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被动声学监测(passive acoustic monitoring,PAM)技术指将自动录音机安装在自然环境中收集野生动物及其所在环境的声音信号的监测方法。20世纪90年代以来,PAM技术陆续被应用于翼手目和灵长目等陆生哺乳动物的监测和研究,探究了陆生哺乳动物行为学、生态学和保护生物学等方面的科学问题。然而,当前缺乏对这些研究的系统性总结和展望。本文从活动规律和时间分配、栖息地利用、物种分布、种群大小与密度、生物多样性、人为干扰的影响等领域综述了PAM技术在陆生哺乳动物中的研究进展,并列举了相关应用实例。总体上,PAM技术涉及到生物学、生态学、声学、计算机科学等多学科的交叉融合,其应用受限于声学数据的储存和管理、物种或个体自动化识别以及声学指数评估的普适性,设备价格也相对昂贵,这些可能是导致该技术在我国陆生哺乳动物监测和研究方面的应用还相对滞后于其他国家的原因。最后,本文对未来研究方向进行了展望,并建议尽快建立和完善我国陆生哺乳动物PAM网络和数据共享平台、组织开展面对面访问调查或生物多样性保护相关的知识竞赛等公民科学项目、向更多科研机构或保护区推广PAM技术的应用,使该技术成为陆生... 相似文献
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长江是复杂的生态系统, 但是随着长江生态环境的持续变化, 尤其是人类扰动所致的变化, 长江中的几种极其重要的大型物种先后因此而走向“灭绝”, 或“极可能灭绝”, 或“极度濒危”, 因此在现阶段有必要以现存于长江中的大型物种的生存状况为核心, 建立一项新的生态考核指标, 以综合表征长江生态系统的健康状况和生物多样性的完整性, 为“十年禁捕”和《长江保护法》的顺利实施提供科技支持。长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)仅分布于长江中下游及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖, 是长江中极可能仅存的大型水生哺乳动物, 多年来一直受到社会各界的高度关注, 已成为长江“明星”物种。长江江豚种群分布和数量的变化与长江生态环境和鱼类资源的变化密切相关, 具有综合表征生态环境质量和生物多样性及其变化的基本属性。在复杂的水下声环境中, 长江江豚的声纳信号具有独特的时频特征, 具有较强的可监测性和可量化特征, 并且已被广泛应用于长江江豚的被动声学监测、实时识别和群体估算。同时, 在自然水域对长江江豚进行被动声学监测是一项方便和高效的工作。在沿江和沿湖设置一些样地水域, 布置水下声学仪器, 开展长期被动声学监测, 不但可以掌握长江江豚的分布规律、群体规模及其变化, 而且可以为定量分析样地水域生态环境质量和鱼类等水生生物的丰度提供可信的依据, 继而可以为定量评价所监测水域人类活动对生态环境及水生生物扰动提供长期数据支撑。因此, 基于被动声学监测的长江江豚种群数量, 可作为一项重要的生态考核指标, 用于定量评价长江生态环境质量和水生生物多样性及其在时间和空间上的变化, 并用于考核相关保护工作的落实情况和实际的保护效果。 相似文献
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随着录音设备性能的提高和硬件价格的降低,基于录音评估声景来反映生境特征和生物多样性的方法得到快速发展。声学指数是对声音整体特征的量化,受到录音生境和生物组成的共同影响,因此可构建声学指数与生境特征和生物组成的关联。按照作用的尺度,声学指数可分为两类:反映录音内信息的alpha声学指数和比较不同录音之间差异的beta声学指数。随着录音设备的普及,以及在大尺度上进行生物监测工作的增加,对不同时间、不同地点的录音进行比较的需求日益迫切。因此,beta声学指数的开发和应用是声学指数研究的重要方向。本文介绍了11个常用的beta声学指数,并探讨了这些指数的数学特征(非负性、同一性、对称性、直递性、有限性)。本文还通过文献检索获取了beta声学指数在实证中的应用情况,发现研究中常使用beta声学指数反映时间节律、生境特征的差异或生物组成的改变。最后,本文指出了beta声学指数研究/应用中迫切需要发展的3个方向:开发新的指数、优化已有指数的计算方式、增加实证研究。 相似文献
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海南霸王岭自然保护区是中国唯一保护海南长臂猿及其生存环境的国家级自然保护区,具有海南长臂猿(Nomascus hainanus)声音、鸟类声音等丰富的声景资源。探究海南长臂猿生境内的声景构成及声学活动,旨在为该区域的生态保护提供技术支撑。利用被动声学监测技术采集该保护区的声音数据,通过分析不同频率范围内的声景功率分布,描述了保护区声景观的特征与日变化;基于广泛使用的4个声学指数ACI(acoustic complex index)、ADI(acoustic diversity index)、BI(bioacoustic index)、NDSI(normalized difference soundscape index)来评估海南长臂猿声音,并利用随机森林算法,以4个声学指数为预测变量,有无海南长臂猿声音为响应变量,对声音数据进行分类。结果表明：(1)不同频率范围内的声景功率反映了研究区不同的声学群落信息,具有显著的时间变化特征,表明了鸟类、海南长臂猿等动物的黎明和黄昏合唱活动,其中,1～2 kHz符合海南长臂猿的黎明合唱,2～5 kHz符合鸟类等动物的生活规律;(2)有海南长臂猿与无... 相似文献
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通过声学指数量化声音的特征反映生物的组成和生境信息,是一种高效率、低干扰的监测方式。该研究领域在近十多年来得到了快速的发展,不断有新的声学指数被提出,同时也有大量的实证研究。声学指数可分为反映录音内信息的alpha声学指数和比较不同录音之间差异的beta声学指数,其中alpha声学指数的实证研究较多。本文在汇总已有研究数据的基础上进行meta分析,关注alpha声学指数与动物多样性、生境质量、动物活跃性之间关联的方向和程度。基于文献调研,本文对8个常用的声学指数进行了总结分析:声学复杂度指数(acoustic complexity index,ACI)、声学熵指数(acoustic entropy index,H)、生物声学指数(bioacoustic index,BI)、标准化声景差异指数(normalized difference soundscape index,NDSI)、声学多样性指数(acoustic diversity index,ADI)、声学均匀度指数(acoustic evenness index,AEI)、声学丰富度指数(acoustic richness ind... 相似文献
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为了探究基于AI识别的鸟类被动声学监测手段在城市湿地公园中的应用效果, 同时对比其与传统人工样线调查结果的差别, 本研究于2023年3-5月在广州市湾咀头湿地公园开展了为期3个月的同期监测。样线法为每月调查两次; 声学监测法通过安装两台声纹监测仪, 全天开启触发录制模式, 通过4G网络回传音频文件并使用以珠三角鸟类名录构建的AI识别模型进行鸟种识别, 再对结果进行置信度筛选和人工复核。样线法累计记录鸟类2,200只次; 声学监测法共采集音频96,848条, 筛选验证获得有效记录34,117条。两种方法共记录鸟类70种, 其中样线调查记录鸟类48种, 声学监测记录49种, 两种调查方法都记录到的鸟类有27种。两种调查方法重叠的物种比例不足总物种数的一半, 说明在此类湿地公园生境下这两种方法尚无法互相取代。样线调查结果相对准确、便于估算种群密度, 但对调查者的认鸟水平和工作量要求较高; 声学监测可自动化运行, 便于扩大监测规模, 但后期数据处理难度较大, 结合AI物种识别和人工校正可以提高数据处理效率。综上, 基于机器学习的AI识别技术的鸟类被动声学监测方法大大提高了数据处理效率, 但仍需要结合传统的样线调查方法, 两者结合将有更高的准确率和更广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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试论生物多样性保护理论与实践面临的困难及现实出路 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
保护生物学作为一门新兴的交叉科学,已经在最近的一二十年中迅速发展成为一门独立的学科,然而,人们似乎过分沉湎于保护生物学的理论研究之中,却对这样一个事实置若罔闻;保护生物多样性的实践并未能取得预期的成效,生物多样性的危机不仅远未消除,反而越来越严峻,本文从保护生物多样性的伦理妯,保护生物学的理论,保护生物多样性的实践等多个层面上,分析了生物多样性保护面临的重重困难,着重指出,来自社会人文方面的种种不利因素,尤其是经济方面的驱动力,才是制约生物多样性保护的根源所在,并提出通过人文学科的社会经济,政策,法律等方面与自然学科的技术和理论的密切合作研究,综合地探求解决生物多样性危机的有效途径,应该成为保护生物学研究一个新的重点领域。 相似文献
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生物多样性保护的景观规划途径 总被引：96，自引：1，他引：96
景观规划设计在生物多样性保护中起着决定性的作用。基于不同的保护哲学,生物多样性保护的景观规划途径主要可分为两种：一是以物种为核心的景观规划途径,另一种是以景观元素为核心和出发点的规划途径。前者首先确定物种,然后根据物种的生态特性来设计景观格局,后者则以各种尺度的景观元素作为保护对象,根据其空间位置和关系设计景观格局。多种空间战略被认为有利于生物多样性的保护,包括保护核心栖息地、建立缓冲区、构筑廊道、增加景观异质性和引入或恢复栖息地。落实这些空间战略必须首先回答选择什么和在什么地方设计上述景观元素的问题。对此,目前尚没有很好的答案。传统的生物保护战略被动地强调现存濒危物种和景观元素的保护,如果将物种运动和生态过程作为一个能动的景观控制过程来对待,我们将会有一种全新的景观规划途径。其中有三个方面的概念对这种新的景观规划途径有启发意义：即景观的空间构型对生态过程的作用,生物进化空间轨迹与景观格局设计及景观阻力与潜在的生态基础设施的设计。景观生态安全格局正是在这些方向上的一个新的探索。 相似文献
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Daniella Teixeira;Paul Roe;Berndt J. van Rensburg;Simon Linke;Paul G. McDonald;David Tucker;Susan Fuller; 《Conservation Science and Practice》2024,6(6):e13132
Passive acoustic recorders have emerged as powerful tools for ecological monitoring. However, effective monitoring is not simply an act of recording sounds. To have meaning for conservation and management, acoustic monitoring needs to be properly planned and analyzed to yield high quality information. Here, we provide a set of considerations for the design of an effective acoustic monitoring program. We argue that such a program, has the following attributes: (1) has established appropriate partnerships with landowners, Traditional Owners, researchers, or other relevant stakeholders, (2) is based on clear objectives and questions, (3) is explicit in its target sound signals, (4) has considered in-field sensor placement for a range of factors, including experimental design, statistical power, background noise, and potential impacts on human privacy and animal disturbance, (5) has a justified recording schedule and periodicity, (6) has methods to process sound data in line with objectives, and (7) has protocols for permanent data storage and access. Acoustic monitoring is increasingly used in large-scale programs and will be important in addressing global biodiversity targets and new biodiversity markets. It is critical that new monitoring programs are designed to effectively and efficiently capture data that address pertinent and emerging issues in conservation. 相似文献
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- Biodiversity in freshwater habitats is decreasing faster than in any other type of environment, mostly as a result of human activities. Monitoring these losses can help guide mitigation efforts. In most studies, sampling strategies predominantly rely on collecting animal and vegetal specimens. Although these techniques produce valuable data, they are invasive, time-consuming and typically permit only limited spatial and temporal replication. There is need for the development of complementary methods.
- As observed in other ecosystems, freshwater environments host animals that emit sounds, either to communicate or as a by-product of their activity. The main freshwater soniferous groups are amphibians, fish, and macroinvertebrates (mainly Coleoptera and Hemiptera, but also some Decapoda, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Biophysical processes such as flow or sediment transport also produce sounds, as well as human activities within aquatic ecosystems.
- Such animals and processes can be recorded, remotely and autonomously, and provide information on local diversity and ecosystem health. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is an emerging method already deployed in terrestrial environments that uses sounds to survey environments. Key advantages of PAM are its non-invasive nature, as well as its ability to record autonomously and over long timescales. All these research topics are the main aims of ecoacoustics, a new scientific discipline investigating the ecological role of sounds.
- In this paper, we review the sources of sounds present in freshwater environments. We then underline areas of research in which PAM may be helpful emphasising the role of PAM for the development of ecoacoustics. Finally, we present methods used to record and analyse sounds in those environments.
- Passive acoustics represents a potentially revolutionary development in freshwater ecology, enabling continuous monitoring of dynamic bio-physical processes to inform conservation practitioners and managers.
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Jessica L. Deichmann Orlando Acevedo‐Charry Leah Barclay Zuzana Burivalova Marconi Campos‐Cerqueira Fernando d'Horta Edward T. Game Benjamin L. Gottesman Patrick J. Hart Ammie K. Kalan Simon Linke Leandro Do Nascimento Bryan Pijanowski Erica Staaterman T. Mitchell Aide 《Biotropica》2018,50(5):713-718
Knowledge that can be gained from acoustic data collection in tropical ecosystems is low‐hanging fruit. There is every reason to record and with every day, there are fewer excuses not to do it. In recent years, the cost of acoustic recorders has decreased substantially (some can be purchased for under US$50, e.g., Hill et al. 2018) and the technology needed to store and analyze acoustic data is continuously improving (e.g., Corrada Bravo et al. 2017, Xie et al. 2017). Soundscape recordings provide a permanent record of a site at a given time and contain a wealth of invaluable and irreplaceable information. Although challenges remain, failure to collect acoustic data now in tropical ecosystems would represent a failure to future generations of tropical researchers and the citizens that benefit from ecological research. In this commentary, we (1) argue for the need to increase acoustic monitoring in tropical systems; (2) describe the types of research questions and conservation issues that can be addressed with passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) using both short‐ and long‐term data in terrestrial and freshwater habitats; and (3) present an initial plan for establishing a global repository of tropical recordings. 相似文献
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- Globally, water abstraction for human consumption and irrigated agriculture leads to significant changes in aquatic ecosystems. To counter these detrimental effects, water releases—often termed environmental water allocations—restore overbank flow or are delivered to artificially disconnected wetlands. While a suite of monitoring methods is available, few programmes track continuous change in biota, mainly because repeated remote site visits can be prohibitively expensive.
- In this paper, we propose a new approach to environmental flow monitoring, using ecoacoustic methods. We test acoustic monitoring of frog and waterbird responses to environmental water deliveries in the Goulburn Broken, a valley in the southern Murray–Darling river system. Response to three major environmental water deliveries within 2 years was monitored at four sites along Reedy swamp. Every 2 weeks, 30 s were recorded every 30 min, for a total of 24 hr.
- We used two analysis strategies—manual counts of bird calls, as well as ecoacoustic indices, which describe the sonic properties of the acoustic spectrum at a site. Manual counts demonstrated that water-dependent birds were clearly responding to environmental water deliveries, whereas non-water-dependent species did not show any increases in activity. After restricting the analysis to the dawn chorus of birds and frogs, two acoustic indices (the median amplitude and the acoustic complexity index) showed responses to watering events.
- Ecoacoustic methods show promise for continuous response monitoring to environmental water allocations. However, the first strategy—manual annotation of calls—might be too labour intensive for standard monitoring programmes. The second strategy—index-based approaches—can also detect ecological responses, although further investigation using control sites is needed. Automated call classifiers are an alternative that is currently being developed for endangered species. We also encourage simultaneous monitoring of the soundscape above and under water.
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- Applications in bioacoustics and its sister discipline ecoacoustics have increased exponentially over the last decade. However, despite knowledge about aquatic bioacoustics dating back to the times of Aristotle and a vast amount of background literature to draw upon, freshwater applications of ecoacoustics have been lagging to date.
- In this special issue, we present nine studies that deal with underwater acoustics, plus three acoustic studies on water-dependent birds and frogs. Topics include automatic detection of freshwater organisms by their calls, quantifying habitat change by analysing entire soundscapes, and detecting change in behaviour when organisms are exposed to noise.
- We identify six major challenges and review progress through this special issue. Challenges include characterisation of sounds, accessibility of archived sounds as well as improving automated analysis methods. Study design considerations include characterisation analysis challenges of spatial and temporal variation. The final key challenge is the so far largely understudied link between ecological condition and underwater sound.
- We hope that this special issue will raise awareness about underwater soundscapes as a survey tool. With a diverse array of field and analysis tools, this issue can act as a manual for future monitoring applications that will hopefully foster further advances in the field.
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- Freshwater conservation is vital to the maintenance of global biodiversity. Ponds are a critical, yet often under‐recognized, part of this, contributing to overall ecosystem functioning and diversity. They provide habitats for a range of aquatic, terrestrial, and amphibious life, often including rare and declining species.
- Effective, rapid, and accessible survey methods are needed to enable evidence‐based conservation action, but freshwater taxa are often viewed as “difficult”—and few specialist surveyors are available. Datasets on ponds are therefore limited in their spatiotemporal coverage.
- With the advent of new recording technologies, acoustic survey methods are becoming increasingly available to researchers, citizen scientists, and conservation practitioners. They can be an effective and noninvasive approach for gathering data on target species, assemblages, and environmental variables. However, freshwater applications are lagging behind those in terrestrial and marine spheres, and as an emergent method, research studies have employed a multitude of different sampling protocols.
- We propose the Pond Acoustic Sampling Scheme (PASS), a simple protocol to allow a standardized minimal sample to be collected rapidly from small waterbodies, alongside environmental and methodological metadata. This sampling scheme can be incorporated into a variety of survey designs and is intended to allow access to a wide range of participants, without requiring complicated or prohibitively expensive equipment.
- Adoption of this sampling protocol would enable consistent sound recordings to be gathered by researchers and conservation organizations, and allow the development of landscape‐scale surveys, data sharing, and collaboration within an expanding freshwater ecoacoustic community—rather than individual approaches that produce incompatible datasets. The compilation of standardized data would improve the prospects for effective research into the soundscapes of small waterbodies and aid freshwater conservation efforts.
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Satoko Kimura Tomonari Akamatsu Songhai Li Lijun Dong Ding Wang Nobuaki Arai 《Marine Mammal Science》2012,28(2):308-324
The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) is an endangered freshwater porpoise subspecies unique to the Yangtze River basin. Seasonal variations in local distribution of the animal, as well as fish presence, sand dredging, ship navigation, and bridges were examined as potential factors affecting the occurrence of the animals. Passive acoustic surveys were performed regularly from May 2007 to August 2010, near the conjunction of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake. The distribution of the porpoises was seasonally site‐specific. In May and August, the animals were detected more often at river junctions than in the lake, but vice versa from November to February. The rate of the porpoise detection was significantly higher in areas of fish presence than in areas of absence. The number of porpoises detected did not differ significantly between the sand dredging operation and the prohibition period (in 2008), although the number of vessels obviously declined in 2008. Ship traffic and bridges also did not appear to affect the presence of porpoises. These results showed the relative importance of the various environmental factors, which is important for conservation of not only Yangtze finless porpoise but also endangered isolated cetaceans. 相似文献
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Simone Cominelli;Nicolo' Bellin;Carissa D. Brown;Valeria Rossi;Jack Lawson; 《Ecology and evolution》2024,14(2):e10951
Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) is emerging as a solution for monitoring species and environmental change over large spatial and temporal scales. However, drawing rigorous conclusions based on acoustic recordings is challenging, as there is no consensus over which approaches are best suited for characterizing marine acoustic environments. Here, we describe the application of multiple machine-learning techniques to the analysis of two PAM datasets. We combine pre-trained acoustic classification models (VGGish, NOAA and Google Humpback Whale Detector), dimensionality reduction (UMAP), and balanced random forest algorithms to demonstrate how machine-learned acoustic features capture different aspects of the marine acoustic environment. The UMAP dimensions derived from VGGish acoustic features exhibited good performance in separating marine mammal vocalizations according to species and locations. RF models trained on the acoustic features performed well for labeled sounds in the 8 kHz range; however, low- and high-frequency sounds could not be classified using this approach. The workflow presented here shows how acoustic feature extraction, visualization, and analysis allow establishing a link between ecologically relevant information and PAM recordings at multiple scales, ranging from large-scale changes in the environment (i.e., changes in wind speed) to the identification of marine mammal species. 相似文献
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Abraham L. Borker Rachel T. Buxton Ian L. Jones Heather L. Major Jeffrey C. Williams Bernie R. Tershy Donald A. Croll 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(1):252-260
Measuring restoration outcomes is essential, but challenging and expensive, particularly on remote islands. Acoustic recording increases the scale of monitoring inexpensively; however, extracting biological information from large volumes of recordings remains challenging. Soundscape approaches, characterizing communities using acoustic indices, rapidly analyze large acoustic datasets and can be used to compare restoration sites against reference conditions. We tested this approach to measure nocturnal seabird recovery following invasive predator removal in the Aleutian Islands. We used recordings of nocturnal seabird soundscapes from six islands with varied histories of predators, from never invaded (one island) to 9–34 years post‐predator removal (four islands) and currently invaded (one island). We calculated 10 indices of acoustic intensity and complexity, and two pairwise indices of acoustic differences. Three indices reflected patterns of seabird recovery. Acoustic richness (measuring temporal entropy and amplitude) increased with time since predator removal and presence of historical predator refugia (r2 = 0.44). These factors and moonlight accounted for 30% of variation in cumulative spectral difference from the reference island. Over 10% of acoustic richness and temporal entropy was explained by Leach's Storm‐petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) calls. However, indices characterized the soundscape of rat‐invaded Kiska Island like a never invaded island, likely due to high abiotic noise and few seabird calls. Soundscape indices have potential to monitor outcomes of seabird restoration quickly and cheaply, if confounding factors are considered and controlled in experimental design. We suggest soundscape indices become part of the expanding acoustic monitoring toolbox to cost‐effectively measure restoration outcomes at scale and in remote areas. 相似文献