Substrate specific associations of epebionts on Middle Devonian brachiopods: Implications for paleoecology

A detailed study of over 2500 host brachiopods, from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of New York State, revealed distinct patterns of epibiont encrustation, that provide insight into taphonomy and paleoautecology of the host brachiopod shells and depositional environments. The concavo‐convex orthid, Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad), as well as strophomenid, and smooth athyrid brachiopods are among the most heavily encrusted. However, terebratulids of nearly identical size and shape are relatively clean of epibionts. This selective distribution strongly suggests that epibionts were discouraged from settling on punctate brachiopods. Brachiopods with small spines and frills were also nearly clean of epibionts, possibly because of entrapment of a mud layer, which made the outer layer of the host inhospitable for larval settling. Concavo‐convex taxa reveal high percent coverage and diversity of epibionts on the convex valve, which probably rested on the substrate during the life of brachiopod. This pattern is observed even on brachiopods that were buried with the convex valve downward. This implies complex post‐mortem histories involving multiple episodes of reorientation and colonization.     

抗卵清蛋白单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的制备

为制备分泌抗卵清蛋白的杂交瘤细胞,以高纯度的卵清蛋白抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾脏细胞和Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,获得杂交瘤细胞,用ELISA间接法检测上清液中的抗卵清蛋白抗体效价,经3次单克隆化筛选,获得5株分泌抗卵清蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。     

Influence of valve geometry, ornamentation, and microstructure on fractures in Late Ordovician brachiopods

Among Late Ordovician brachiopods from southeastern Indiana. strophomenids display a ratio of 4:1 parabolic to linear repaired fractures in contrast to the 1:2 ratio found for orthids and rhynchonellids. Additionally, only strophomenids display repaired elliptical fractures. The weakest parts of strophomenid and orthid-rhynchonellid shells are the regions of the adductor muscle scars and the sulcus, respectively. Fractured biplanate shells of strophomenids are commonly cleaved anteriorly to posteriorly, whereas fractures are localized on the anterior of strongly curved to geniculate conspecific specimens. Rugae on leptaenids, thickened anterior margins of the brachial valve of rafinesquinids, and the dense distribution of pseudopunctate in all strophomenids, functioned to localize anteriorly the (un)repaired linear and parabolic fractures. No sublethal fracture occurs on any biconvex shell where the height is greater than 14 mm, despite the fact that numerous specimens of certain species attained shell heights of 20 mm or more, an observation suggesting the upper limit in the gape of the crushing elements of the predator. Crushing experiments on valve 'models' reveal that the inflated equibiconvex, plicate shape of the shells of Plarysfrophia is the strongest. However, the architecture of the concave strophomenid valves is relatively stronger than the corresponding valves of many orthids and rhynchonellids when normalized for valve thickness.     

Metabolism of polyamines in NaCl-resistant cell lines from Nicotiana sylvestris

The polyamine titers in three cell lines of Nicotiana sylvestris were compared: Type 1, rapidly adapting to NaCl; Type 2, constantly resistant to NaCl; Type 3, a saltsensitive wild strain. During short-term cultivation in MS medium in the presence of 170 mM NaCl (1 passage, 14 d) the changes in polyamine titer in cell suspensions of type 1 (in a slightly adapted state) and non-adapted wild strain (type 3) showed a considerable increase in spermidine and spermine and a decrease in putrescine. After prolonged adaptation to NaCl (20 passages) the putrescine content in the cells of type 1 and of type 2 was increased at the expense of the polyamines. This suggests that the pattern of polyamine titer varies under short- and long-term adaptation to NaCl. The inverse ratio between growth processes and changes in polyamine and proline level indicates that polyamines fulfil primarily a protective and osmorepulatory function in plant cells under NaCl stress.     

Effects of a brassinosteroid on growth and electrogenic proton extrusion in maize root segments

In apical or subapical root segments of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Dekalb XL640), 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁵ M 24-epibrassinolide (BR), a physiologically active synthetic epimer of the pollen hormone brassinolide, induces a significant stimulation of root growth, associated with an increase of acid secretion. The increase in acid secretion is enhanced by the presence of K⁺ in the medium and is accompanied by an early, significant hyperpolarization of the transmembrane electric potential (PD), which is completely suppressed by the addition of the protonophore uncoupler FCCP. Similar effects of BR have earlier been reported for shoots, and also for IAA in shoots. Contrariwise, 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁷ M IAA inhibits acid secretion and depolarizes the PD in the maize root segments. This suggests different pathways for the action of the two different hormones on the proton pump.     

Effects of a brassinosteroid on growth and electrogenic proton extrusion in Azuki bean epicotyls

Brassinolide, a plant hormone newly isolated from pollen, promotes growth of the stem of a number of plant species. Similar effects are induced by a brassinosteroid (BR), the synthetic 24-epibrassinolide. In this paper the effects of BR on acid secretion and transmembrane electrical potential difference in Azuki bean ( Vigna angularis , Ohwi and Ohashi cv. Takara) epicotyls were determined in short term experiments and compared with the effects on growth. At concentrations between 10^-7 to 10^-5 M , BR stimulates, similarly to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), growth and H⁺ extrusion and hyperpolarizes the transmembrane electric potential (PD). These effects of BR, as well as those of IAA, are suppressed by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. All these effects of BR and IAA appear roughly additive, even when both hormones are present at their optimal concentrations. The data are interpreted as showing that the action of BR on growth is at least in part mediated by its capability to activate electrogenic proton extrusion. The additivity of the effects of BR and IAA suggests that the primary mechanism of action of the two hormones is different.     

锰胁迫对垂序商陆生长发育的影响

以垂序商陆为试验材料,采用温室溶液培养方法,在生长介质中添加不同浓度(1、5、8、12和15mmol·L-1)的锰离子,研究锰胁迫对垂序商陆生长发育的影响。结果表明:随着生长介质中锰含量的升高,垂序商陆种子的发芽率、发芽势和有丝分裂指数逐渐降低,幼苗根的生长逐渐受到抑制,根系活力呈下降趋势,植物体各器官的生物量减少。当锰胁迫浓度≥12mmol·L-1时,锰对垂序商陆的生长发育产生非常明显的毒害效应,导致种子的发芽、根尖有丝分裂和幼苗根的生长受到严重抑制,生物量显著减少。锰胁迫对垂序商陆幼苗的芽影响较小,而对生殖器官影响较大,严重降低了垂序商陆的结实数量与质量。     

Developmental Aspects of Sexual Dimorphism in Hominoid Canines

We examined the histology of canine teeth in extant hominoids and provided a comparative database on several aspects of canine development. The resultant data augment the known pattern of differences in aspects of tooth crown formation among great apes and more importantly, enable us to determine the underlying developmental mechanisms responsible for canine dimorphism in them. We sectioned and analyzed a large sample (n = 108) of reliably-sexed great ape mandibular canines according to standard histological techniques. Using information from long- and short-period incremental markings in teeth, we recorded measurements of daily secretion rates, periodicity and linear enamel thickness for specimens of Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus and Homo sapiens. Modal values of periodicities in males and females, respectively, are: Pan 7/7; Gorilla 9/10; Pongo 10/10; and Homo 8/8. Secretion rates increase from the inner to the outer region of the enamel cap and decrease from the cuspal towards the cervical margin of the canine crown in all great ape species. Female hominoids tend to possess significantly thicker enamel than their male counterparts, which is almost certainly related to the presence of faster daily secretion rates near the enamel-dentine junction, especially in Gorilla and Pongo. Taken together, these results indicate that sexual differences in canine development are most apparent in the earlier stages of canine crown formation, while interspecific differences are most apparent in the outer crown region. When combined with results on the rate and duration of canine crown formation, the results provide essential background work for larger projects aimed at understanding the developmental basis of canine dimorphism in extant and extinct large-bodied hominoids and eventually in early hominins.     

镉对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪分别暴露于加Cd2 的自来水和去离子水中,统计得出24、48、72和96 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)、全致死浓度(LC100)、零致死浓度(LC0)和安全浓度(SC)。结果表明,随着Cd2 浓度的升高和染Cd2 时间的延长,蝌蚪的死亡率增高,Cd2 加入去离子水中对蝌蚪的毒性比在自来水中更强。另外,将26~27期林蛙蝌蚪饲养在含Cd2 0.05、0.1、0.2和0.4 mg.L-1的自来水中直至完全变态,通过对完全变态所需时间、平均体重和长度增长率的测定,研究在SC以下Cd2 对林蛙蝌蚪胚后发育的影响。随着Cd2 浓度的升高,蝌蚪的平均体重和长度的增长率降低,完全变态所需时间增长。说明Cd2 污染在SC以下仍可抑制中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育,延缓变态。     

温度对四纹豆象生长发育与繁殖的影响

四纹豆象CallosobruchusmaculatusFabricius是一种世界性分布害虫,危害多种豆类因而具有重要的经济学意义。为准确掌握四纹豆象的生物学特性,并为其综合防治提供一定的理论依据,以绿豆为食料,在20,25,28,32,35和37℃等6个温度和相对湿度75%的条件下,通过逐日观察法对四纹豆象各虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命及产卵量等生物学特性进行研究。结果表明:四纹豆象卵期、豆内幼虫及蛹期、未成熟期发育点温度分别为12.67,13.86和13.53℃;温度与世代存活率及周限增长率均呈二次抛物线关系,根据相应抛物线方程可知,四纹豆象理论最适生存温度和最适种群增长温度分别为30.2℃和33.7℃,其生长发育繁殖的最适温区为30~34℃。     

曲牙土天牛幼虫的生长发育及其与寄主植物的关系

为了探索化橘红主要蛀干害虫曲牙土天牛幼虫的生长发育及其与寄主植物之间的关系,提供综合治理该虫的理论依据,作者于田间利用化橘红、白木香和短萼白花灰叶豆木段,分别饲养曲牙土天牛幼虫,分析该虫的生长发育趋势,同时对幼虫的体长、体重和前胸背板宽进行了比较研究。结果显示：曲牙土天牛在化橘红规范化种植基地1~2年发生1代,以个体大而重的幼虫当年化蛹的概率较高,而个体小而轻的幼虫死亡率偏高。该虫在3种寄主植物上都能完成生活史,以化橘红木段饲养的该虫幼虫虫体大小和体重增长率显著高于其它两种植物。     

Multiple episodes of induced secretion of human growth hormone from recombinant AtT-20 cells

Recombinant AtT-20 cells expressing human growth hormone (hGH) secreted the hormone at a constant, basal rate of 0.3–0.5 ng/10⁵ cells-hour when exposed to medium without secretagogues. When triggered with 8 bromo-cyclic AMP, cells secreted hGH at an initial rate of 1.7 ng/10⁵ cells-hour while intracellular hGH declined sharply. Upon extended exposure to secretagogue, secretion decreased gradually to the basal rate and intracellular hGH stabilized at a value 40% the initial. In cells switched from secretion to growth medium, the total rate of hGH accumulation intracellularly and in medium was 2.2 times that observed with cells never exposed to secretagogue; however, only a fraction of the hormone was stored intracellularly and the rest was secreted. When cells were exposed alternately to growth and secretion medium, induced cells secreted at rates at least two times higher than uninduced controls during the first five cycles. The induced response deteriorated with time, however, in parallel with outgrowth of attached cells by foci of round cells, and by the eighth cycle induced secretion did not occur. Operational modifications that may improve the performance of cycling schemes are discussed.     

The effect of an experimental growth retardant (WL83801) on leaf growth and development in Lolium perenne L.

The experimental growth retardant WL83801, applied as a root drench, had a rapid and persistent effect in retarding the growth and development of leaves in L. perenne. Leaves of the main shoot were greatly reduced in length, were broader, and appeared faster than in control plants. The rate of extension of individual leaves was greatly reduced in retarded plants but still followed a diurnal pattern that closely corresponded with temperature. There was evidence that leaf extension was far less responsive to temperature in treated plants. At the cellular level WL83801 had no significant effect on leaf blade cell number, thus reductions in leaf length were associated with the retardation of cell elongation. Changes in leaf structure were also observed. These changes in the pattern of leaf growth and development are discussed in relation to the primary mode of action of the growth retardant in interfering with gibberellin biosynthesis.     

The effect of cell synchronization upon the detection of T and B lymphoid cell receptors on two continuous lymphoid cell lines

Summary In the present study, the effect of the cell synchronization on the detection of T and B cell surface markers of two continuous lines of lymphoid cells (FL-74 and CT45-S) was examined. Suspension cultures were synchronized by deprivation of isoleucine and surface markers were quantitated by T rosette formation with guinea pig erythrocytes (E) and B rosette formation with an erythrocyte-antibody-complement (EAC) complex. After 24 hr, cells were resuspended in complete culture medium. Virtually 100% of FL-74 cells expressed the T cell marker at time 0, with a progressive decline to 80% at saturation density. A bell-shaped curve for expression of the EAC marker on CT45-S cells was seen with maximum expression in the logarithmic phase of the growth cycle. Spent culture medium was examined for the presence of free soluble receptor. Preincubation of E and EAC in appropriate old medium resulted in 42% inhibition of E rosettes and 42% inhibition of EAC rosettes with FL-74 and CT45-S cells, respectively. Thus quantitation of lymphocyte subpopulations as B, T or null cells with these cellular markers may be influenced by the age of the cell examined, phase of the cell cycle and the amount of free receptor present in the surrounding medium. This research was supported in part by contract NO1 CP 5-3571 with the Virus Cancer Program of the NCI, NIH, PHS grant no. 2 RO1 A1-09022-07, Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH, PHS and The State of Ohio Canine Research Funds.     

长期弱光对苦草幼苗生长发育的影响

用遮光法研究弱光(5%、1%、0.5%、0.1%全光照)对苦草幼苗生长发育的影响,统计了苦草的生物学参数,测定了叶片叶绿素荧光参数。结果表明:1)0.1%组无新株萌发,随着实验时间的延长其余组新株萌发逐渐被抑制。2)随着实验时间增加和光照强度降低,老株叶片形成受到的抑制程度呈增大趋势;前20d时新株叶片形成未被抑制,但随着实验时间延长显著被抑制。3)老株、新株的叶宽均受到显著抑制。4)老株叶片的伸长显著被抑制,且随着光强降低叶片伸长的幅度呈显著降低趋势;前20天时新株叶长被促进,随着实验时间延长叶片伸长显著被抑制。5)随实验天数的增加,老株叶片光化学最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)呈显著降低趋势,第80天时相对电子传递速率(rETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著降低。6)新、老植株根、茎、叶的鲜重均显著低于对照,且随着光照强度降低老株的茎重/株重和根重/株重呈增加趋势,而叶重/株重呈显著的降低趋势。第80天时苦草植株仍具有一定的光合能力,地下茎的生物量比例较高,因此,≤1%全光照下苦草植株具有较强的耐受能力。     

陕西耀州产黄芩生长发育规律的研究

通过观测陕西耀州产1年生和2年生黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)的物候期及2年生植株生长的动态变化,对黄芩的生长发育规律进行了研究。结果表明,1年生黄芩的各物候期均晚于2年生黄芩,其生育天数和生长天数均较短;2年生黄芩的地上部分和根系均有2个较快的生长时期,分别出现在生殖生长期前后;地上部分的干质量和鲜质量都有2个生长高峰,均出现在7月20日和9月20日,而根系的干质量和鲜质量则持续增长;2年生黄芩的根冠比在10月20日达最大值(0.50);2年生植株的株高、根直径及根系的干质量和鲜质量等均优于1年生植株。依据实验结果提出了黄芩优质高产的栽培技术。