植物精油在害虫防治上的应用

本文就应用植物精油防治害虫的研究集中在下列四方面进行了综述:1.精油对昆虫的吸引作用;2.精油对昆虫的忌避、拒食和生长发育抑制作用;3.精油对昆虫的毒杀作用;4.不同精油或精油与化学农药的混用及其产生的增效作用。     

贵州烟贮害虫发生危害的初步调查与防治

介绍了贵阳烟贮主要害虫烟草粉螟EphesiaelutellaH櫣ｂｎｅｒ、烟草甲虫ＬａｓｉｏｄｅｒｍａｓｅｒｒｉｃｏｒｎｅFabricius的发生危害与防治 ,并对其影响发生的因素进行了初析。     

辽宁丹东地区越橘园虫害调查

通过2008—2009年的田间系统调查和室内鉴定,明确了丹东地区越橘园虫害的发生种类、分布和危害程度。据调查,丹东地区越橘园害虫共有5目、13科、22种。为害越橘的主要是鞘翅目和鳞翅目害虫,主要为害越橘的根、叶、花、果实,严重影响越橘的生长发育以及果实的质量。同时提出了防治越橘园虫害的建议,指出害虫的防治应采用以生物防治为主,辅以化学防治,以减少环境污染、满足越橘园有机生产的要求。     

害虫区域性生态调控的理论、方法及实践

本文在分析害虫生态调控的生态学基础上 ,论述了害虫区域性生态调控的原理与方法 ,并以华北棉田害虫管理实践为例 ,介绍了害虫区域性生态调控的实施过程     

射阳海涂芦苇病虫害的生态控制

1990～1992年对射阳海涂芦苇的芦毒蛾、条锹额夜蛾、宫苍仁蚧以及芦苇褐斑病和芦苇叶锈病的主要生物学和生态学特点进行了观察研究,提出了以生态控制为基础的综合防治体系。防治实践表明,这一体系是可行的,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

作物抗虫种质资源的研究与应用

农业害虫给农作物产量和品质造成了重大经济损失,利用农作物抗虫特性,选育和种植抗虫品种是防治虫害最经济、有效的措施。抗虫种质资源是进行农作物抗虫育种的基础。目前,作物抗虫资源的研究涉及抗虫材料的收集、鉴定、评价、保存、利用以及抗虫种质资源创新等方面,对农作物抗虫基因的发掘与应用、抗虫品种的培育产生了积极促进作用。     

Arrivals of Hitchhiking Insect Pests on International Cargo Aircraft at Miami International Airport

In a study of hitchhiking or contaminating insect pests on international cargo aircraft at Miami International Airport from 1998 to 1999, it was found that contamination rates were greatest, 23%, on cargo flights from Central America and much lower, near 5%, on flights from all other regions. We reanalyzed the study data to test for associations between contaminated flights and factors such as season, cargo type, and time of departure (night or day), and developed probabilistic models for predicting insect pest arrivals by region and pest risk levels. Significant (P < 0.05) associations were detected between contaminated flights and (1) wet season flights from Central America, (2) flights carrying plant products and clothing or fabrics, and (3) flights departing at night from the country of origin. In Monte Carlo simulations, numbers of arriving mated insect pests were greatest for cargo flights from Central America, because of great contamination rates, and South America, because of the large volume of flights from there. Few insects arrived on flights from the Caribbean, and few high-risk insects arrived from anywhere. Although the likelihood of establishment in South Florida via this pathway could not be estimated, based upon arrivals the greatest threats were posed by moderate-risk insect pests on flights from Central and South America. Simulations indicated that switching to daytime departures only reduced pest arrivals by one-third. The simplest mechanism for pathway entry that explains the associations found is that insects entered aircraft randomly but sometimes remained because of the presence of certain cargo types. Hence, contamination rates were greater during the wet season because of greater abundance locally, and on nighttime flights because of greater abundance around lighted loading operations. Empty planes probably had no pests because pests had no access to holds. Thus, the best mitigation strategies for this pathway will likely be those that exclude insects from holds or reduce the attractiveness of night loading operations. Optimizing inspections based on associations is also possible but will be less effective for regions such as South America, with high flight volumes and low contamination rates. Comparisons to other pathways indicates the potential importance of hitchhikers on cargo aircraft at MIA.     

植草带宽度对蜘蛛和步甲群落动态及比邻玉米田害虫发生的影响

农田边界植草带是农田系统各斑块间生物物种迁移和群落演替、物质和能量交换的主要区域,对维持农业生物多样性及提高农田生产力具有重要意义。基于作物-害虫-天敌互作有机整体对植草带宽度的响应,选取不同宽度植草带(2 m、4 m、6 m)及其比邻农田并以对应宽度作物边界作为对照,采用地表陷阱法对蜘蛛和步甲进行取样调查,探究植草带宽度对蜘蛛和步甲种群结构、迁移扩散规律以及对农田害虫控制潜力的影响。结果表明:植草带内蜘蛛和步甲个体数均显著高于对照条带,4 m、6 m植草带的蜘蛛和步甲多度显著高于2 m植草带,且物种丰富度和多度显著高于其对照条带。此外,不同宽度植草带蜘蛛和步甲群落存在较高的异质性,蜘蛛和步甲群落结构差异显著;在4 m和6 m植草带及其比邻玉米田内,蜘蛛和步甲多度在植草带和植草带与比邻玉米田交界处显著高于农田内部,且随距离的增加,蜘蛛物种多度呈显著降低趋势,植草带宽度和距离共同决定蜘蛛和步甲的空间分布;Monte Carlo检验结果表明,植草带宽度、植被Margalef指数对农田中蜘蛛和步甲群落结构的影响均达到显著水平,蜘蛛主要优势科和步甲主要优势种主要分布在6 m植草带比邻玉米田内;4 m、6 m植草带比邻的玉米田中蜘蛛和步甲对玉米害虫的益害比显著高于2 m植草带比邻的玉米田,且4 m、6 m植草带显著增加了玉米籽粒的百粒重及比邻农田的玉米总产量。本研究对植草带涵养捕食性天敌预防害虫发生的最适宽度进行探索,综合考虑植草带耕地占用、天敌涵养和生物控害潜力等因素,确定4 m宽度植草带是具有推广价值的农田边界模式。     

蜘蛛对茶园害虫控制作用的研究

1981年以来，湖南省兰岭茶园开展了大面积以保护茶园蜘蛛为主的茶园害虫综合防治技术研究。近10年来未打化学农药，4年未施化学肥料。试验结果表明，这些措施不但使以蜘蛛为主的茶虫天敌的种类增多、种群数量上升，而且使茶园内主要害虫的种群数量逐年下降；茶叶内不含任何农药残毒，产品达到国家AA级绿色食品要求；经济效益得到成倍增加。     

水稻主要病虫综合防治专家系统—系统外壳的研制

按照国家八五项目要求,以水稻病虫害管理知识为背景,笔者构建了水稻主要病虫综防专家系统外壳（ESRIPM）．并初步建立了珠江三角洲稻区主要害虫综合防治专家系统,系统中提出一种知识的组织方法,成功地把模型引入专家系统中．本系统具有知识编辑、咨询、专家系统;系统维护、4个一级子系统,系统中已装入三化螟,稻飞虱,稻纵卷叶螟等害虫综防管理的知识,并通过调试．本系统采用下拉式菜单,人机界面友好,操作简单．此专家系统外壳也适用建立其它各种害虫管理的专家系统．     

银杏幼苗死亡原因的探究

造成银杏幼苗死亡的主要原因是日灼、根腐、茎腐以及虫害等。日灼不仅直接导致银杏的幼苗死亡,还可间接诱导茎窝病的发生甚至流行。     

近130年来我国茶树有害生物研究书籍出版的历史沿革和特征

我国茶树有害生物发生种类多、分布区域广、危害较为严重，严重影响着茶叶产量和品质。厘清我国近现代茶树有害生物研究相关科技书籍出版时期、类型及数量，分析明确其学术特征，对掌握该领域历史文献脉络和了解其发展趋势等具有参考意义。本研究采用专业数据库文献检索和平面媒体信息查询、购买等方法，阅读、分析、获取茶树有害生物研究内容及书籍出版信息；将书籍分为著作、译著、教材、其他科技书籍4类，检索时间范围为1890-2021年。累计记录到茶树有害生物相关书籍280部，其中著作75部、译作4部、教材68部、其他科技书籍133部；结果显示，我国近现代茶树有害生物相关书籍出版肇始于1915年；总体特征为兼论性质书籍数量比例较大，实用性较强，具有较强系统性或者创新性的比例不高；出版数量时间特征及阶段明显，可分为发端期、起步期、发展期、提升期、繁荣期，总体上呈现显著上升趋势，当前及今后一定时期处于旺盛期；优势作者及作者来源机构、地区均比较集中。我国近现代茶树有害生物研究相关书籍出版肇始于1915年，历经5个阶段，出版规律及学术特征明显，现进入旺盛期。     

“农作物害虫数据库”的开发研究

开发研究了把数字技术应用到农业生产以及农业教育中,并结合农业生产实际,建立了“农作物害虫数据库”。该数据库包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目、同翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、蜱螨目和缨翅目等149种新疆主要农作物害虫,812幅原色图和害虫防治技术信息,用户可通过8种检索途径,采用9种检索方法方便地查询相关信息。     

Monitoring of hitchhiker insect pests collected on foreign vessels entering Korea using by DNA barcodes

We monitored hitchhiker insect pests on vessels arriving to Korea from foreign countries. A survey of 416 foreign vessels was conducted from June 1, 2018 to October 29, 2019. A total of 1,141 hitchhiker insects were collected by interception or by hand. Individuals were identified to the species level whenever possible using DNA barcoding and morphological re-examination. Of the 1,141 hitchhikers, a total of 439 species from 81 families and 12 orders, including 54 species (93 individuals) not-distributed in Korea, were identified. Among the 93 individuals from the 54 species not distributed in Korea, 78 individuals were collected alive. In particular, three regulated species in Korea, Erthesina fullo (Pentatomidae, Hemiptera) (hitchhiking route: China > Yeosu, Korea), Tessaratoma papillosa (Tessaratomidae, Hemiptera) (China > Yeosu, Korea), Noctua pronuba (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) (Singapore > Pohang, Korea) were detected, nine species, Dicranocephalus wallichii (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera), Palpita quadristigmalis (Crambidae, Lepidoptera), Lymantria xylina (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), Odontopera aurata, Semiothisa cinerearia (Geometridae, Lepidoptera), Mythimna pallidicosta (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera), Euhampsonia serratifera (Notodontidae, Lepidoptera), Arippara disticha (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera), and Psilogramma lukhtanovi (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) were discovered as multiple detection over years or months, and three species, Lemyra rhodophilodes (Erebidae, Lepidoptera), Malacosoma dentata (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera), and Chondracris rosea (Acrididae, Orthoptera) were multiple detected from single vessel. Therefore, we suggest that hitchhiker monitoring on vessels travelling along navigated routes should be conducted in addition to performing a risk assessment of hitchhiker insect pest species not distributed in Korea that includes regulated species.     

湖南省茶树害虫地理区划分析

通过湖南省茶树害虫的系统调查,查明湖南省茶树害虫(害螨)共302种,根据其在湖南省各地(市)的分布,编成"0,1"分布数据表,然后进行聚类分析.根据聚类结果,参考地理、气候、茶树的种植历史和种植面积以及其他动物类群方面的研究和前人的工作,把湖南省茶树害虫分成4个区:湘北环湖平原丘岗区,湘中、湘东丘陵区,湘西山区,湘南山地丘陵区,并分别叙述了各区的特点.     

Zur Artenfrage und zum Auftreten von Oscinella spp. in den Blütenständen wichtiger Getreidearten

Creation of the big trophical niches of the winter pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff.) on susceptible trees of Pinus silvestris L. provoked the mass outbreak of the pest in the south areas in Ukraine. In its turn, high density of the pest induced processes of the aggressivity's growth of population. In so doing the wide range of adaptive zones represented by groups of the pines with different resistance is favourable for formation of aggressive biotypes. The spreading of the pest from weakened to more resistant groups on the pines is similar to the process of “drift”.

This problem will be considered more detaily in the second part of this article.     

设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治技术初探

详细论述了绿色防治技术的内涵,阐明了设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治的必要性和紧迫性,并在充分掌握设施蔬菜病虫发生规律的基础上,提出了一套包括选用抗病虫品种、O3棚室消毒、健身栽培、嫁接、生态调控、果实类蔬菜套袋、防虫网阻隔技术及科学限量使用化学农药等设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治关键技术,将对实现绿色食品蔬菜生产、保护菜田环境具有十分重要的指导作用。     

昆虫生态地理学与入侵危险性害虫控制

昆虫的起源、地质变动、气候、生态环境以及人类活动对昆虫的分布有极其重要的影响．昆虫生态地理学是从种的生态学来阐明昆虫地理分布的规律性的科学,它是害虫检疫的重要基础,在入侵危险性害虫种的鉴定、适生性分析和控制策略特别是生物防治策略的制定等方面有广泛的应用     

吉林农林害虫寄生性小蜂初步调查

初步调查了吉林四平农林害虫的寄生性小蜂种类及寄生情况。结果显示 ,在杨树林、杂木林、果园及农田 4种生境中姬小蜂、金小蜂及跳小蜂物种数量较为丰富 ;姬小蜂、金小蜂及跳小蜂在生物防治中是有待开发和利用的生物资源。