胃癌组织中MMP-7和TIMP-1的表达及意义

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶-7(MMP-7)及其组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)与胃癌发生发展的关系.方法:采用免疫组化技术检测46例胃癌组织和相应癌旁组织中MMP-7和TIMP-1的表达,结合病人临床病理资料进行综合分析.结果:胃癌组织中MMP-7阳性表达率(60.87%)显著高于相应癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其表达与淋巴结转移(P<0.05)相关.胃癌组织中TIMP-1的阳性表达率(93.48%)明显高于相应癌旁组织(63.04%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其表达与淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05).结论:MMP-7与胃癌的侵袭转移有关,TIMP-1有可能成为评价胃癌恶性生物学行为的指标.     

己酮可可碱对肺纤维化大鼠MMP-2和TIMP-1表达的影响

目的观察己酮可可碱(pentoxifylline, PTX)对博来霉素致肺纤维化大鼠肺组织基质金属蛋白酶2(matrix metalloproteinase-2)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1)表达的影响,初步探讨其抗肺纤维化的作用机制.方法 SD大鼠36只,随机分为模型组、治疗组和对照组.模型组和治疗组气管内注射博来霉素诱导肺纤维化,对照组在相同条件下给予生理盐水.第二天起治疗组大鼠腹腔给予己酮可可碱6mg/kg.d,其余两组相同条件下给予生理盐水.治疗的第7d和28d,处死动物取出肺组织,用RT-PCR和免疫组化ABC法观察各组鼠肺组织MMP-2和TIMP-1表达的变化. 结果与模型组比较,治疗组经PTX作用的第7d和28d肺组织中MMP-2和TIMP-1 mRNA的基因转录均有减少,MMP-2 mRNA表达分别降低33.4%和35.5%(P＜0.001),TIMP-1 mRNA表达分别降低25.3%和33.0%(P＜0.05).免疫组化结果则显示,PTX作用的第7d和28dMMP-2分别较模型组降低30.7%和41.7%(P＜0.05),TIMP-1分别降低13.1%和19.8%(P＜0.05).结论 PTX对肺纤维化不同时期肺组织中MMP-2和TIMP-1的表达均有一定程度的降低作用,其可能通过调整MMP-2和TIMP-1比值使其趋于平衡,从而延缓甚至抑制纤维化的进程.     

百令胶囊联合厄贝沙坦片对膜性肾病患者MMP-9, MMP-3和TIMP-1水平的影响

目的:探究百令胶囊联合厄贝沙坦片对膜性肾病患者基质金属蛋白酶-9、3和金属蛋白酶组织抑制物-1影响。方法:收集我院肾内科收治的膜性肾病患者98例,根据随机对照表分为对照组和试验组,每组49例。对照组给予厄贝沙坦片治疗,试验组联合百令胶囊治疗。对比分析两组患者的临床疗效、血清Scr、BUN、UA、Ccr、尿蛋白、MMP-9、MMP-3及TIMP-l水平以及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,对照组临床总有效率为81.63%,显著低于试验组的95.92%(P0.05)。两组治疗后血清Scr、BUN、UA、MMP-9、MMP-3、TIMP-l水平均显著降低,且试验组显著低于对照组(P0.05),Ccr水平升高,且试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。对照组不良反应发生率为10.20%,试验组为6.25%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:百令胶囊联合厄贝沙坦片对膜性肾病患者的临床疗效显著,安全性较高,可能与其显著降低MMP-9、MMP-3和TIMP-1水平有关。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1在孕鼠胎盘形成中期的表达模式

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)及金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)在孕鼠胎盘形成中期的表达模式。方法 HE染色观察孕鼠第9天至第14天(D9~D14)胎盘形态结构的变化,同时免疫组织化学法检测相应天数胎盘中MMP-9和TIMP-1的表达情况。结果 HE染色结果显示孕鼠D11时胎盘的3层结构开始形成,包括蜕膜区(Dec)、海绵滋养细胞层(Sp)和迷路区(Lab);随着妊娠天数的增加,Dec区域逐渐缩小,Sp和Lab区域增大;免疫组化表明,MMP-9和TIMP-1均表达于细胞浆和细胞核中,MMP-9强表达于D9和D10胎盘的外胎盘锥中,D10~D13的Dec、Sp和D11~D13的滋养巨细胞中。MMP-9在D11的Lab,D12的Dec和Lab,D13的Dec、Sp、Lab区域中的阳性细胞的积分光密度值与D14胎盘中对应值比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);TIMP-1在D9~D12的Dec区域中的阳性细胞的积分光密度值与D14胎盘中对应值比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MMP-9/TIMP-1在D9、D11的Dec及D12的Lab区域中的比值与D14胎盘中对应值比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),在D10、D12的Dec和D13的Lab区域中的比值与D14胎盘中对应值比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 MMP-9和TIMP-1在孕鼠胎盘中的协同表达可能参与调节胎盘的形成。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9及其抑制剂mRNA在吸烟大鼠肺组织中的表达

目的 研究吸烟大鼠肺组织和肺泡巨噬细胞中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)基因的表达,探讨其在细胞外基质重塑中的作用。方法 建立吸烟大鼠模型,随机分为对照组和吸烟1、2、3、4、5及6月组(每组10只),用原位杂交技术检测肺组织和肺泡巨噬细胞MMP-9和TIMP-1 mRNA表达,用免疫组织化学技术观察Ⅳ型胶原在肺内的表达。结果 吸烟组肺组织和肺泡巨噬细胞MMP-9 mRNA的表达逐渐上升,至吸烟6月时均达高峰;而TIMP-1 mRNA的表达渐上升,至吸烟3～4月时达高峰,后逐步下降;肺组织Ⅳ型胶原的表达在吸烟3月时达高峰,然后渐降。结论 MMP-9／TIMP-1的动态平衡在吸烟大鼠肺气肿模型肺组织的细胞外基质重塑中有重要作用。     

肺结核并发纤维化患者BALF和血清MMP及TIMP-1检测的临床意义

目的:探讨肺结核并发纤维化患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)及血清中基质金属蛋白9(MMP-9)及基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂l(TIMP-1)含量与肺纤维化及肺功能的关系.方法:酶联免疫(ELISA)法检测我院2009年3月至2009年9月68例肺结核并发纤维化患者(纤维化组)及30例无肺部疾病患者(对照组)的支气管肺泡灌洗液及血清中MMP-9及TIMP-1的含量,同时进行肺功能检查.结果:纤维化组患者的BALF及血清MMP-9的含量与对照组怠者相比无统计学意义,但纤维化组患者的BALF及血清TIMP-1的含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),且纤雏化组患者的BALF及血清MMP-9/TIMP-1比值低于对照组(P＜0.05).患者的动脉血氧分压、肺活量等肺功能指标与TIMP-1呈正相关,而与MMP-9/TIMP-1比值呈负相关(P＜0.05).结论:肺结核患者肺纤维化的发生可能与TIMP-1水平升高及MMP-9/TIMP-1比值降低相关,降低TIMP-9的水平可能是防止肺结核惠者并发肺纤维化的一种新途径.     

基质金属蛋白酶9对糖尿病足溃疡愈合影响的研究进展

在糖尿病足患者溃疡创面分泌物中,基质金属蛋白酶9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)过高是预测糖尿病足的发生及足溃疡难愈的主要指标,其可能的机制包括:高水平MMP-9降低VEGF的表达、抑制成纤维细胞的生物学行为影响糖尿病足溃疡愈合;失衡的MMP-9/TIMP-1比值影响糖尿病足溃疡愈合。选择性MMP-9抑制剂(包括小分子抑制剂、高级伤口辅料抑制剂、基于干扰基因水平表达的RNA抑制剂)可以作为促进糖尿病足溃疡愈合的手段,但仍需大样本、多中心随机对照试验以及长期随访进一步验证其疗效及安全性。现查阅近年来涉及MMP-9和糖尿病足溃疡相关的文献,综述MMP-9对糖尿病足溃疡愈合的影响及其机制研究进展。     

特布他林联合羧甲司坦片治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效及对血清MMP-9、MMP-12、TIMP-1的影响

目的:研究特布他林联合羧甲司坦片治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病的疗效及对血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、基质金属蛋白酶-12(MMP-12)、组织型金属蛋白酶抑制物(TIMP-1)水平的影响。方法:选取2015年3月至2018年2月我院收治的170例COPD患者,根据随机数字法分为观察组(87例)和对照组(83例)。对照组使用特布他林,观察组联合使用羧甲司坦。比较两组患者的临床疗效,治疗前后血清MMP-9、MMP-12、TIMP-1水平,肺功能指标,炎性因子水平的变化及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组临床总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清MMP-9、MMP-12、TIMP-1水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),最大呼气流速(PEF)、1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组和对照组不良反应的发生率比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:特布他林联合羧甲司坦片治疗COPD的临床疗效显著优于单用特布他林,且安全性更高,可能与其能有效降低血清MMP-9、MMP-12、TIMP-1水平有关。     

MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9、TIMP-1及TIMP-2在乳腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶及其抑制剂在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤浸润转移的关系,为乳腺癌的临床治疗及预后预测提供基础。方法:选择我院2012年5月至2014年5月收治的乳腺癌患者80例,对所选病例的乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织及正常乳腺组织样本进行检测。观察并比较不同乳腺组织中MMP-2,MMP-7、MMP-9、TIMP-1及TIMP-2 m RNA的表达水平。结果:与正常乳腺组织相比较,乳腺癌组织和癌旁组织中MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9,TIMP-1及TIMP-2 m RNA的表达显著增加,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。乳腺癌组织中MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9、TIMP-1及TIMP-2 m RNA的表达显著高于癌旁组织和正常组织,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着肿瘤范围扩大,MMP-2、MMP-7和MMP-9 m RNA的表达水平显著增加(P0.05),而TIMP-1和TIMP-2 m RNA表达无显著变化(P0.05)。随着淋巴结转移进展,MMP-2、MMP-7和MMP-9 m RNA的表达显著增加(P0.05),而TIMP-1和TIMP-2 m RNA无显著变化(P0.05)。结论:MMP-2、MMP-7、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2的m RNA在乳腺癌组织中呈高表达,这可能与乳腺癌的发生和发展有关,而MMP-2、MMP-7和MMP-9可能有助于预测乳腺癌的侵袭行为。     

四周尾部悬吊大鼠颈总动脉MMP9和TIMP1的表达及活性改变

目的:探讨四周尾部悬吊模拟失重大鼠颈总动脉基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloprotein9,MMP9)和金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase1,TIMP1)的基因、蛋白表达及酶活性变化。方法:采用4周(week,wk)尾部悬吊大鼠模拟失重影响,通过透射电镜检测颈总动脉壁基质含量,实时定量聚合酶链式反应检测MMP9和TIMP1的mRNA表达,Western blot和免疫组织化学染色检测其蛋白表达和分布,明胶酶谱法测定MMP9活性水平。结果:与对照组相比,悬吊组大鼠细胞外基质面积较对照组显著增加(P0.05),胶原蛋白含量显著增加(P0.05);悬吊组大鼠颈总动脉MMP9的m RNA表达量无明显改变,而其蛋白表达量和酶活性均显著降低(P0.05);TIMP1 mRNA和蛋白表达量则显著升高(P0.05)。结论:模拟失重使大鼠颈总动脉MMP9水平降低,TIMP1水平升高,可能与其管壁基质增生和胶原蛋白含量增加有关。     

广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7免疫调节作用受体TLR4和TLR2的影响

确定广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫调节作用受体,探索广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖的免疫调节机制。采用MTT法测定不同浓度广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖活力的影响,筛选出促进巨噬细胞增殖能力最强的浓度。用筛选出的β-D-葡聚糖浓度作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7;TLR4抗体和TLR2抗体分别作用巨噬细胞RAW264.7 1h,再用含有β-D-葡聚糖的细胞培养液培养。收集细胞培养上清和细胞,检测细胞培养上清中NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量;提取细胞内总RNA,采用RT-PCR测定巨噬细胞TLR4 mRNA表达量;提取巨噬细胞总蛋白,采用蛋白免疫印迹western blot测定TLR4的蛋白表达。广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖能够促进巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖,增加NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量,提高TLR4 mRNA表达和蛋白表达,差异极显著（P<0.01）。TLR4抗体作用细胞后,NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量明显下降,差异极显著（P<0.01）。TLR2抗体作用细胞后,NO、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-β的生成量下降,但差异不显著。广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖可以通过细胞表面受体TLR4激活信号转导通路,增强下游细胞因子的释放,从而调节巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫功能。TLR2可能不是广叶绣球菌β-D-葡聚糖的免疫受体。     

Reduction of TMAO level enhances the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque through promoting macrophage M2 polarization and efferocytosis

It has been demonstrated that trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) serves as a driver of atherosclerosis, suggesting that reduction of TMAO level might be a potent method to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. Herein, we explored the role of TMAO in the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques and disclosed the underlying mechanisms. The unstable carotid artery plaque models were established in C57/BL6 mice. L-carnitine (LCA) and methimazole (MMI) administration were applied to increase and reduce TMAO levels. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Sirius red, Perl’s staining, Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining with CD68 staining were used for histopathology analysis of the carotid artery plaque. M1 and M2 macrophagocyte markers were assessed by RT-PCR to determine the polarization of RAW264.7 cells. MMI administration for 2 weeks significantly decreased the plaque area, increased the thickness of the fibrous cap and reduced the size of the necrotic lipid cores, whereas 5-week of administration of MMI induced intraplate hemorrhage. LCA treatment further deteriorated the carotid atherosclerotic plaque but with no significant difference. In mechanism, we found that TMAO treatment impaired the M2 polarization and efferocytosis of RAW264.7 cells with no obvious effect on the M1 polarization. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that TMAO reduction enhanced the stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque through promoting macrophage M2 polarization and efferocytosis.     

唾液酸免疫球蛋白型凝集素-15促进结直肠癌细胞增殖和迁移并抑制肿瘤组织中CD4+与CD8+T细胞浸润

唾液酸免疫球蛋白型凝集素-15(sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin-15,Siglec-15)属于Siglecs家族的一员,是一种新型免疫抑制分子。Siglec-15在多种人类肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞中高表达,但Siglec-15在结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)中的生物学功能及其对免疫微环境的影响尚不明确。本文旨在分析Siglec-15异常表达对CRC细胞功能及CD4⁺T细胞、CD8⁺T细胞浸润的影响。首先,分析TCGA数据库中结直肠癌与正常组织中Siglec-15 mRNA表达水平,并对52例人CRC与配对癌旁组织进行免疫组织化学染色(IHC),发现Siglec-15在CRC中的表达水平高于癌旁组织(P<0.01)。CCK8和划痕愈合结果显示,敲低Siglec-15能抑制人CRC细胞SW480增殖(P<0.01)和迁移(P<0.05)。磁珠分选小鼠脾的CD8⁺T细胞并与小鼠CRC细胞MC38共培养,发现MC38细胞过表达Siglec-15能抑制CD8⁺T细胞对其的杀伤以及IFN-γ和TNF-α的分泌(P<0.01)。小鼠荷瘤结果表明,过表达Siglec-15可以促进小鼠肿瘤生长(P<0.05)。单样本基因集富集分析、荷瘤小鼠肿瘤组织及人结直肠癌组织IHC分析均表明,Siglec-15高表达时,肿瘤微环境中CD4⁺T细胞、CD8⁺T细胞浸润减少(P<0.05)。综上所述,Siglec-15可能通过促进CRC细胞增殖迁移以及抑制CD4⁺T细胞、CD8⁺T细胞浸润促进结直肠癌进展。本文为探究Siglec-15在CRC中的免疫抑制作用提供了一些新的实验依据。     

Histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium valproate regulates polarization of macrophage subsets

Recent studies suggest that change of macrophage phenotype (M1/M2) is associated with autoimmune diseases. Sodium valproate (VPA) is a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which has immunomodulatory function in graft-versus-host disease. However, its impact on macrophage polarization has not been defined. We evaluated the effects of VPA on both mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and primary mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Exposure to VPA significantly repressed the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation, in contrast, promoted IL-10 expression. VPA also affected the costimulatory molecule expression on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BMMs (downregulation of CD40 and CD80, and upregulation of CD86). Specifically, VPA inhibited macrophage-mediated T helper 1 (Th1) effector but enhanced Th2 effector cell activation. Together, our preclinical study demonstrates that VPA significantly affects the phenotype and function of macrophage, indicating an important role of HDAC activity in immune regulation and inflammation. It also provides a rationale to evaluate VPA activity for the treatment of macrophage dysfunction-associated diseases.     

含patatin 样磷脂酶结构域蛋白 7 通过过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ促进巨噬细胞M2型极化

溶血磷脂酰胆碱 (LPC) 在免疫反应、组织炎症和重塑中调控巨噬细胞极化的动态和整体过程。含patatin 样磷脂酶结构域蛋白 7 (PNPLA7)是近年发现的优先水解LPC 的溶血磷脂酶。然而,直到现在仍不清楚PNPLA7在巨噬细胞极化中的表达和作用。本研究发现 ,PNPLA7 在白细胞介素 4 (IL-4) 刺激的巨噬细胞向替代激活 (M2) 表型的极化过程中上调 (P<0.05) 。本文发现,PNPLA7 的敲低和过表达分别降低和增加了M2 标记基因,包括精氨酸酶 1 (Arg1) 和类几丁质酶 3 (Ym1)的表达 (P<0.05)。进一步的研究表明,PNPLA7 在 M2 极化过程中调节过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ) 在 mRNA 和蛋白质水平上的表达 (P<0.05)。然而,信号转导和转录激活因子 6 (STAT6) 的磷酸化不受 PNPLA7 的影响。这些发现表明,PNPLA7 通过PPARγ相关机制促进巨噬细胞抗炎 M2 型极化。     

S100A6通过招募和活化巨噬细胞促进血管形成*

目的:探讨S100A6经由巨噬细胞介导的促血管生成作用及机制。方法:(1)用重组蛋白 GST-hS100A6处理巨噬细胞后:①收集上清制备条件培养基(简称A6-Mφ-CM),并用之重悬人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC),用体外血管形成试验检测各处理因素对血管形成的影响;②分别用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测巨噬细胞的M2型标志物CD163及促血管形成因子CCL2、IL-6、VEGFA的mRNA和蛋白质水平,以及JAK2和STAT3的蛋白质及其磷酸化水平;③用Transwell迁移试验检测巨噬细胞迁移能力的变化。(2)使用JAK2抑制剂(XL019)预处理巨噬细胞后再加GST-hS100A6处理,检测S100A6促巨噬细胞迁移作用的变化。以重组蛋白GST为实验对照。 结果:(1)A6-Mφ-CM组的血管分支数和血管分支长度既明显高于GST-Mφ-CM组(P值均小于0.05),也明显高于GST-hS100A6直接处理的HUVEC组(P<0.001,P<0.01),提示S100A6处理后的巨噬细胞具有促进血管形成的作用;(2)GST-hS100A6处理后的巨噬细胞中,CD163、CCL2、IL-6、VEGFA的mRNA和蛋白质水平明显高于GST组(P值均小于0.05),提示S100A6诱导巨噬细胞向促血管表型(pro-angiogenic phenotype)转化;(3)GST-hS100A6处理后,巨噬细胞的迁移数是GST组的1.4倍(P<0.01),提示S100A6具有招募巨噬细胞的作用;(4)GST-hS100A6处理组巨噬细胞的JAK2和STAT3的蛋白质及其磷酸化水平都明显高于GST组(P值均小于0.05),而JAK2抑制剂XL019可部分抑制S100A6促进巨噬细胞迁移的作用(P<0.01),提示S100A6促进巨噬细胞迁移作用机制涉及JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活。 结论:微环境中的S100A6可通过招募巨噬细胞并进一步诱导其向促血管表型转化,进而促进新生血管形成;其招募巨噬细胞的机制涉及JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活。     

京尼平保护高糖诱导损伤小鼠胰岛MIN6细胞的机制

京尼平(genipin,Gen)是一种重要的抗氧化物,在细胞内抵抗氧化应激损伤过程中发挥重要的作用.为了探讨京尼平对高糖诱导损伤的小鼠胰岛MIN6细胞的影响,采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率.高糖损伤组细胞活力下降(P＜0.05),京尼平作用高糖损伤的细胞后,细胞活力增加(P＜0.05);小鼠胰岛素(insulin)检测...     

Histone deacetylase 9 deficiency exaggerates uterine M2 macrophage polarization

The maternal-foetal interface is an immune-privileged site where the semi-allogeneic embryo is protected from attacks by the maternal immune system. Uterine macrophages are key players in establishing and maintaining pregnancy, and the dysregulation of the M1-M2 subpopulation balance causes abortion. We separated two distinct mouse uterine macrophage subpopulations during early pregnancy, CD45⁺F4/80⁺CD206⁻ M1-like (M1) and CD45⁺F4/80⁺CD206⁺ M2-like (M2) cells. The M1 preponderance was significantly exaggerated at 6 hours after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, and adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages partially rescued LPS-induced abortion. RNA sequencing analysis of mouse uterine M2 versus M1 revealed 1837 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 629 was up-regulated and 1208 was down-regulated. Histone deacetylase 9 (Hdac9) was one of the DEGs and validated to be significantly up-regulated in uterine M2 as compared with M1. Remarkably, this differential expression profile between M1 and M2 was also evident in primary splenic macrophages and in vitro polarized murine peritoneal, bone marrow–derived and RAW 264.7 macrophages. In Hdac9/HDAC9 knockout RAW 264.7 and human THP-1–derived macrophages, the expression of M1 differentiation markers was unchanged or decreased whereas M2 markers were increased compared with the wild-type cells, and these effects were unrelated to compromised proliferation. Furthermore, Hdac9/HDAC9 ablation significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres in M2 Raw 264.7 cells yet decreased the capacity of THP-1-derived M1 macrophages. The above results demonstrate that Hdac9/HDAC9 deficiency exaggerates M2 macrophage polarization in mouse and human macrophages, which may provide clues for our understanding of the epigenetic regulation on macrophage M1/M2 polarization in maternal-foetal tolerance.     

Daxx通过上调caveolin-1的表达介导Ox-LDL诱导巨噬细胞胆固醇蓄积和凋亡

为探讨Daxx对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,Ox-LDL)诱导巨噬细胞胆固醇蓄积和凋亡的介导作用及其可能的分子机制,用高效液相色谱法检测细胞内胆固醇含量,油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴的形成情况,流式细胞术和吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)染色法研究Ox-LDL对细胞凋亡的影响,Real time RT-PCR检测细胞内Daxx mRNA的表达水平,Western blot检测caveolin-1蛋白的表达,用特异性siRNA沉默Daxx在RAW264.7 细胞中的表达．Ox-LDL上调Daxx mRNA和caveolin-1的表达、增加细胞内胆固醇含量、促使RAW264.7细胞凋亡,用特异性siRNA干扰Daxx在RAW264.7细胞中的表达能降低caveolin-1的表达、减少细胞内胆固醇含量、以及抑制细胞凋亡．上述结果表明,Daxx对Ox-LDL诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞胆固醇蓄积和凋亡具有介导作用,这一作用可能与Daxx上调caveolin -1的表达有关．     

Hepatocyte Produced Matrix Metalloproteinases Are Regulated by CD147 in Liver Fibrogenesis

Background

The classical paradigm of liver injury asserts that hepatic stellate cells (HSC) produce, remodel and turnover the abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) of fibrosis via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In extrahepatic tissues MMP production is regulated by a number of mechanisms including expression of the glycoprotein CD147. Previously, we have shown that CD147 is expressed on hepatocytes but not within the fibrotic septa in cirrhosis [1]. Therefore, we investigated if hepatocytes produce MMPs, regulated by CD147, which are capable of remodelling fibrotic ECM independent of the HSC.

Methods

Non-diseased, fibrotic and cirrhotic livers were examined for MMP activity and markers of fibrosis in humans and mice. CD147 expression and MMP activity were co-localised by in-situ zymography. The role of CD147 was studied in-vitro with siRNA to CD147 in hepatocytes and in-vivo in mice with CCl₄ induced liver injury using ãCD147 antibody intervention.

Results

In liver fibrosis in both human and mouse tissue MMP expression and activity (MMP-2, -9, -13 and -14) increased with progressive injury and localised to hepatocytes. Additionally, as expected, MMPs were abundantly expressed by activated HSC. Further, with progressive fibrosis there was expression of CD147, which localised to hepatocytes but not to HSC. Functionally significant in-vitro regulation of hepatocyte MMP production by CD147 was demonstrated using siRNA to CD147 that decreased hepatocyte MMP-2 and -9 expression/activity. Further, in-vivo α-CD147 antibody intervention decreased liver MMP-2, -9, -13, -14, TGF-β and α-SMA expression in CCl₄ treated mice compared to controls.

Conclusion

We have shown that hepatocytes produce active MMPs and that the glycoprotein CD147 regulates hepatocyte MMP expression. Targeting CD147 regulates hepatocyte MMP production both in-vitro and in-vivo, with the net result being reduced fibrotic matrix turnover in-vivo. Therefore, CD147 regulation of hepatocyte MMP is a novel pathway that could be targeted by future anti-fibrogenic agents.