Serum Macroelement and Microelement Concentrations in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Cross-Sectional Study

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases. However, its pathogenesis is unclear. We aim to explore the potential relationships between serum macroelements/microelements and PCOS. A total of 1137 women were involved in the current study. PCOS was defined according to ESHRE/ASRM, and complete blood samples were collected. Serum macroelements (calcium and magnesium) and microelements (copper, zinc, and iron) were assayed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PCOS patients had significantly higher copper concentrations than patients without PCOS (P < 0.001). By contrast, PCOS patients had lower serum calcium levels than patients without PCOS (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the levels of serum zinc, magnesium, and iron between PCOS and non-PCOS patients. PCOS patients with acne had higher magnesium levels than those without acne (P = 0.020), and PCOS patients with hirsutism had lower magnesium levels than those without hirsutism (P = 0.037). High serum copper and low calcium levels may be correlated with PCOS. Magnesium concentrations are correlated with acne and hirsutism in PCOS patients. These results provide clues to explore the mechanism of PCOS and guidance for element treatments in PCOS patients.     

The yo-yo intermittent recovery test in junior basketball players according to performance level and age group

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) ability to discriminate between elite, subelite junior basketball players, and a group of nonathletic healthy male athletes at 3 different age groups (U-14 to U-17). In a cross-sectional design, 119 age-matched participants spread over 3 groups, elite (n = 46), subelite (n = 42) junior basketball players, and nonathletic healthy male athletes (n = 31), were evaluated over a 5-week period. The participants undertook 2 familiarization trials of the Yo-Yo test performance and 3 test sessions on an indoor basketball court. When controlling for the effect of the participants' body mass, the results showed that elite athletes had a significantly higher Yo-Yo performance compared with the subelite athletes (1,271 ± 385 vs. 861 ± 428 m; p < 0.0017; effect size [ES] 1.0 ± 0.35) and the nonathletic group (1,271 ± 385 vs. 738 ± 345 m; p < 0.0017; ES 1.45 ± 0.38). No statistical differences (p > 0.0017; ES from 0.02 to 0.39) were noted between participants' performance levels across age groups. Typical between-performance levels and -age groups differences in the Yo-Yo IR1 were observed. However, when controlling for the effect of the participants' body mass, this study demonstrates that the Yo-Yo test is accurate only to discriminate elite junior basketball players but cannot be used to differentiate the basketball-specific aerobic performance for age.     

Effect of Zinc and Selenium Supplementation on Serum Testosterone and Plasma Lactate in Cyclist After an Exhaustive Exercise Bout

Zinc and selenium are essential minerals and have roles for more than 300 metabolic reactions in the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustive exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactate in cyclists who were supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4?weeks. For this reason, 32 male road cyclists were selected equally to four groups: PL group, placebo; Zn group, zinc supplement (30?mg/day); Se group, selenium supplement (200?μg/day); and Zn-Se group, zinc-selenium supplement. After treatment, free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of subjects were determined before and after exhaustive exercise. Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise (P?>?0.05). Serum total testosterone levels in Zn group were higher than in Se group after exercise (P??0.05). The results showed that 4-week simultaneous and separately zinc and selenium supplementation had no significant effect on resting testosterone and lactate levels of subjects who consume a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. It might be possible that the effect of zinc supplementation on free testosterone depends on exercise.     

Assessment of association of estrogen receptor-α gene polymorphism with physical activity and bone metabolism

Genetic and environmental factors have long been suspected to influence on athletic performance and bone metabolism. We have therefore investigated a population-based association study of Korean elite athletes relative to the general population with PvuII polymorphism of the ER-α gene. In addition, interactions between the ER-a genotype distribution and variation of biochemical parameters for bone metabolism during short-duration aerobic performance development were analyzed in a Korean middle-aged women population. The ER-a gene locus was found to be deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p<0.05), but not in the female athlete group. The most common ER-α genotype wasPp in elite athletes (44/72) and controls (74/109), with higher than expected number of heterozygotes (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference in the distribution of ER-a genotype frequency was observed between the elite athletes and control groups. In contrast, almost all biochemical markers studied here appeared to be significantly higher levels after 12-week exercise training compared with baseline in both groups of Korean women, although there was no genotype effect on the change of levels of the bone metabolic parameters. Thus, our data imply that regularly exercise training may affect bone metabolism, but the genetic marker of ER-a gene polymorphism may not be valuable indicator for the development of elite athletes and physical therapy educational program.     

"Living high-training low" altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners.

Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high-training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not elite, runners. Whether elite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e., oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 elite men and 8 elite women before and after 27 days of living at 2,500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1,250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 wk after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3,000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3-1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 +/- 1.5 to 74.4 +/- 1.5 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 +/- 0.5 to 16.2 +/- 1.0 IU/ml). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 +/- 0.7 to 2.5 +/- 0.6 microg/ml). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g/dl over the course of the camp (13.3 +/- 0.2 to 14.3 +/- 0.2 g/dl). We conclude that 4 wk of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in elite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.     

Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Some Plasma Elements in Athletes at Rest and Exhaustion

The effects of magnesium supplementation on plasma magnesium, zinc, and copper levels were determined in young adult tae-kwon-do athletes and sedentary controls at rest and exhaustion. After a 4-week supplementation period with 10 mg/day/kg Mg, the plasma magnesium, copper, and zinc levels significantly increased in sedentary and training (90–120 min training 5 days a week) subjects when compared to nonsupplemented controls (p < 0.05).     

Serum Trace Element Levels in Tuberculous Pleurisy

In this study, copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, selenium, and iron were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry in patients with tuberculous (TB) pleurisy (n?=?24) and in the control group (n?=?20). Selenium, magnesium, and zinc were found to be significantly lower in TB pleurisy cases than those in the control group (p?<?0.01, p?<?0.001, and p?<?0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in the value of manganese and iron between TB pleurisy and the control group (p?>?0.05). Copper levels were significantly increased in the serum of the patients (p?<?0.0001). These results may provide an additional disease correlate for assessing TB pleurisy risk.     

Altered Plasma Concentrations of Trace Elements in Ulcerative Colitis Patients Before and After Surgery

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is a classical surgery for ulcerative colitis patients. However, knowledge on trace element alteration in patients who had undergone this surgery is limited. This study was conducted to assess trace element alteration in patients with ulcerative colitis before and after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Preoperative (40) and postoperative (35) ulcerative colitis patients were studied. The dietary assessment of trace element intake was undertaken by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Patients' trace element status of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, calcium, iron, and vitamin D₃ was assessed by measuring their blood concentrations. We found that with the similar dietary intake, there was no statistical difference in the concentrations of plasma copper, iron, calcium, and vitamin D₃ in the two groups (P?>?0.05). Compared with preoperative patients, postoperative patients had higher concentrations of plasma zinc (14.51?±?4.75 μmol/l) and manganese (0.21?±?0.11 μmol/l) and lower concentrations of plasma selenium (0.86?±?0.58 μmol/l). Both preoperative and postoperative mean concentrations of plasma calcium and vitamin D₃ were below their reference range, respectively. We conclude that IPAA does not seem to alter patients' abnormal trace elements completely. It is important to monitor and supply some specified trace elements even in postoperative patients.     

Effects of whole-body vibration training on explosive strength and postural control in young female athletes

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a whole-body vibration training program to improve neuromuscular performance in young elite female athletes. Twenty-three women basketball players (14-18 years old) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 11) or to a whole-body vibration group (WBVG, n = 12). During the study period, both groups continued their usual training program, but the WBVG also underwent a 15-week vibration training program. We analyzed the countermovement jump test (CMJ), the 1-leg hop test for the right leg and for the left leg, and the single-limb standing balance for both legs and with eyes open and closed at 3 time points: before training (T1), after an 8-week training period (T2), and after a further 7-week training period (T3). Compared with the CG, CMJ increased significantly in the WBVG from T1 to T2 (6.47%, p < 0.001), T1 to T3 (10.07%, p = 0.005), and T2 to T3 (3.38%, p < 0.001). One-leg hop test for the right and left legs also showed significantly higher values in WBVG from T1 to T2 (10.12%, p < 0.001 and 9.63%, p = 0.002, respectively) and T1 to T3 (14.17%, p = 0.001 and 15.17%, p = 0.004, respectively). Lateral deviation of the center of pressure in the closed eyes test decreased significantly in WBVG for both right and left leg, from T1 to T2 (-22.20%, p = 0.043 and -34.77%, p < 0.001, respectively) and from T1 to T3 (-33.14%, p = 0.027 and -33.58%, p = 0.043, respectively) compared with the CG. In conclusion, our results show that a 15-week whole-body vibration training program improves explosive strength and postural stability in adolescent female basketball players.     

Assessment of the P Wave Dispersion and Duration in Elite Women Basketball Players

Background

P wave dispersion is an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation. P wave dispersion is associated with inhomogeneous and discontinuous propagation of sinus impulses. The purpose of this study was to investigate P wave dispersion and transthoracic echocardiographic findings in elite women basketball players.

Methods

We recruited 27 well-trained woman athletes with a training history of many years (11.9 ± 3.6 years). All of the athletes were elite women basketball players and they were regularly maintaining sportive activities and training programs. Twenty-six age and sex matched healthy sedentary subjects consisted of control group. The difference between P maximum and P minimum durations was defined as P wave dispersion. The echocardiographic parameters were assessed in detail in the standard left lateral decubitus position.

Results

The body height, body weight, body surface area, metabolic equivalent, maximum P wave duration and P wave dispersion were increased in the elite basketball athletes as compared with healthy sedentary subjects. On the contrary; the heart rate, ejection fraction and interventricular septum thickness in diastole were decreased in athletes. The body height (p=0.006, r=0.37), body weight (p=0.04, r=0.28), body surface area (p=0.01, r=0.33) and heart rate (p=0.01, r=-0.32) were correlated with P wave dispersion.

Conclusions

P wave dispersion was increased in elite woman basketball players as compared with healthy sedentary subjects. P wave dispersion was correlated with heart rate, body height, body weight and body surface area.     

Zinc, Copper, and Selenium Tissue Levels and Their Relation to Subcutaneous Abscess, Minor Surgery, and Wound Healing in Humans

Trace element involvement in wounds left to heal by secondary intention needs clarification. We have previously reported faster healing of wounds following acute surgery compared with elective excision of pilonidal sinus disease. The effect of topical zinc on the closure of the excisional wounds was mediocre compared with placebo. In contrast, parenteral zinc, copper, and selenium combined appear effective for wound healing in humans. We have investigated zinc, copper, and selenium with respect to (a) impact of acute versus chronic pilonidal sinus and (b) regional concentrations within granulating wounds treated topically with placebo or zinc in 42 (33 males) pilonidal disease patients. Baseline serum and skin concentrations of copper correlated (r _S?=?0.351, p?=?0.033, n?=?37), but not of zinc or selenium. Patients with abscesses had elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and copper levels (+29 %; p?<?0.001) compared with the elective patients consistent with the strong correlation between serum copper and CRP (r _S?=?0.715, p?<?0.0005, n?=?41). Seven days after elective surgery, serum CRP and copper levels were elevated (p?=?0.010) versus preoperative values. The copper concentration in wound edges was higher than in periwound skin (p?<?0.0005) and wound base (p?=?0.010). Selenium levels were increased in wound edge compared to wound base (p?=?0.003). Topical zinc oxide treatment doubled (p?<?0.050) zinc concentrations in the three tissue localizations without concomitant significant changes of copper or selenium levels. In conclusion, copper and selenium are mobilized to injured sites possibly to enhance host defense and early wound healing mechanisms that are complementary to the necessity of zinc for matrix metalloproteinase activity.     

Testosterone Levels in Athletes at Rest and Exhaustion: Effects of Calcium Supplementation

The effects of 4 weeks of calcium supplementation on free- and total testosterone levels were established in active and sedentary adult males at rest and exhaustion. Thirty healthy male athletes were equally divided into three study groups, as follows: Group 1—non-exercising subjects receiving 35 mg calcium/kg body weight; Group 2—subjects receiving 35 mg calcium/kg body weight undergoing training routines for 90 min/day, 5 days a week and Group 3—subjects undergoing training routines for 90 min/day, 5 days a week. The testosterone levels were determined before and after supplementation, at rest and following a hard training routine. The plasma free- and total testosterone levels increased at exhaustion before and after supplementation relative to resting values (p?<?0.05). This was also true when active subjects were compared to inactive subjects (p?<?0.05). Our results show that training results in increased testosterone levels in athletes and that the increase is greater if accompanied by calcium supplementation, which may be useful for increasing overall athletic performance.     

High-intensity interval training lowers blood pressure and improves apelin and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals

Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apelin levels and NO bioavailability are impaired in older hypertensive patients. Exercise is an effective intervention for treating hypertension. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training on blood pressure, apelin, and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals. Thirty treated hypertensive subjects (61.70?±?5.78 years, 17 males, 13 females) were randomly divided into 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (n?=?15) and control (n?=?15). The exercise training was conducted for three 35-min sessions a week (1.5-min interval at 85–90% of heart rate reserve [HRR] and 2 min active phase at 50–55% of HRR). Assessment of plasma apelin, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) was performed before and after the intervention. At the end of the study, apelin, and NOx plasma levels increased significantly in the high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group (P?=?0.021, P?=?0.003, respectively). Conversely, ET-1 plasma levels significantly decreased in the training group after the intervention (P?=?0.015). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the change of plasma apelin and change of plasma NOx (r?=?0. 771, P?=?0.0008). In addition, there was a negative correlation between the change of plasma ET-1, change of plasma apelin (r?=???0.595, P?=?0.019), and variation of NOx (r?=???0.572, P?=?0.025). This study indicates that, by increasing of apelin and NOx plasma levels, HIIT may be effective in reducing blood pressure.     

Plasma zinc, copper, leptin, and body composition are associated in elite female judo athletes

This study evaluated levels of plasma zinc, copper, and leptin, body composition, and their relationship in nine elite female judo athletes under two different training conditions. Body composition and biochemical measurements (hematological indexes, plasma zinc, plasma copper, and plasma leptin) were analyzed 24 h after intense training and following a 5-d period without training (no-training). Plasma leptin and plasma zinc increased with no-training. Plasma zinc correlated negatively with percent fat mass (r=−0.62; r=0.05) and positively with plasma leptin (r=0.83; p=0.002) in the no-training condition Plasma copper did not change during the study and correlated positively with plasma leptin (r=0.66; p=0.05) and with percent fat mass (r=0.80; p=0.007) after training. Percent fat mass was associated negatively with plasma zinc (r=−0.62; p=0.05) in the no-training condition. Moreover percent fat mass was negatively associated with the Zn/Cu plasma ratio under both training conditions (r<−0.78, p<0.001). These results are consistent with the possible function of zinc as a lipid-mobilizing factor and of copper as a limiting factor in energy metabolism.     

Plasma metabolic profile in COPD patients: effects of exercise and endurance training

The study examines plasma metabolic profiles of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to prove whether the disease influences metabolism at rest and after endurance training. This is based on the hypothesis that metabolome levels should reflect impaired skeletal muscle bioenergetics in COPD. The study aims to test this hypothesis by evaluating plasma metabolic profiles in COPD patients before and after 8?weeks of endurance exercise training. We studied blood samples from 18 COPD patients and 12 healthy subjects. Pre- and post-training blood plasma samples at rest and after constant-work rate exercise (CWRE) at 70% of pre-training Watts peak were analyzed by ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess metabolite profiles. The two groups presented training-induced physiological changes in the VO₂ peak and in blood lactate levels (P?<?0.01 each). Before training, the two groups also showed differences in metabolic profiles at rest (P?<?0.05). Levels of valine (r?=?0.51, P?<?0.01), alanine (r?=?0.45, P?<?0.05) and isoleucine (r?=?0.51, P?<?0.01) were positively associated with body composition (Fat Free Mass Index). While training showed a significant impact on the metabolic profile in healthy subjects (P?<?0.001), with changes in levels of amino acids, creatine, succinate, pyruvate, glucose and lactate (P?<?0.05 each), no equivalent training-induced effects were seen in COPD patients in whom only lactate decreased (P?<?0.05). This study shows that plasma metabolic profiling contributes to the phenotypic characterization of COPD patients.     

Associations among plasma selenium,zinc, copper,and iron concentrations and immunoregulatory cytokine levels in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis

Plasma essential trace elements, selenium, copper, zinc, and iron concentrations and the levels of immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2r), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to investigate a possible role of these cytokines on selenium, zinc, copper, and iron homeostasis in CL patients. Plasma albumin levels were measured as an index of nutritional status. Plasma selenium, zinc, and iron concentrations, and IL-2r levels were significantly lower, and copper concentrations and IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in patients with CL than those of healthy controls. There was no significant difference in plasma albumin levels between two groups. There were positive important correlations between plasma selenium and IL-2r, copper and IL-6, and copper and IL-1β, and negative correlations between selenium and IL-8, iron and TNF-α, and zinc and IL-1β contents in patients with CL. Our results showed that plasma trace element contents change in patients with CL. These changes may not be a result of a specific deficiency from dietary inadequacies or imbalances, but, probably, a result of a part of the defense strategies of an organism that is regulated by immunoregulatory cytokines.     

Serum Calcium Concentration as an Indicator of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration Prognosis

This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum macro- and trace element contents and the degree of disk degeneration in patients with intervertebral disk herniation (IDH). This study was carried out on 69 subjects (30 women and 39 men) diagnosed with IDH. Blood samples of the subjects were collected, and serum concentrations of the elements that include macroelements, such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium, and trace elements, such as zinc, iron, copper, and selenium, were determined using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the entire lumbar region of the vertebral column was conducted using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. The degree of disk degeneration was classified into three categories. Correlation analysis between the degree of disk degeneration and the serum element was performed using SPSS 16.0. In the correlation analysis between the degree of disk degeneration and the element contents, only calcium was found to be negatively correlated with the degree of disk degeneration (r?=??0.332, P?<?0.01). Comparison results between male and female groups showed no significant difference in the element content and in the degree of disk degeneration (P?>?0.05). Moreover, the serum calcium content showed a significant correlation with the degree of disk degeneration, suggesting that the serum calcium concentration can be used as an indicator of intervertebral disk degeneration prognosis.     

Effect of zinc supplementation on the antioxidant,copper, and iron status of physically active adolescents

Puberty associated with intense physical activity results in oxidation stress. Zinc supplementation may benefit antioxidant capacity although it may also affect iron and copper status. This study evaluated the effect of zinc supplementation on antioxidant, zinc and copper status of physically active male football players (13 years ± 0.4 years), divided in two groups and studied during 12 weeks: Zn‐supplemented (Zn‐SUP, 22 mg Zn d^?1 as zinc gluconate, n = 21) and placebo (PLA, n = 26). At baseline, there was no significant difference in biochemical indices between the two groups. After treatment, plasma zinc and erythrocyte iron increased in both groups (p < 0.001); urinary zinc increased (p < 0.001) only in Zn‐SUP, and erythrocyte zinc decreased (p = 0.002) only in PLA. Plasma iron and copper decreased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.015, respectively) only in Zn‐SUP. Plasma ferric‐reducing ability and plasma conjugated dienes increased, and erythrocyte osmotic fragility decrease in both groups, although the latter two were significantly lower in Zn‐SUP compared to PLA (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our study indicates that the use of 22 mg d^?1 of supplemental zinc during 12 week in adolescent athletes did not affect growth, improved markers of antioxidant status but reduced plasma iron and copper. Therefore, it appears that the use of zinc supplementation by healthy adolescent athletes benefits their antioxidant capacity but impairs copper and iron nutritional status. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Creatine kinase MB and citrate synthase in type I and type II muscle fibres in trained and untrained men

Total creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and citrate synthase (CS) were determined in isolated and pooled type I and type II skeletal muscle fibres. Determinations were made on biopsies from 3 sedentary men, 3 junior cyclists and 2 elite cyclists. CS and CK-MB activities were higher in the trained groups in both fibre types. The total CK activity was not related to training status, although it was lower in type I fibres than in type II fibres (p less than 0.05). The reverse relation was observed for CS and CK-MB activities (p less than 0.01). The ratio of type I/type II for CS was not related to training status, while the corresponding ratio for CK-MB increased with a greater degree of endurance training. For a given increase in CS activity, the increase in CK-MB activity was greater in type I fibres than in type II fibres (p less than 0.01). Thus, with endurance training there seems to be a specific adaptation for CK-MB, particularly in type I fibres.     

The effects of resistance training on explosive strength indicators in adolescent basketball players

ABSTRACT: Santos, EJAM and Janeira, MAAS. The effects of resistance training on explosive strength indicators in adolescent basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 26(10): 2641-2647, 2012-The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a lower- and upper-body 10-week in-season resistance training program on explosive strength development in young basketball players. Twenty-five adolescent male athletes, aged 14-15 years old, were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 15) and a control group (CG; n = 10). The subjects were assessed at baseline and after training for squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), Abalakov test, drop jump, and seated medicine ball throw (MBT). The EG showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in all the variable scores. Conversely, the CG significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in SJ, CMJ, and Abalakov test scores and significantly increased in the results of MBT test (p < 0.05). The groups were similar on pretest, but significant differences (p < 0.05) occurred on posttest in all the variables. The results of this study show that a 10-week in-season resistance training program with moderate volume and intensity loads increased vertical jump and MBT performance in adolescent male basketball players. Coaches should know that such a short resistance training program specifically designed for young basketball players induce increased explosivity levels, which are essential to a better basketball performance, with no extra overload on adolescents' skeletal muscle development.