糖类修饰的纳米递送系统

癌症的高病发率和高死亡率已经引起了人们广泛的重视.传统治疗癌症的药物分子存在水溶性较差、无靶向性、生物安全性低等问题.纳米递送系统如脂质体、聚合物纳米粒子和共聚物胶束解决了传统癌症治疗过程中药物水溶性较差的问题.但大多数纳米递送系统不具备靶向性和生物相容性,且药物包封率不高.糖类作为具有较好的靶向特异性识别能力、安全性...     

DNA-金属纳米材料在分子识别和药物递送中的应用

分子识别和药物递送对疾病的早期诊断和靶向治疗至关重要。DNA作为一种天然纳米分子，具有良好的生物相容性、分子识别性及序列可编程性等特点，因此在生物医学研究中受到广泛关注。然而，DNA纳米材料存在依赖于光响应系统且不能穿透细胞膜等缺点，导致单独使用无法满足实际应用的需求。近年来，涌现出大量DNA-金属纳米材料，这些复合材料具有光化学特性、组织穿透能力和药物装载能力等功能，克服了单一材料的缺陷，在生物传感、生物成像和药物靶向递送中表现出巨大的应用潜力。本文集中于3种近年热门的DNA-金属纳米材料（DNA-铜纳米材料、DNA-上转换纳米材料、DNA-金属有机框架纳米材料），依据DNA与各金属纳米材料的结合方式进行合理分类，介绍其在生物传感、生物成像和药物递送中的最新应用进展，并对未来发展方向进行了展望。     

浅析纳米载体靶向药物递送系统:误区、壁垒与对策

纳米载体靶向药物递送系统早已受到各国的广泛关注,虽然这一研究方向的论文发表量呈指数增加,却基本没有成药性.本文基于物理化学和生物学原理分析,通过对不同材料和粒径纳米载体扩散系数的实验研究,探讨分子与纳米粒子在水介质中依数性和扩散能力的差异、纳米载体在体内的寻靶过程,从根本上剖析了纳米载体靶向药物递送系统理论中存在的种种误区,揭示了主动靶向修饰的纳米载体并不能够按照载体设计的初衷提高对肿瘤组织的靶向效率的缺陷.证明EPR效应只适用于药物分子与具有足够扩散能力的纳米载体,并提出依靠环境特异性响应的靶向释药、提高纳米载体扩散能力、利用巨噬细胞固有的吞噬作用捕获NPs实现靶向药物递送以及逐级靶向等更具有可行性的靶向递送新策略.     

多肽介导的核酸药物递送系统研究进展

核酸药物作为新型基因治疗药物备受关注,但生物学稳定性差、易被体内核酸酶降解、生物利用度低、靶组织内聚集浓度低等是制 约其发展的主要因素。新的药物递送技术的快速发展在一定程度上解决了核酸药物的稳定性及靶向递送问题,极大地推动了核酸药物的研 发进展。尤其是多肽蛋白类递送载体,已成为核酸药物递送系统研究领域的热点之一。介绍核酸药物递送载体多肽修饰的两种主要方式—— 共价缀合和非共价络合,重点综述近年来多肽缀合物和复合物以及多肽修饰的载体在核酸药物递送系统中的应用研究,探讨多肽介导的核 酸药物递送系统在应用中存在的问题,为新型核酸药物递送系统研发提供参考。     

新型药物递送系统研发格局分析

药物递送是通过特定的手段使活性药物成分有效地递送到目的部位,以在人类或动物中实现治疗效果的方法或过程。递送系统在控速给药、靶向给药、药物稳定性、生物相容性等方面具有重要的作用。近年来,随着药学、材料学和生物医学等相关领域的进步,从纳米尺度、细胞尺度到智能靶向递送等技术的发展使药物递送系统领域发生了巨大变化,新型药物递送系统的研究投入和市场份额持续快速增长。通过对不同载药系统的递送机制及特点进行阐述,系统梳理新兴药物递送系统技术的主要研究进展及企业竞争格局,并对相关技术的临床转化潜力和应用前景进行展望,为相关企业研发方向选择及决策提供参考。     

综述与专论: 适配体功能化外泌体在肿瘤靶向治疗中的应用

传统的肿瘤治疗方法因缺乏足够的靶向性而会产生严重的毒副作用。外泌体（exosome）是一种天然的纳米囊泡,参与细胞间的信息传递,并且作为药物递送载体具有出色的性能优势,包括低免疫原性、低毒性和能够穿越天然屏障等特点。然而以外泌体为载体的药物递送系统的靶向能力仍有不足。适配体（aptamer）是一类化学合成的单链核酸分子,具有分子质量小、易于修饰和免疫原性低等特点,可作为亲和性配体与靶向分子特异性结合。通过在外泌体表面修饰适配体,药物可以被精确递送到肿瘤细胞发生部位,从而实现对肿瘤的靶向治疗,提高肿瘤治疗效果,减少毒副作用。本篇综述将重点讨论适配体功能化外泌体药物靶向递送系统在各种肿瘤治疗方面的应用,并对其未来的挑战和机遇进行阐述。     

细胞/细菌驱动的药物递送系统研究进展

细胞/细菌驱动的药物传递系统是一种有前景的药物递送策略. 该策略将具有不同优异特性的活细胞/细菌与药物有机结合,能够有效克服传统纳米药物生物利用率低、靶向性能弱、组织穿透性不强等缺陷. 得益于对目标病灶特异响应,这类药物递送系统不仅能够实现药物高效的主动靶向递送,还可以降低对正常组织的毒副作用,目前已成功运用于药物呈递,在疾病诊断和治疗领域展示了广阔的应用前景. 本文初步探讨了细胞/细菌驱动的药物递送系统的研究进展,并对其未来研究进行展望.     

Cell-SELEX技术为基础的靶向药物递送系统研究进展

Cell-SELEX技术是在指数富集的配体系统进化(SELEX)技术的基础上,获取能与特定靶细胞结合的适配体的方法。将Cell-SELEX技术获得的适配体与各类药物分子或分子纳米材料等相结合构成复合物,可构建不同的靶向药物递送系统。这类药物递送系统利用适配体的靶向性,将药物分子等特异地递送到相应的靶细胞,从而达到诊断、治疗疾病、提高药物浓度或者降低毒副作用等目的。本文简要介绍了Cell-SELEX技术的发展现状及目前主要的靶向药物递送系统的应用。     

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物在药物递送系统中的应用

聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物具备良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,是良好的纳米级药物载体。嵌段共聚物具有载药能力强、粒径小、体内循环时间长、主动靶向性和被动靶向性等特点,因此在药物递送系统中得到广泛应用。简要介绍了聚乙二醇-聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成和性质,及其作为脂质体、胶束、微球等载体在药物递送系统中的最新进展。     

肠道病原菌侵袭素在药物纳米载体中的应用

口服给药是药物递送系统中的优选途径。然而,在通过胃肠道时,肠细胞的低渗透性经常会阻碍药物的有效递送。包囊药物能够解决这一问题的关键,取决于其中的细胞侵袭性靶向基团包裹的纳米颗粒系统。这种药物递送系统的侵入特性是由细菌侵袭素的关键成分提供,这些成分具有快速调节药物穿越肠细胞的作用,从而促进宿主细胞对药物的有效吸收。此综述重点阐述细菌侵袭系统,对合适的侵袭素分别从功能和分子结构、作为靶向药物的相对价值以及在使用过程中可能存在的误区依次进行探讨。此外,对口服给药方法的改进和未来前景也进行了讨论。     

The intracellular and nuclear-targeted delivery of an antiandrogen drug by carrier peptides

Cell permeable carrier peptides are currently of interest for their potential to improve the delivery of bioactive molecules into cells and to specific cellular compartments. We have investigated the activity of a derivative of the antiandrogen drug, bicalutamide, attached to the cell-permeable carrier peptide penetratin(R). We have used both disulfide (labile) and thioether (nonlabile) linkages to attach the bicalutamide derivative to the peptide in order to assess whether one type of chemistry has advantages over the other. In addition we have added a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) to the carrier peptide to investigate whether localization of the drug to the nucleus of the cell affects the activity of the drug. Biotin-labeled peptides were used to demonstrate that the carrier peptide is rapidly accumulated inside cultured cells, and that the incorporation of an NLS in the sequence results in its nuclear targeting. The bicalutamide derivative linked to carrier peptides via a disulfide-linkage exerted no greater antiproliferative effect in LNCaP cells, than the bicalutamide derivative alone. The bicalutamide derivative linked to the carrier peptide by a non-labile thioether linkage showed a similar activity profile. When the construct includes a nuclear targeting sequence, however, a markedly increased antiproliferative effect was observed. This study has thus shown that the activity of bicalutamide may be enhanced by the nonlabile attachment of a cell-permeable and nuclear-targeted peptide, which has implications for the development of novel antiandrogens for the treatment of prostate cancer.     

Sequence requirements for synthetic peptide-mediated translocation to the nucleus.

The abilities of 18 synthetic peptides to target a carrier protein to the nucleus following microinjection into the cytoplasm of HeLa cells were determined. Eight of the sequences chosen for synthesis were based on published nuclear targeting regions as determined by gene fusion and deletion experiments. Six of these sequences were found to be effective when mimicked by a synthetic peptide and conjugated to a carrier protein. One additional peptide was based on a region of lamin L1, a nuclear protein from Xenopus laevis, in which the nuclear targeting region had not been previously investigated. This peptide was also able to target a carrier protein to the nucleus. Eight other peptides which resemble the known targeting signals had little or no nuclear targeting ability. Peptides which were able to target a carrier protein to the nucleus did so within 45 min of injection into the cytoplasm. Two peptides with little or no apparent nuclear targeting ability after 45 min were examined for longer times as well. No increase in nuclear accumulation was observed between 45 min and 4 h after cytoplasmic injection. Comparison of the sequences which were effective at nuclear targeting with those that were not revealed a possible consensus sequence for peptide-mediated nuclear transport.     

Nuclear proteasomal degradation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inorganic pyrophosphatase Ipp1p,a nucleocytoplasmic protein whose stability depends on its subcellular localization

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is an abundant by-product of cellular metabolism. PPi-producing reactions take place in the nucleus concurrently with reactions that use PPi as a substrate. Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses two soluble pyrophosphatases (sPPases): Ipp1p, an essential and allegedly cytosolic protein, and Ipp2p, a mitochondrial isoenzyme. However, no sPPase has yet been unambiguously described in the nucleus. In vivo studies with fluorescent fusions together with activity and immunodetection analyses demonstrated that Ipp1p is a nucleocytoplasmic protein. Mutagenesis analysis showed that this sPPase possesses a nuclear localization signal which participates in its nuclear targeting. Enforced nucleocytoplasmic targeting by fusion to heterologous nuclear import and export signals caused changes in polypeptide abundance and activity levels, indicating that Ipp1p is less stable in the nucleus that in the cytoplasm. Low nuclear levels of this sPPase are physiologically relevant and may be related to its catalytic activity, since cells expressing a functional nuclear-targeted chimaera showed impaired growth and reduced chronological lifespan, while a nuclear-targeted catalytically inactive protein was not degraded and accumulated in the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear proteasome inhibition stabilized Ipp1p whereas nuclear targeting promoted its ubiquitination and interaction with Ubp3p, a component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Overall, our results indicate that Ipp1p is nucleocytoplasmic, that its stability depends on its subcellular localization and that sPPase catalytic competence drives its nuclear degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This suggests a new scenario for PPi homeostasis where both nucleocytoplasmic transport and nuclear proteasome degradation of the sPPase should contribute to control nuclear levels of this ubiquitous metabolite.     

Analysis of nuclear targeting activities of transport signals in the human immunodeficiency virus Rev protein

The human immunodeficiency Rev protein shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, while accumulating to high levels in the nucleus. Rev has a nuclear localization signal (NLS; AA 35-50) with an arginine-rich motif (ARM) that interacts with importin beta and a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES; AA 75-84) recognized by CRM1/exportin 1. Here we explore nuclear targeting activities of the transport signals of Rev. GFP tagging and quantitative fluorescence microscopy were used to study the localization behavior of Rev NLS/ARM mutants under conditions inhibiting the export of Rev. Rev mutant M5 was actively transported to the nucleus, despite its known failure to bind importin beta. Microinjection of transport substrates with Rev-NES peptides revealed that the Rev-NES has both nuclear import and export activities. Replacement of amino acid residues "PLER" (77-80) of the NES with alanines abolished bidirectional transport activity of the Rev-NES. These results indicate that both transport signals of Rev have nuclear import capabilities and that the Rev NLS has more than one nuclear targeting activity. This suggests that Rev is able to use various routes for nuclear entry rather than depending on a single pathway.     

Sequence determinants of nuclear localization in the alpha and beta isoforms of human topoisomerase II.

The alpha and beta isoforms of DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) are targets for several widely used chemotherapeutic agents, and resistance to some of these drugs may be associated with reduced nuclear localization of the alpha isoform. Human topo IIalpha contains a strong bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence between amino acids 1454 and 1497 (alphaNLS(1454-1497)). In the present study, we show that human topo IIalpha tagged with green fluorescence protein is still detectable in the nucleus when alphaNLS(1454-1497) has been disrupted. Seven additional regions in topo IIalpha containing overlapping potential bipartite NLSs were evaluated for their nuclear targeting abilities using a beta-galactosidase reporter system. A moderately functional NLS was identified between amino acids 1259 and 1296. When human topo IIbeta was examined in a similar fashion, it was found to contain two strongly functional sequences betaNLS(1522-1548) and betaNLS(1538-1573) in the region of topo IIbeta comparable to the region in topo IIalpha that contains the strongly functional alphaNLS(1454-1497). The third, betaNLS(1294-1332), although weaker than the other two beta sequences, is significantly stronger than the analogous alphaNLS(1259-1296). Differences in the NLS sequences of human topo II isoforms may contribute to their differences in subnuclear localization.     

Variations in nuclear localization strategies among pol X family enzymes

Despite the essential roles of pol X family enzymes in DNA repair, information about the structural basis of their nuclear import is limited. Recent studies revealed the unexpected presence of a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) in DNA polymerase β, indicating the importance of active nuclear targeting, even for enzymes likely to leak into and out of the nucleus. The current studies further explore the active nuclear transport of these enzymes by identifying and structurally characterizing the functional NLS sequences in the three remaining human pol X enzymes: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), DNA polymerase mu (pol μ) and DNA polymerase lambda (pol λ). NLS identifications are based on Importin α (Impα) binding affinity determined by fluorescence polarization of fluorescein‐labeled NLS peptides, X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the Impα?IBB?NLS complexes and fluorescence‐based subcellular localization studies. All three polymerases use NLS sequences located near their N‐terminus; TdT and pol μ utilize monopartite NLS sequences, while pol λ utilizes a bipartite sequence, unique among the pol X family members. The pol μ NLS has relatively weak measured affinity for Impα, due in part to its proximity to the N‐terminus that limits non‐specific interactions of flanking residues preceding the NLS. However, this effect is partially mitigated by an N‐terminal sequence unsupportive of Met1 removal by methionine aminopeptidase, leading to a 3‐fold increase in affinity when the N‐terminal methionine is present. Nuclear targeting is unique to each pol X family enzyme with variations dependent on the structure and unique functional role of each polymerase.      

Intracellular fate and nuclear targeting of plasmid DNA

One of the major steps limiting nonviral gene transfer efficiency is the entry of plasmid DNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus of the transfected cells. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) of the SV40 large T antigen is known to efficiently induce nuclear targeting of proteins. We have developed two chemical strategies for covalent coupling of NLS peptides to plasmid DNA. One method involves a site-specific labeling of plasmid DNA by formation of a triple helix with an oligonucleotide–NLS peptide conjugate. After such modification with one NLS peptide per plasmid molecule, plasmid DNA remained fully active in cationic lipid-mediated transfection. In the other method, we randomly coupled 5–115 p-azidotetrafluorobenzyllissamine–NLS peptide molecules per plasmid DNA by photoactivation. Oligonucleotide–NLS and plasmid–lissamine–NLS conjugates interacted specifically with the NLS-receptor importin . Plasmid–lissamine–NLS conjugates were not detected in the nucleus, after cytoplasmic microinjection. Plasmids did not diffuse from the site of injection and plasmid–lissamine–NLS conjugates appeared to be progressively degraded in the cytoplasm. The process of plasmid DNA sequestration/degradation stressed in this study might be as important in limiting the efficiency of nonviral gene transfer as the generally recognized entry step of plasmid DNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus     

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在癌症治疗中的应用

介孔纳米二氧化硅作为抗肿瘤药物载体,在癌症治疗上的应用越来越受到关注。介孔纳米二氧化硅不仅可实现药物的有效递送,而且可显著提高药物的生物利用度。功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅还能提高药物对肿瘤细胞的靶向性,实现药物的特异性按需释放。该新型纳米载体在癌症治疗中具有非常广阔的应用前景。本文对介孔纳米二氧化硅作为药物载体在多种癌症治疗中的应用,以及不同表面修饰物对药物载体递送的影响和优势加以综述,并对功能化介孔纳米二氧化硅载体对提高药物抗癌活性和靶向性的积极作用提出了展望。     

Nuclear localization signal-targeted poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates as potential carriers and nuclear localizing agents for carboplatin analogues

Carboplatin is a low-molecular-weight anticancer drug that acts by binding to the nuclear DNA of cells. Thus, efficient delivery of the platinum drugs to the nucleus of the cancer cells may enhance the cytotoxicity of the drug. Efficient drug delivery to the nucleus of cancer cells requires three levels of localization: targeting to the cancerous tissue, accumulation in the cancer cells, and intracellular localization in the nucleus. Nuclear localization signals (NLS) are short positively charged basic peptides that actively transport large proteins across the nuclear membrane. We have prepared conjugates in which the NLS is tethered to poly(ethyleneglycol)carboplatin conjugate (NLS-PEG-Pt) and compared their pharmacological properties to those of their untargeted analogues that do not possess the NLS (PEG-Pt). NLS-PEG-Pt conjugates are rapidly internalized into cancer cells and accumulate in the nucleus. Despite their rapid nuclear localization, they form less Pt-DNA adducts than the untargeted analogues, PEG-Pt, and are also less cytotoxic. These results support the hypothesis that carboplatin (unlike cisplatin) may require cytosolic activation prior to its binding to nuclear DNA.