六盘山南坡华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)树干直径生长及其对气象因子的响应

2005年6-9月份在宁夏六盘山南侧的西峡林场,应用带状树木径向变化记录仪（Dendrometer）研究了5株华北落叶松树干的直径生长过程,结果表明,在无雨或小雨（日降雨量〈10mm）天气下,树干直径变化呈现出明显的日周期性,可将其划分为3个阶段：收缩阶段、膨胀阶段和生长阶段;在连续降雨（日降雨量≥10mm）及随后的几个晴天中,树干直径变化并不表现出完整的日周期性。基于Deslauriers等人的方法,提出了树干直径日生长量估计的修正公式,并计算了华北落叶松树干直径日生长量和累积生长量,结果表明,各样木树干直径日生长量的季节变化趋势一致,即表现为前快后慢的季节变化格局,6～7月份为快速生长期,其日均生长量在27．0～44．21μm之间;8～9月份为缓慢生长期,其日均生长量在10μm以下;各测定样木的树干直径日生长量具有明显的个体差异,这主要与林木个体大小及其所处林分中的微环境条件差异有关;整个观测期内的树干直径累积生长过程可以较好地用幂函数描述。主分量分析和偏相关分析表明,影响树干径向生长的气象因子可划分为3类,其中日降雨量、日最低气温、日平均太阳辐射和日平均空气饱和差是影响树干径向生长的主要因子。     

芦芽山林线华北落叶松径向变化季节特征

利用点状树木径向变化记录仪对芦芽山林线树种华北落叶松树木茎干的径向变化进行了一年的连续观测,分析了华北落叶松茎干径向日变化规律及茎干累积变化的季节动态.结果表明:华北落叶松茎干日变化在温暖季和寒冷季存在着相反的变化模式.在温暖季,茎干径向日变化归因于空气温度导致树木蒸腾作用强度的日变化而使茎干组织水分发生变化;在寒冷季,茎干径向日变化主要是因为空气温度通过热力学原理导致的“茎干冻融作用”.华北落叶松年内茎干径向变化存在4个不同阶段:1)春季茎干水分恢复期,2)夏季茎干快速增长期,3)秋季茎干脱水收缩期,4)冬季茎干相对稳定期.在不同阶段,影响华北落叶松茎干径向变化的环境因子并不一致.土壤温度为生长季中控制华北落叶松茎干径向生长的主导因子.     

六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松树干半径变化特征及其影响因素

在2016年生长季,利用树干径向生长测量仪监测了六盘山半湿润区华北落叶松的树干半径变化,研究其昼夜和生长季的变化格局,确定主要生长期并分析期间环境因素对半径变化的影响,以期准确理解短时环境变化对树木生长的影响。结果表明: 在昼夜时间尺度,树干半径呈白天收缩、夜间恢复并增长的变化格局;在生长季时间尺度,树径变化呈相对稳定、持续增大、涨缩波动3个阶段的格局。在本研究特定的气象、土壤湿度和地形条件下,华北落叶松树干半径的主要生长期为5月14日—7月31日,最大半径生长速率出现在6月8日。影响树干半径日收缩量的环境因子在不同时段(收缩阶段、日、循环周期)基本一致,主要为温度(空气/土壤温度)、太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差和土壤含水量,且温度的贡献率最大(50.3%～71.0%)。而影响树干半径日增长量的因子存在时段差异,在增长阶段是降水量(贡献率86.9%)和最高气温(13.1%),在循环周期是降水量(50.3%)、饱和水汽压差(29.9%)、相对空气湿度(12.7%)和太阳辐射强度(7.1%),在整日阶段仅是降水量和太阳辐射强度。树径增量的环境响应在循环周期比在日时段更敏感。     

黄土丘陵区辽东栎和刺槐树干径向生长与微变化季节动态特征

树干径向生长和微变化动态受树种特性和环境因子的综合影响,是树木响应环境因子的重要表征。解析树干直径在不同时间尺度上的动态特征是探明树木水分生理生态特性的重要途径,在水分胁迫风险较高的半干旱地区更具有特殊意义。该研究以半干旱黄土丘陵区两典型造林树种辽东栎(Quercus mongolica var. liaotungensis)和刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为对象,运用DC3型高精度树干径向变化记录仪监测树干直径变化动态,同步测定土壤水分动态和驱动蒸腾作用的主要气象因子,分析两树种树干径向生长特征、直径微变化日动态与季节动态及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,两树种树干直径的季节性变化可划分为非生长季收缩阶段、过渡阶段和生长季增长阶段。辽东栎和刺槐径向生长启动时间分别为4月7日和5月4日前后,9月下旬基本停止生长;在生长阶段直径变化可分别利用指数饱和增长函数和线性增长函数拟合。两树种直径日变化模式在11月至次年3月为典型的非生长季模式,6–9月为典型的生长季模式,而在4–5月两树种的直径日变化模式不同,反映了两树种的生长节律和物候期差异。非生长季两树种直径日最大收缩量均与...     

芦芽山林线白杄与华北落叶松径向生长特征比较

分别于2007年7月15日—8月7日和9月5日—10月9日,在山西芦芽山林线附近,应用树木径向变化记录仪测量了6株白杄和5株华北落叶松树干的径向生长过程,同步监测环境因子.结果表明：白杄与华北落叶松在7—8月对环境变化的敏感度无显著性差异,在相对低温干旱的9—10月,白杄对环境的敏感度更高;两树种的净生长曲线和累积变化曲线在7—8月呈上升趋势,9—10月则先下降而后基本保持不变,且白杄生长曲线的波动较大;两树种的茎干变化与水分条件显著相关,其中白杄受大气湿度和温度影响较强,而华北落叶松受土壤水分的影响较强.     

小兴安岭红松日径向变化及其对气象因子的响应

利用带状树干径向变化记录仪监测了小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区原始阔叶红松林中的红松树干径向生长,分别用两种数据处理方法(日最大值法与周期循环法)分析了红松径向生长与气象因子的关系。结果表明:红松径向生长于5月中旬开始,在7月末趋于结束,最大径向生长速率出现在6月中旬。使用Gompertz生长模型能很好的拟合红松的径向生长,可以解释红松92%以上的径向变化。对于日最大值法,偏相关分析表明日径向变化与空气相对湿度、土壤温度和降雨量显著相关;对于周期循环法,第一阶段(收缩阶段)收缩量主要受到相对湿度、土壤温度和水汽压亏缺的影响。第二阶段(膨胀阶段)影响树干径向恢复的主要因子是降雨量和最高气温。第三阶段(增长阶段)对树干径向生长影响最显著的是最低气温和降雨量。应用多元线性模型分析显示,周期循环法能更加细化的分析日气象因子对红松径向生长的影响,能够更为真实地解释红松径向生长动态变化特点与规律,其中第二和第三阶段的降雨和最低气温对红松径向生长的影响最大。     

关帝山华北落叶松人工林细根生物量空间分布及季节变化

利用根钻法研究了山西关帝山华北落叶松（Larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr）人工林细根生物量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,华北落叶松不同径级细根生物量随土层深度的增加而逐渐减少,土壤表层（0—10cm）中各径级细根的生物量最高,Ⅰ级细根（根直径0～1mm）的生物量在不同土层深度间差异显著（P〈0．05）;距树干不同水平距离处各径级的细根生物量差异均未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）。在0～10cm土层中,各径级细根生物量的季节变化差异显著（P〈0．05）,均表现为单峰型,峰值出现在9月份;在10～20cm和20-30cm土层中,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级（根直径1～2mm）细根生物量季节变化差异显著,Ⅲ级细根（根直径2～5mm）和Ⅰ级死根（根直径0～2mm）生物量季节变化差异不显著。     

不同林分类型林缘华北落叶松细胞特征

以塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松纯林及华北落叶松-白桦混交林为对象,研究林地边缘华北落叶松边界木与林内木径向生长、年轮细胞大小及数量的差异,分析林缘对不同林分类型华北落叶松径向生长及细胞特征的影响。结果表明: 纯林中边界木的径向生长显著快于林内木,年轮总宽、早材和晚材总生长量在边界木较林内木分别增加48.9%、58.9%和29.6%,而混交林边界木与林内木的径向生长差距并不明显。纯林边界木早材细胞总数、早材大细胞和小细胞数量较林内木分别增加63.3%、55.6%和70.0%,晚材细胞总数、晚材大细胞和小细胞数量边界木较林内木分别增加35.4%、37.5%和28.5%,而早晚材细胞大小在边界木与林内木间无显著差异。混交林边界木早晚材细胞数量与林内木无显著差异,但边界木早材细胞大小较林内木增大50.0%,边界木早材最大细胞、最小细胞、大细胞及小细胞的大小较林内木分别增大28.6%、33.3%、16.6%和25.0%。通过混交的方式营造混交林可以有效地缓解林缘导致的纯林中边界木生长过快而林内木生长较慢的现象。     

移栽自不同纬度的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)的树干液流特征

将4个纬度上(大兴安岭塔河、大兴安岭松岭、黑河孙吴、伊春带岭)8年生的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)幼树移栽到其分布区的南缘构成4个实验处理,以探索树木水分关系的时空变化格局及其影响因子.采用基于热平衡方法的包裹式茎流计和环境因子自动测定系统同步测定移栽自4个纬度的兴安落叶松的树干液流及其相应的环境因子.研究结果表明:兴安落叶松的树干液流密度基本上呈现单峰曲线日变化格局,而日最大液流出现的时间随生长季节和实验处理不同而略有变化.移栽自4个纬度的兴安落叶松的平均单位边材面积液流通量在展叶前、中和后期分别为26.24～54.45 g·cm-2·d-1、114.33～355.39 g·cm-2.d-1和58.32～304.03 g·cm-2.d-1.展叶期间落叶松的日耗水量与距地面10cm处树干直径呈显著的正相关关系;单位边材面积液流通量与针叶长度呈显著的正相关关系.影响树干液流密度的环境因子随生长阶段和实验处理而变化,主要包括太阳辐射、水蒸气压亏缺、相对湿度、气温和风速,其中太阳辐射通常是影响树干液流密度的关键因子.     

基于生长测量仪监测的亚热带地区马尾松多时间尺度径向变化及其与环境因子的关系

树干径向变化的多尺度研究提供了树木生长及其和环境因子关系的详细信息,有助于准确评估全球气候变化背景下森林生态系统碳汇变异。以往树干径向变化研究主要集中在温带和热带地区,且大多数研究方法基于时间分辨率较粗的树木年轮法,然而缺少亚热带地区高时间分辨率树干径向变化的研究。利用树干径向变化记录仪连续监测亚热带地区马尾松13个月的树干径向变化动态,探索不同时间尺度树干径向变化规律及与环境因子的关系。结果表明：（1）在日尺度,马尾松径向变化模式为白天收缩夜晚膨胀,秋冬季节夜晚膨胀没有春夏季明显。（2）在季节尺度,马尾松树干径向变化可分为4个时期,其中3-8月是主要生长月份,4月是累计生长量最大的月份。（3）在日尺度上,相对湿度和饱和水汽压亏缺是调节马尾松径向变化主要环境因素;在季节尺度上,土壤温度对树干径向变化的影响大于空气温度,降水量与相对湿度等水分因素对树干径向生长的促进作用在生长季中后期更为明显。研究结果有助于深入理解亚热带季风气候区树干径向变化及其对环境变化的响应,为气候变化背景下亚热带地区的植树造林设计和森林可持续管理提供依据。     

Dermal cysts participate in reparative regeneration of epidermis in Hrhr/Hrhr mice

One of the phenotypic effects of mutation in the Hr gene in mice is disintegration of hair follicles and their degeneration into open funnel-shaped structures (utricles) opened on skin surface and cysts located in the depth of the dermis. The aim of the current study consists in analysis of the process of reparative regeneration of skin in homozygotous mice with one of the mutant alleles of the Hr gene—Hr ^hr . It is shown that epithelial cells that constitute the inner pavement of cysts take part in the process of epithelization of deep skin wounds. This indicates that the competence of ectodermal cells in relation to inductive signals from injured skin remains in Hr ^hr homozygote mice, in spite of the significant anatomic abnormalities of the hair follicles.     

Occurrence of N-malonyl-D-alanine in pea seedlings

One of the ninhydrin-negative alanine conjugates isolated from pea seedlings was identified as $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$.The identification of this conjugate was carried out by a comparison of its gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties, and its nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra with those of synthetic $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$. The alanine in the conjugate was shown to be present as the D-isomer by enzymatic and chromatographic analyses.     

Quantitation of Group-specificaAntigen in Hepatitis B Vaccines by Anti-HBs/aMonoclonal Antibody

Balb/c mice were immunized with aluminium hydroxide [alum, Al(OH)₃]-adjuvanted hepatitis B (HB) vaccines of subtypesadr,ayworadw. Spleen cells from the immune animals were fused with SP2/O cells. Eight hybridoma clones producing antibodies specific or HB surface antigen (HBsAg) were selected. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of four clones were specific for group-specific antigen/a, and the other of four clones were specific for subtype antigen/d,y,r, orw. The anti-HBs/amAbs were classified into three non-competitive groups.Quantitation of group-specific determinantaof HBsAg (HBsAg/a) was performed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which a solid phase of anti-HBs guinea-pig polyclonal antibodies (pAb), the HBsAg for testing, anti-HBs/amouse mAb and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG were used.The unadsorbed HBsAg was used to establish the standard curve HBsAg/a. The lower detection limits were 0·5 to 1 ng/ml of HBsAg. Methods of solubilization of alum were investigated to quantify HBsAg/ain adsorbed HB vaccines. The recovery rate was more than 60% if vaccines were prediluted. The recovery of HBsAg/ain HB vaccines produced by the same manufacturer showed the similar recovery rate, and the contents of HBsAg/ain adsorbed HB vaccines could be estimated by the recovery rate determined for adsorbed HB vaccines.     

Effects of tRNALeu1 overproduction in Escherichia coli

Strains of Escherichia coli have been produced which express very high levels of the tRNA^leu₁ isoacceptor. This was accomplished by transforming cells with plasmids containing the leuV operon which encodes three copies of the tRNA^Leu₁ gene. Most transformants grew very slowly and exhibited a 15-fold increase in cellular concentrations of tRNA^Leu₁ As a result, total cellular tRNA concentration was approximately doubled and 56% of the total was tRNA^Leu₁. We examined a number of parameters which might be expected to be affected by imbalances in tRNA concentration: in vivo tRNA charging levels, misreading, ribosome step time, and tRNA modification. Surprisingly, no increase in intracellular ppGpp levels was detected even though only about 40% of total leucyl tRNA was found to be charged in vivo. Gross ribosomal misreading was not detected, and it was shown that ribosomal step times were reduced between two- and threefold. Analyses of leucyl tRNA isolated from these slow-growing strains showed that at least 90% of the detectable tRNA^Leu₁ was hypomodified as judged by altered mobility on RPC-5 reverse-phase columns, and by specific modification assays using tRNA(m¹G)-methyltransferase and pseudo-uridylate synthetase. Analysis of fast-growing revertants demonstrated that tRNA concentration per se may not explain growth inhibition because selected revertants which grew at wild-type growth rates displayed levels of tRNA comparable to that of control strains bearing the leuV operon. A synthetic tRNA^Leu₁ operon under the control of the T7 promoter was prepared which, when induced, produced six- to sevenfold increases in tRNA^Leu₁ levels. This level of tRNA^Leu₁ titrated the modification system as judged by RPC-5 column chromatography. Overall, our results suggest that hypomodified tRNA may explain, in part, the observed effects on growth, and that the protein-synthesizing system can tolerate an enormous increase in the concentration of a single tRNA.     

Stereochemistry of C-methylation in the biosynthesis of rhododendrin in Alnus and Betula

Using differently labelled precursors, it was established that rhododendrin (3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) is formed through the phenylpropane pathway via p-coumaryl alcohol, dihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol and C-methylation of the γ-C-atom of the C₆C₃ unit with methionine supplying the methyl group. It was demonstrated that the pro-(S)-hydrogen atom of dihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol is replaced stereospecifically by the methyl group.     

Desensitization of CholecystokininB Receptors in GH3 Cells

Abstract: Desensitization of the cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide (CCK-8)-induced rise in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺],) was characterized in GH₃ cells, a pituitary tumor cell line, which are known to possess CCK_B receptor subtype. The CCK-8-induced [Ca²⁺], transient was reduced following the initial application of CCK-8. A similar desensitization of the CCK-8-induced response was observed following the first application of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). By contrast, the TRH- induced response was not desensitized by the preceding application of CCK-8. Desensitization of the CCK-8-induced [Ca²⁺], transient was associated with diminished inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation. The recovery of desensitization of the CCK-8-induced response was delayed by a phosphoserine/phosphothreonine phosphatase inhibitor, calyculin A (100 n M ). The responsiveness to CCK-8 was also reduced by phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu), and this effect of PDBu was completely abolished by preincubation with staurosporine. Staurosporine significantly attenuated the desensitization caused by preincubation with CCK-8, but this effect was too small to attribute the desensitization to the protein kinase C transduction pathway alone. It is likely that desensitization of CCK receptors involves multiple transduction pathways.     

Initiation of growth in pbpAts and rodAts mutants of Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli strains harbouring pbpAts mutations are particularly sensitive to functional alterations of penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) at the initiation of growth. Shift-up to 42 degrees C results in the inability of cells to reach a steady rate of growth and division. Furthermore, a very high proportion of cells generate minicell-like structures which are pinched-off through a process requiring the activity of penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP 3).