γ谷氨酰环化转移酶对斑马鱼早期发育的影响

γ谷氨酰环化转移酶(γ-Glutamyl cyclotransferase,GGCT)是谷胱甘肽循环过程中催化L-γ-GlutamylL-amino acid分解为L-amino acid和5-oxoprodline的关键酶,在防止细胞氧化性损伤中发挥重要作用。研究以斑马鱼为模型,利用吗啡啉(Morpholino,MO)敲降GGCT,发现早期胚胎发育出现脑部发育缓慢、尾短弯曲和环心室水肿等异常表型,原位杂交检测发现脑发育相关标记基因shha、wnt8b与fgf8的表达发生改变。体外转录ggct-m RNA与GGCT-MO共注射,畸形率降低,部分脑部标记基因表达回复正常。此外,使用化学阻断剂阻断GGCT上游的γ谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase,GGT)和下游的5羟脯氨酸酶,斑马鱼胚胎产生发育停滞和水肿表型。敲降GGCT和阻断GGT都降低了胚胎的谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)的含量,研究表明γ谷氨酰环化转移酶可能通过谷胱甘肽循环在斑马鱼早期胚胎发育过程发挥重要作用。     

蓖麻蚕中肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶和底物的相互作用及其生理功能

蓖麻蚕Philosamta cynthia ricini,高度提纯的中肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)体外转肽作用表明:L-苯丙氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸,L-半胱氨酸、L-色氨酸,L-精氨酸和L-赖氨酸是最好的γ-谷氨酰的受体,而L-谷氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺(L-Gln)系该酶良好的γ-谷氨酰供体.酶对γ-谷氨酰对硝基苯胺(γ-GNA)的K_m为0.13mmol/L(含L-苯丙氨酸)和0.29mmol/L(无L-苯丙氨酸).谷胱甘肽(GSH)和L-Gln与γ-GNA竞争酶的γ-谷氨酰结合部位,其抑制常数K₁值分别为0.5mmol/L和1.1mmol/L.Γ-GTP催化L-Gln的酰胺键水解和转肽,其催化速率相当于对γ-GNA的38%.     

双歧杆菌对人大肠癌HT_(29)细胞谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶基因的诱导表达

应用北杂交技术研究双歧杆菌对大肠癌HT29细胞谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶基因的诱导表达发现:双歧杆菌及其发酵过滤液在作用HT29细胞2小时后,谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶基因的mRNA分别提高1.4倍和1.3倍,提示诱导谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶基因的高效表达,阻断外来致癌物的亲核攻击可能是双歧杆菌抗肿瘤的一个分子机制。     

蓖麻蚕中肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶和底物的相互作用及其生理功能

蓖麻蚕Philosamta cynthia ?n,高度提纯的中肠γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GTP)体外转肽作用表明:L-苯丙氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸,L-半胱氨酸、L-色氨酸,L-精氨酸和L-赖氨酸是最好的γ-谷氨酰的受体,而L-谷氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺(L-Gln)系该酶良好的γ-谷氨酰供体。酶对γ-谷氨酰对硝基苯胺(γ-GNA)的K_m为0.13mmol/L(含L-苯丙氨酸)和0.29mmol/L(无L-苯丙氨酸)。谷胱甘肽(GSH)和L-Gln与γ-GNA竞争酶的γ-谷氨酰结合部位,其抑制常数K_1值分别为0.5mmol/L和1.1mmol/L。γ-GTP催化L-Gln的酰胺键水解和转肽,其催化速率相当于对γ-GNA的38％。     

水稻中一个谷胱甘肽转移酶基因的克隆、表达和酶活性分析

OsGSTL1是位于水稻3号染色体上的一个λ类谷胱甘肽转移酶基因,由8个内含子和9个外显子组成,编码一个由243个氨基酸组成的多肽链。将OsGSTL1克隆到酵母表达载体pYTV上,转化大肠杆菌,然后再转化酵母菌PEP4。Western印迹分析表明外源OsGSTL1基因在转基因酵母中表达,分析半乳糖诱导表达的酵母粗提液的谷胱甘肽转移酶活性表明:转基因酵母的谷胱甘肽转移酶较非转基因酵母和未诱导的酵母高,说明OsGSTL1在转基因酵母中受半乳糖的诱导表达,具有谷胱甘肽转移酶活性。     

构建重组乳酸乳球菌生产谷胱甘肽

以大肠杆菌染色体DNA为模板,分别扩增得到编码γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶和谷胱甘肽合成酶的基因gsbA和gshB。将gsbA和gshB基因克隆到质粒pNZSl48中,电转化乳酸乳球菌NZ9000,获得重组菌NZ9000(pNZ3203)。在添加10mmol／L谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸的M17培养基中培养该重组茵,当OD600达到0、4时用乳酸链球菌素诱导4h,胞内谷胱甘肽含量达到358mmol／mg蛋白(胞内浓度相当于140mmol／L),这是在革兰氏阳性茵中生产谷胱甘肽的首例报道。     

人类红细胞膜γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性探讨

肝、肾、血清等组织中的γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT,EC2.3.2.2)已有广泛深入的研究,而红细胞中γ-GT的研究很少,红细胞膜γ-GT活性更鲜为人知。本文用γ-谷氨酰-α-萘胺为基质探讨人类红细胞膜是否有γ-GT活性,以及在某些生理情况和病理情况是否会有差异。     

假单胞菌菌苗免疫调节和抑瘤活性的实验研究

应用假单胞菌菌苗(DLPV)皮下注射来调节荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能.结果发现DLPV能解除小鼠荷瘤状态所抑制的自然杀伤细胞的细胞毒活性以及脾脏单个核细胞的增殖活力;同时发现,DLPV能够显著提高荷瘤小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的细胞毒活性.其结果,经DLPV治疗的荷瘤小鼠,其体内的移植瘤的生长受到明显抑制(肿瘤生长抑制率达到41.35%).通过测定血清和瘤体中谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶(GST)和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γGT)的活性,也证实了DLPV的抑制作用.     

谷胱甘肽的研究与应用

谷胱甘肽的研究与应用刘振玉（天津体育学院基础部,天津３００３８１）关键词还原型谷胱甘肽,氧化型谷胱甘肽谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）是由谷氨酸、半胱氨酸和甘氨酸形成的三肽化合物,在生物体内有许多重要作用。合成谷胱甘肽的第一步是在谷氨酸的γ－羧基与半胱氨酸的氨基之...     

γ—谷氨酸半胱氨酸合成酶（γ—GCS）与肿瘤耐药

谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）及其相关酶类对化疗药物的解毒作用是恶性肿瘤化疗耐药形成的主要原因之一。γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-GCS）是GSH体内生物合成的限速酶,大量的体外及临床实验已证实γ-GCS与多种肿瘤细胞的耐药有关,抑制γ-GCS活性可降低细胞内GSH水平,同时使肿瘤细胞耐药得到不同程度的逆转。本文综述了γ-GCS的生物学特性、基因表达的调控及在肿瘤耐药形成中的作用。     

Metabolomic analysis of spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis reveals the potential involvement of glutathione depletion

Spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and resolving inflammation. However, the mechanism triggering this apoptosis remains obscure. In the present study, we performed a global metabolomics analysis of neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis by using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and found 23 metabolites and 42 related pathways that were altered in these cells. Among them, glutathione, which is known to be involved in apoptosis, was particularly interesting. We found that L-pyroglutamic acid, glutamate, and their glutathione-mediated embolic pathways were all changed. Our findings confirmed the glutathione levels decreased in apoptotic neutrophils. Exogenous glutathione and LPS treatment delayed neutrophil apoptosis and decreased the levels of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3. γ-glutamylcyclotransferase, 5-oxoprolinase, and ChaC1, which participated in glutathione degradation, were all activated. At the same time, the down-regulation of ATP production suggested the activity of glutathione biosynthesis may be attenuated even if glutamate-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthase, which are two ATP-dependent enzymes participating in glutathione biosynthesis, were enhanced. To our knowledge, this is the first report highlighting a global metabolomics analysis using hydrophilic interaction chromatography ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the potential involvement of glutathione depletion in spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils demonstrating that LPS could delay this process.     

Mammalian proapoptotic factor ChaC1 and its homologues function as γ‐glutamyl cyclotransferases acting specifically on glutathione

ChaC1 is a mammalian proapoptic protein of unknown function induced during endoplasmic reticulum stress. We show using in vivo studies and novel in vitro assays that the ChaC family of proteins function as γ‐glutamyl cyclotransferases acting specifically to degrade glutathione but not other γ‐glutamyl peptides. The overexpression of these proteins (but not the catalytically dead E>Q mutants) led to glutathione depletion and enhanced apoptosis in yeast. The ChaC family is conversed across all phyla and represents a new pathway for glutathione degradation in living cells, and the first cytosolic pathway for glutathione degradation in mammalian cells.     

Subcellular Localization and Possible Functions of γ-Glutamyltransferase in the Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Plant

Previously we reported the purification of soluble γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs) from radish cotyledon. Subcellular fractionation of radish cells revealed that soluble GGT is a vacuolar enzyme. Acivicin, a GGT inhibitor, mediated the in vivo catabolism inhibition of the glutathione S-conjugate generated from endogenous glutathione and exogenously supplied monochlorobimane. Thus soluble GGT is possibly involved in the catabolism of glutathione S-conjugates.     

Subcellular distribution of glutathione precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana

Glutathione is an important antioxidant and has many important functions in plant development, growth and defense. Glutathione synthesis and degradation is highly compartment-specific and relies on the subcellular availability of its precursors, cysteine, glutamate, glycine and γ-glutamylcysteine especially in plastids and the cytosol which are considered as the main centers for glutathione synthesis. The availability of glutathione precursors within these cell compartments is therefore of great importance for successful plant development and defense. The aim of this study was to investigate the compartment-specific importance of glutathione precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular distribution was compared between wild type plants (Col-0), plants with impaired glutathione synthesis (glutathione deficient pad2-1 mutant, wild type plants treated with buthionine sulfoximine), and one complemented line (OE3) with restored glutathione synthesis. Immunocytohistochemistry revealed that the inhibition of glutathione synthesis induced the accumulation of the glutathione precursors cysteine, glutamate and glycine in most cell compartments including plastids and the cytosol. A strong decrease could be observed in γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) contents in these cell compartments. These experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1) - the first enzyme of glutathione synthesis - causes a reduction of γ-EC levels and an accumulation of all other glutathione precursors within the cells.     

γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase in tobacco suspension cultures: Catalytic properties and subcellular localization

Steinkamp, R., Schweihofen, B. and Rennenberg, H. 1987. γ-Glutamylcyclotransfer-ase in tobacco suspension cultures: Catalytic properties and subcellular localization.
γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase activity (EC 2.3.2.4) in ammonium sulfate precipitates (40–70% saturation) of extracts from cultured tobacco cells ( Nicoliana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) was analyzed as liberation of 5-oxo-proline from L-γ-glutamyl dipeptides. The enzyme was highly specific for the sulfur containing γ-glutamyl dipeptides γ-glutamyl-L-methionine and γ-glutamyl-i.-cysteine. Maximum activity was obtained at pH 8.7 and 35°C. As also observed with animal γ-glutamylcyclotransferase, the tobacco enzyme exhibited a relatively low substrate affinity (γ-glutamyl-i.-methionine: K_m 2.2 ± 0.4 mM ). In contrast to animal γ-glutamylcyclotransferase, the tobacco enzyme was not inhibited by the D-isomerof the substrate D-γ-glutamyl-i.-methionine; it also did not use the D isomer as a substrate. γ-Glutamylcyclotransferase of tobacco cells was shown to be a soluble enzyme entirely localized in the cytoplasm.     

Characterization of UPF peptides,members of the glutathione analogues library,on the basis of their effects on oxidative stress-related enzymes

Previously the authors have designed and synthesized a library of antioxidative glutathione analogues called UPF peptides which are superior to glutathione in hydroxyl radical elimination. This paper is a follow-up study which investigated the effects of the most promising members of the library (UPF1 and UPF17) on oxidative stress-related enzymes. At concentrations used in vivo experiments neither UPF peptide influenced the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) when purified enzyme or erythrocyte lysate was used. At higher concentrations they inhibited GPx activity. UPF peptides had no effect on glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Also they, as well as glutathione itself, slightly increased MnSOD activity in human brain mitochondria and inhibited oxidative burst caused by neutrophil NAD(P)H oxidase. RT-PCR measurements showed that UPF1 and UPF17 have no effect on GPx and MnSOD expression level in human blood mononuclear cells. The results of this study confirm that investigated UPF peptides do not interfere with the enzymatic mechanisms of antioxidative defence and can be used as themselves or as a lead for the protector molecule design against excessive oxidative stress.     

An ensemble of theta class glutathione transferases with novel catalytic properties generated by stochastic recombination of fragments of two mammalian enzymes

The correlation between sequence diversity and enzymatic function was studied in a library of Theta class glutathione transferases (GSTs) obtained by stochastic recombination of fragments of cDNA encoding human GST T1-1 and rat GST T2-2. In all, 94 randomly picked clones were characterized with respect to sequence, expression level, and catalytic activity in the conjugation reactions between glutathione and six alternative electrophilic substrates. Out of these six different compounds, dichloromethane is a selective substrate for human GST T1-1, whereas 1-menaphthyl sulfate and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene are substrates for rat GST T2-2. The other three substances serve as substrates for both enzymes. Through this broad characterization, we have identified enzyme variants that have acquired novel activity profiles that differ substantially from those of the original GSTs. In addition, the expression levels of many clones were improved in comparison to the parental enzyme. A library of mutants can thus display a distribution of properties from which highly divergent evolutionary pathways may emerge, resembling natural evolutionary processes. From the GST library, a clone was identified that, by the point mutation N49D in the rat GST T2-2 sequence, has a 1700% increased activity with 1-menaphthyl sulfate and a 60% decreased activity with 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Through the N49D mutation, the ratio of these activities has thus been altered 40-fold. An extensive characterization of a population of stochastically mutated enzymes can accordingly be used to find variants with novel substrate-activity profiles and altered catalytic properties. Recursive recombination of selected sequences displaying optimized properties is a strategy for the engineering of proteins for medical and biochemical applications. Such sequential design is combinatorial protein chemistry based on remodeling of existing structural scaffolds and has similarities to evolutionary processes in nature.     

Role of glutathione peroxidase in protecting mammalian spermatozoa from loss of motility caused by spontaneous lipid peroxidation

Mouse and human spermatozoa, but not rabbit spermatozoa, have long been known to be sensitive to loss of motility induced by exogenous H₂O₂. Recent work has shown that loss of sperm motility in these species correlates with the extent of spontaneous lipid peroxidation. In this study, the effect of H₂O₂ on this reaction in sperm of the three species was investi gated. The rate of spontaneous lipid peroxidation in mouse and human sperm is markedly enhanced in the presence of 1-5 mM H₂O₂, while the rate in rabbit sperm is unaffected by H₂O₂. The enhancement of lipid peroxidation, the rate of reaction of H₂O₂ with the cells, the activity of sperm glutathione peroxidase, and the endogenous glutathione content are highest in mouse sperm, intermediate in human sperm, and very low in rabbit sperm. Inac tivation of glutathione peroxidase occurs in the presence of H₂O₂ due to complete conver sion of endogenous glutathione to GSSG: No GSH is available as electron donor substrate to the peroxidase. Inactivation of glutathione peroxidase by the inhibitor mercaptosucci nate has the same effect on rate of lipid peroxidation and loss of motility in mouse and human sperm as does H₂O₂. This implies that H₂O₂ by itself at 1-5 mM is not intrinsically toxic to the cells. With merceptosuccinate, the endogenous glutathione is present as GSH in mouse and human sperm, indicating that the redox state of intracellular glutathione by itself plays little role in protecting the cell against spontaneous lipid peroxidation. Mouse and human sperm also have high rates of superoxide production. We conclude that the key intermediate in spontaneous lipid peroxidation is lipid hydroperoxide generated by a chain reaction initiated by and utilizing superoxide. Removal of this hydroperoxide by gluta thione peroxidase protects these sperm against peroxidation; inactivation of the peroxidase allows lipid hydroperoxide to increase and so increases the peroxidation rate. Rabbit sperm have low rates of superoxide reaction due to high activity of their superoxide dismutase; lack of endogenous glutathione and low peroxidase activity does not affect their rate or lipid peroxidation. As a result, these sperm are not affected by either H₂O₂ or mercapto-succinate. These results lead us to postulate a mechanism for spontaneous lipid peroxida tion in mammalian sperm which involves reaction of lipid hydroperoxide and O₂ as the rate-determining step.     

Selenoprotein P protects endothelial cells from oxidative damage by stimulation of glutathione peroxidase expression and activity

A major fraction of the essential trace element selenium circulating in human blood plasma is present as selenoprotein P (SeP). As SeP associates with endothelial membranes, the participation of SeP in selenium-mediated protection against oxidative damage was investigated, using the human endothelial cell line Ea.hy926 as a model system. Hepatocyte-derived SeP prevented tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative cell death of Ea.hy926 cells in a similar manner as did sodium selenite, counteracting a t-BHP-induced loss of cellular membrane integrity. Protection was detected after at least 10 h of SeP supplementation and it peaked at 24 h. SeP time-dependently stimulated the expression of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGPx) and increased the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thioredoxin reductase (TR). The cGPx inhibitor mercaptosuccinate as well as the γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine counteracted the SeP-mediated protection, while the TR inhibitors cisplatin and auranofin had no effect. The presented data suggest that selenium supplementation by SeP prevents oxidative damage of human endothelial cells by restoring expression and enzymatic activity of GPx.