及氨基酸梯度试验和氨基酸缺失试验,得到了最佳培养基组成(1L):葡萄糖80g、醋酸钠2g、吐温-80 1 mL、柠檬酸氢二铵1g、金属离子0.72g、混合氨基酸3.925g、核苷类物质0.15g、维生素等生长因子0.075g、混合磷源0g、CaC03 35g.以半合成培养基为对照,考察优化后的合成培养基对菌体生长和乳酸合成的影响.结果表明,菌体在合成培养基中的乳酸产量、产率均比半合成培养基中高.这些结果为L.paracasei的代谢流定量研究莫定了基础.     

Enhancement of lactic acid production with ram horn peptone by Lactobacillus casei

Ram horns are a waste material from the meat industry. The use of ram horn peptone (RHP) as a supplement for lactic acid production was investigated using Lactobacillus casei. For this purpose, first, RHP was produced. Ram horns were hydrolysed by treating with acids (3 M H₂SO₄ and 6 M HCl) and neutralizing the solutions to yield ram horn hydrolysate (RHH). The RHH was evaporated to yield RHP. The amounts of protein, nitrogen, ash, some minerals, total sugars, total lipids and amino acids of the RHP were determined and compared with a bacto-tryptone from casein. When the concentrations (1–6% w/v) of the RHP were used in bacterial growth medium as a supplement, 2% RHP (ram horn peptone medium) had a maximum influence on the production of lactic acid by L. casei. The content of lactic acid in the culture broth containing 2% RHP (43 g l^–1) grown for 24 h was 30% higher than that of the control culture broth (33 g l^–1) and 10% higher than that of 2% bacto-tryptone (39 g l^–1). RHP was demonstrated to be a suitable supplement for production of lactic acid. This RHP may prove to be a valuable supplement in fermentation technology.     

乳杆菌Lactobacillus sp.lxp发酵高产L-乳酸研究

筛选得到一株乳杆菌Laetobaeillus sp．,进行发酵生产高浓度L-乳酸的研究。考察了种龄、接种量、温度和不同pH调节剂对乳酸发酵的影响。结果表明：最佳种子培养时间为15h;最佳接种量为15％;最适培养温度为42℃;与氨水和氢氧化钠相比,碳酸钙更适于作为发酵过程的pH调节刺;以葡萄糖为碳源,添加豆粕水解液和玉米浆作为辅料,2L罐培养120h,L-乳酸质量浓度可达202 g/L,糖转化率91．3％,L-乳酸占发酵液中总酸含量98％以上。     

Lactic acid production from whey permeate by immobilized Lactobacillus casei

Two matrices have been assessed for their ability to immobilize Lactobacillus casei cells for lactic acid fermentation in whey permeate medium. Agar at 2% concentration was found to be a better gel than polyacrylamide in its effectiveness to entrap the bacterial cells to carry out batch fermentation up to three repeat runs. Of the various physiological parameters studied, temperature and pH were observed to have no significant influence on the fermentation ability of the immobilized organism. A temperature range of 40–50°C and a pH range of 4.5–6.0 rather than specific values, were found to be optimum when fermentation was carried out under stationary conditions. In batch fermentation ～90% conversion of the substrate (lactose) was achieved in 48 h using immobilized cell gel cubes of 4 × 2 × 2 mm size, containing 400 mg dry bacterial cells per flask and 4.5% w/v (initial) whey lactose content as substrate. However, further increase in substrate levels tested (>4.5% w/v) did not improve the process efficiency. Supplementation of Mg²⁺ (1 mM) and agricultural by-products (mustard oil cake, 6%) in the whey permeate medium further improved the acid production ability of the immobilized cells under study.     

L-lactic acid production from apple pomace by sequential hydrolysis and fermentation

The potential of apple pomace (a solid waste from cider and apple juice making factories) as a source of sugars and other compounds for fermentation was evaluated. The effect of the cellulase-to-solid ratio (CSR) and the liquor-to-solid ratio (LSR) on the kinetics of glucose and total monosaccharide generation was studied. Mathematical models suitable for reproducing and predicting the hydrolyzate composition were developed. When samples of apple pomace were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, the glucose and fructose present in the raw material as free monosaccharides were extracted at the beginning of the process. Using low cellulase and cellobiase charges (8.5 FPU/g-solid and 8.5 IU/g-solid, respectively), 79% of total glucan was saccharified after 12 h, leading to solutions containing up to 43.8 g monosaccharides/L (glucose, 22.8 g/L; fructose, 14.8 g/L; xylose+mannose+galactose, 2.5 g/L; arabinose+rhamnose, 2.8g/L). These results correspond to a monosaccharide/cellulase ratio of 0.06 g/FPU and to a volumetric productivity of 3.65 g of monosaccharides/L h. Liquors obtained under these conditions were used for fermentative lactic acid production with Lactobacillus rhamnosus CECT-288, leading to media containing up to 32.5 g/L of L-lactic acid after 6 h (volumetric productivity=5.41 g/L h, product yield=0.88 g/g).     

Optimization of the fermentation of whey by Lactobacillus casei

Optimization studies have been carried out for the production of L-lactic acid from the fermentation of whey by Lactobacillus casei. Two Statistical Designs, a full 2⁴ Factorial Design and a full 3² Factorial Design, have been used to determine the most suitable values of the operational variables for obtaining the maximum lactic acid production rate. The variables selected for study were temperature, pH, lactose concentration, and inoculum concentration. Among them only temperature and pH were found to affect the response significantly. A second-order polynomial empirical model relating both the response (lactic acid production rate) and the variables was formulated. The maximum acid production rate was found when the values of pH and temperature were 5.4 and 38°C, respectively. All conclusions are restricted to the experimental range studied.     

Evaluation of plastic-composite supports in repeated fed-batch biofilm lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus casei

A customized stirred-tank biofilm reactor was designed for plastic-composite supports (PCS). In repeated-batch studies, the PCS-biofilm reactors outperformed the suspended-cell reactors by demonstrating higher lactic acid productivities (2.45 g l(-1) h(-1) vs 1.75 g l(-1) h(-1)) and greater glucose consumption rates (3.27 g l(-1) h(-1) vs 2.09 g l(-1) h(-1)). In the repeated fed-batch studies, reactors were spiked periodically with concentrated glucose (75%) to maintain a concentration of approximately 80 g of glucose l(-1) in the bioreactor. In suspended-cell fermentations with 10 g of yeast extract (YE) l(-1) and zero, one, two, and three glucose spikes, the lactic acid productivities were 2.64, 1.58, 0.80, and 0.62 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. In comparison, biofilm reactors with 7 g of YE l(-1) and zero, one, two, and three glucose spikes achieved lactic acid productivities of 4.20, 2.78, 0.66, and 0.94 g l(-1) h(-1), respectively. The use of nystatin (30 U ml(-1)) subdued the contaminating yeast population with no effect on the lactic acid productivity of the biofilm reactors, but it did affect productivity in the suspended-cell bioreactor. Overall, in repeated fed-batch fermentations, the biofilm reactors consistently outperformed the suspended-cell bioreactors, required less YE, and produced up to 146 g of lactic acid l(-1) with 7 g of YE l(-1), whereas the suspended-cell reactor produced 132 g l(-1) with 10 g of YE l(-1).     

Genome shuffling enhanced L-lactic acid production by improving glucose tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Genome shuffling is a powerful strategy for rapid engineering of microbial strains for desirable industrial phenotypes. Here we applied the genome shuffling to improve the glucose tolerance of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 11443 while simultaneously enhancing the L-lactic acid production. The starting population was generated by ultraviolet irradiation and nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis and then subjected for the recursive protoplast fusion. The positive colonies from library created by fusing the inactivated protoplasts were more likely to be screened on plates containing different concentrations of high glucose and 2% CaCO(3). Characterization of all mutants and wild-type strain in the shake flask indicated the compatibility of two optimal phenotypes of glucose tolerance and lactic acid enhancement. The lactic acid production, cell growth and glucose consumption of the best performing strain from the second round genome shuffled populations were 71.4%, 44.9% and 62.2% higher than those of the wild type at the initial glucose concentration of 150 g/l in the 16l bioreactor. Furthermore, the higher lactic acid concentrations were obtained when the initial glucose concentrations increased to 160 and 200 g/l in batch fermentation.     

采用玉米秸秆水解糖和玉米浆发酵生产丁二酸

研究了以玉米秸秆水解糖为碳源,不同氮源条件下琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenesSF-9的丁二酸发酵产酸能力。结果表明玉米浆可以替代酵母膏作为丁二酸发酵的廉价氮源。厌氧摇瓶丁二酸发酵单因素试验,得到在初糖浓度50 g/L时,玉米浆的较佳用量为20 g/L。在5 L搅拌罐上,考察了不同初始玉米秸秆水解糖浓度对A.succinogenes SF-9发酵生产丁二酸的影响,结果显示高初始秸秆糖浓度对琥珀酸放线杆菌的生长有抑制作用。采用补料分批发酵,发酵60 h丁二酸的产量达到42.7g/L,丁二酸产率82.7%,生产强度0.81 g/(L·h)。丁二酸的产量和生产强度较分批发酵有明显提高。     

Polyurethane foam as an inert carrier for the production of L(+)-lactic acid by Lactobacillus casei under solid-state fermentation

AIM: Production of L-lactic acid in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using polyurethane foam (PUF) as inert support moistened with cassava bagasse starch hydrolysate. METHODS AND RESULTS: PUF impregnated with cassava bagasse starch hydrolysate as major carbon source was used for the production of L-lactic acid using Lactobacillus casei in solid-state condition. The key parameters such as reducing sugar, inoculum size and nutrient mixture were optimized by statistical approach using response surface methodology. More than 95% conversion of sugars to lactic acid from 4 g reducing sugar per gram dry support was attained after 72 h when the inert substrate was moistened with 6.5 ml of nutrient solution and inoculated with 1.5 x 10(9) CFU of L. casei. While considering the lactate yield based on the solid support used, a very high yield of 3.88 g lactic acid per gram PUF was achieved. CONCLUSION: PUF acted as an excellent inert support for L. casei and provided a platform for the utilization of starchy waste hydrolysate in a lower reactor volume. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is a cost effective cultivation of lactic acid bacteria for producing lactic acid from agro based waste products such as cassava bagasse. This is the first report on the exploitation of PUF as an inert support for lactate production under SSF.     

Continuous production of l(+)-lactic acid by Lactobacillus casei in two-stage systems

A two-stage two-stream chemostat system and a two-stage two-stream immobilized upflow packed-bed reactor system were used for the study of lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei subsp casei. A mixing ratio of D ₁₂/D ₂= 0.5 (D = dilution rate) resulted in optimum production, making it possible to generate continuously a broth with high lactic acid concentration (48 g l⁻¹) and with a lowered overall content of initial yeast extract (5  g l⁻¹), half the concentration supplied in the one-step process. In the two-stage chemostat system, with the first stage at pH 5.5 and 37 °C and a second stage at pH 6.0, a temperature change from 40 °C to 45 °C in the second stage resulted in a 100% substrate consumption at an overall dilution rate of 0.05 h⁻¹. To increase the cell mass in the system, an adhesive strain of L. casei was used to inoculate two packed-bed reactors, which operated with two mixed feedstock streams at the optimal conditions found above. Lactic acid fermentation started after a lag period of cell growth over foam glass particles. No significant amount of free cells, compared with those adhering to the glass foam, was observed during continuous lactic acid production. The extreme values, 57.5 g l⁻¹ for lactic acid concentration and 9.72 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ for the volumetric productivity, in upflow packed-bed reactors were higher than those obtained for free cells (48 g l⁻¹  and 2.42 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹) respectively and the highest overall l(+)-lactic acid purity (96.8%) was obtained in the two-chemostat system as compared with the immobilized-cell reactors (93%). Received: 4 December 1997 / Received revision: 23 February 1998 / Accepted: 14 March 1998     

Lactic acid fermentation in a recycle batch reactor using immobilized Lactobacillus casei

Lactic acid production by recycle batch fermentation using immobilized cells of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus was studied. The culture medium was composed of whey treated with an endoprotease, and supplemented with 2.5 g/L of yeast extract and 0.18 mM Mn(2+) ions. The fermentation set-up comprised of a column packed with polyethyleneimine-coated foam glass particles, Pora-bact A, and connected with recirculation to a stirred tank reactor vessel for pH control. The immobilization of L. casei was performed simply by circulating the culture medium inoculated with the organism over the beads. At this stage, a long lag period preceded the cell growth and lactic acid production. Subsequently, for recycle batch fermentations using the immobilized cells, the reducing sugar concentration of the medium was increased to 100 g/L by addition of glucose. The lactic acid production started immediately after onset of fermentation and the average reactor productivity during repeated cycles was about 4.3 to 4.6 g/L . h, with complete substrate utilization and more than 90% product yield. Sugar consumption and lactate yield were maintained at the same level with increase in medium volume up to at least 10 times that of the immobilized biocatalyst. The liberation of significant amounts of cells into the medium limited the number of fermentation cycles possible in a recycle batch mode. Use of lower yeast extract concentration reduced the amount of suspended biomass without significant change in productivity, thereby also increasing the number of fermentation cycles, and even maintained the D-lactate amount at low levels. The product was recovered from the clarified and decolorized broth by ion-exchange adsorption. (c) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55:841-853, 1997.     

Exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus casei under controlled pH

Summary The exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and growth characteristics of Lactobacillus casei CRL 87 under pH control were studied. Maximum polymer synthesis (488 mg/l) and cell viability (2.4×10¹⁰ cfu/ml) occurred when L. casei was cultured at a constant pH of 6.0 and 30°C for 24 h. However, the optimum specific EPS production (3.9×10^-5 g EPS/g cell dry weigt) and EPS yield (4.3%) were found at a pH of 4.0.     

Lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus casei in free cell form and immobilised on gluten pellets

A comparative study of the fermentation of a range of carbohydrate substrates, at various temperatures, was carried out using a commercial Lactobacillus casei strain in a free cell form and immobilised on gluten pellets. This strain required yeast extract, l-cysteine HCl and Mn²⁺ at 5, 0.5 and 0.1 g l^–1, respectively, for maximum growth and lactic acid production. Sugar fermentation using free cells showed preference in the order glucose, sucrose, fructose while lactose was poorly utilised. Optimum temperature for growth and lactic acid production over (18–30 h) was 43 °C. L. casei was successfully immobilised on gluten pellets and fermented glucose and sucrose in a shorter time (18 h) with increased lactic acid production (42 and 41 g l^–1 on glucose and sucrose, respectively).     

Improvement of l-lactic acid production by osmotic-tolerant mutant of Lactobacillus casei at high temperature

l-Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus casei was used as a model to study the mechanism of substrate inhibition and the strategy for enhancing l-lactic acid production. It was found that the concentration of cell growth and l-lactate decreased with the increase of glucose concentration and fermentation temperature. To enhance the osmotic stress resistance of the strain at high temperature, a mutant G-03 was screened and selected with 360?g/L glucose at 45°C as the selective criterion. To further increase the cell growth for lactic acid production, 3?g/L of biotin was supplemented to the medium. As a result, l-lactate concentration by the mutant G-03 reached 198.2?g/L (productivity of 5.5?g?L^?1?h^?1) at 41°C in a 7-L fermentor with 210?g/L glucose as carbon source. l-Lactate concentration and productivity of mutant G-03 were 115.2% and 97.8% higher than those of the parent strain, respectively. The strategy for enhancing l-lactic acid production by increasing osmotic stress resistance at high temperature may provide an alternative approach to enhance organic acid production with other strains.     

马铃薯淀粉同步糖化发酵制备L-乳酸条件的统计学优化

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用同步糖化发酵方法制备乳酸。通过Plackett-Burman实验设计对影响乳酸产量的7个因子进行筛选,结果表明淀粉质量浓度、糖化酶用量和发酵温度3个因素对乳酸产量影响显著。利用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应区,采用中心复合实验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,建立影响乳酸产量的二次模型。模型求解得出最优淀粉质量浓度为271.89g/L,糖化酶用量为265.09U/g,发酵温度为39.05℃,最大理论乳酸产量为196.99g/L。3批验证实验结果平均值与预测值接近,表明该模型与实际情况拟合良好,实际最大乳酸产量为193.6g/L,较优化前提高了13.9%,L-乳酸的平均纯度达到95.2%。     

Effects of pH and corn steep liquor variability on mannitol production by Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693

Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B-3693 produced mannitol, lactic acid, and acetic acid when grown on fructose at 37°C. The optimal pH for mannitol production from fructose by the heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium (LAB) in pH-controlled fermentation was at pH 5.0. It produced 160.7 ± 1.1 g mannitol in 40 h with a volumetric productivity of 4.0 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ in a simplified medium containing 250 g fructose, 50 g corn steep liquor (CSL), and 33 mg MnSO₄ per liter. However, the mannitol production by the LAB was severely affected by the variability of CSL. The supplementation of CSL with soy peptone (5 g/l), tryptophan (50 mg/l), tryptophan (50 mg/l) plus tyrosine (50 mg/l), or commercial protease preparation (2 ml/100 g of CSL) enhanced the performance of the inferior CSL and thus helped to overcome the nutrient limitations.